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Gadd GM, Fomina M, Pinzari F. Fungal biodeterioration and preservation of cultural heritage, artwork, and historical artifacts: extremophily and adaptation. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0020022. [PMID: 38179930 PMCID: PMC10966957 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00200-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYFungi are ubiquitous and important biosphere inhabitants, and their abilities to decompose, degrade, and otherwise transform a massive range of organic and inorganic substances, including plant organic matter, rocks, and minerals, underpin their major significance as biodeteriogens in the built environment and of cultural heritage. Fungi are often the most obvious agents of cultural heritage biodeterioration with effects ranging from discoloration, staining, and biofouling to destruction of building components, historical artifacts, and artwork. Sporulation, morphological adaptations, and the explorative penetrative lifestyle of filamentous fungi enable efficient dispersal and colonization of solid substrates, while many species are able to withstand environmental stress factors such as desiccation, ultra-violet radiation, salinity, and potentially toxic organic and inorganic substances. Many can grow under nutrient-limited conditions, and many produce resistant cell forms that can survive through long periods of adverse conditions. The fungal lifestyle and chemoorganotrophic metabolism therefore enable adaptation and success in the frequently encountered extremophilic conditions that are associated with indoor and outdoor cultural heritage. Apart from free-living fungi, lichens are a fungal growth form and ubiquitous pioneer colonizers and biodeteriogens of outdoor materials, especially stone- and mineral-based building components. This article surveys the roles and significance of fungi in the biodeterioration of cultural heritage, with reference to the mechanisms involved and in relation to the range of substances encountered, as well as the methods by which fungal biodeterioration can be assessed and combated, and how certain fungal processes may be utilized in bioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Marina Fomina
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- National Reserve “Sophia of Kyiv”, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Flavia Pinzari
- Institute for Biological Systems (ISB), Council of National Research of Italy (CNR), Monterotondo (RM), Italy
- Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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Alexandrova LA, Oskolsky IA, Makarov DA, Jasko MV, Karpenko IL, Efremenkova OV, Vasilyeva BF, Avdanina DA, Ermolyuk AA, Benko EE, Kalinin SG, Kolganova TV, Berzina MY, Konstantinova ID, Chizhov AO, Kochetkov SN, Zhgun AA. New Biocides Based on N4-Alkylcytidines: Effects on Microorganisms and Application for the Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of Painting. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3053. [PMID: 38474298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in the antibiotic resistance of microorganisms, capable of causing diseases in humans as destroying cultural heritage sites, is a great challenge for modern science. In this regard, it is necessary to develop fundamentally novel and highly active compounds. In this study, a series of N4-alkylcytidines, including 5- and 6-methylcytidine derivatives, with extended alkyl substituents, were obtained in order to develop a new generation of antibacterial and antifungal biocides based on nucleoside derivatives. It has been shown that N4-alkyl 5- or 6-methylcytidines effectively inhibit the growth of molds, isolated from the paintings in the halls of the Ancient Russian Paintings of the State Tretyakov Gallery, Russia, Moscow. The novel compounds showed activity similar to antiseptics commonly used to protect works of art, such as benzalkonium chloride, to which a number of microorganisms have acquired resistance. It was also shown that the activity of N4-alkylcytidines is comparable to that of some antibiotics used in medicine to fight Gram-positive bacteria, including resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium smegmatis. N4-dodecyl-5- and 6-methylcytidines turned out to be the best. This compound seems promising for expanding the palette of antiseptics used in painting, since quite often the destruction of painting materials is caused by joint fungi and bacteria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan A Oskolsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, 32 Vavilov Str., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, 32 Vavilov Str., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maxim V Jasko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, 32 Vavilov Str., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Inna L Karpenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, 32 Vavilov Str., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga V Efremenkova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 Bol'shaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow 119021, Russia
| | - Byazilya F Vasilyeva
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 Bol'shaya Pirogovskaya, Moscow 119021, Russia
| | - Darya A Avdanina
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 33 Leninsky Ave, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Anna A Ermolyuk
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 33 Leninsky Ave, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Elizaveta E Benko
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 33 Leninsky Ave, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Stanislav G Kalinin
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 33 Leninsky Ave, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | | | - Maria Ya Berzina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Irina D Konstantinova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Alexander O Chizhov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS 47 Leninsky Ave, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey N Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, 32 Vavilov Str., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander A Zhgun
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 33 Leninsky Ave, Moscow 119071, Russia
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Rizk SM, Magdy M, De Leo F, Werner O, Rashed MAS, Ros RM, Urzì C. Culturable and unculturable potential heterotrophic microbiological threats to the oldest pyramids of the Memphis necropolis, Egypt. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1167083. [PMID: 37275160 PMCID: PMC10232867 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1167083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large percentage of the world's tangible cultural heritage is made from stone; thus, it deteriorates due to physical, chemical, and/or biological factors. The current study explored the microbial community inhabiting two prehistoric sites with high cultural value in the Memphis necropolis of Egypt (Djoser and Lahun Pyramids) using amplicon-based metabarcoding and culture-dependent isolation methods. Samples were examined by epifluorescent microscopy for biological signs before environmental DNA extraction and in vitro cultivation. The metabarcoding analysis identified 644 bacterial species (452 genera) using the 16S rRNA and 204 fungal species (146 genera) using ITS. In comparison with the isolation approach, an additional 28 bacterial species (13 genera) and 34 fungal species (20 genera) were identified. A total of 19 bacterial and 16 fungal species were exclusively culture-dependent, while 92 bacterial and 122 fungal species were culture-independent. The most abundant stone-inhabiting bacteria in the current study were Blastococcus aggregatus, Blastococcus saxobsidens, and Blastococcus sp., among others. The most abundant rock-inhabiting fungi were Knufia karalitana and Pseudotaeniolina globosa, besides abundant unknown Sporormiaceae species. Based on previous reports, microorganisms associated with biodeterioration were detected on color-altered sites at both pyramids. These microorganisms are potentially dangerous as physical and chemical deterioration factors and require proper conservation plans from a microbiological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mohamed Rizk
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Magdy
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Filomena De Leo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Olaf Werner
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Rosa M. Ros
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
| | - Clara Urzì
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Bacteriobiota of the Cave Church of Sts. Peter and Paul in Serbia-Culturable and Non-Culturable Communities' Assessment in the Bioconservation Potential of a Peculiar Fresco Painting. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021016. [PMID: 36674536 PMCID: PMC9867463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal aim of this study was to determine bacterial diversity within the Cave Church of Sts. Peter and Paul, via culturable and non-culturable approaches, and elucidate the antifungal potential of autochthonous antagonistic bacterial isolates against biodeteriogenic fungi. Furthermore, whole-genome sequencing of selected bacterial antagonists and the analysis of genes included in the synthesis of secondary metabolites were performed. With the highest RA values, determined in metabarcoding analysis, phyla Actinobacteriota (12.08-54.00%) and Proteobacteria (25.34-44.97%) dominated most of the samples. A total of 44 different species, out of 96 obtained isolates, were determined as part of the culturable bacteriobiota, with the predominance of species from the genus Bacillus. Bacillus simplex was the only isolated species simultaneously present in all investigated substrata within the church. The best antagonistic activity against 10 biodeteriogenic fungi was documented for Streptomyces anulatus, followed by Bacillus altitudinis, Chryseobacterium viscerum, and Streptomyces sp. with their highest PGI% values ranging of from 55.9% to 80.9%. These promising results indicate that characterized bacteria are excellent candidates for developing biocontrol strategies for suppressing deteriogenic fungi responsible for the deterioration of investigated fresco painting. Finally, isolate 11-11MM, characterized as Streptomyces sp., represents a new species for science prompting the need for further study.
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Li T, Cai Y, Ma Q. Microbial Diversity on the Surface of Historical Monuments in Lingyan Temple, Jinan, China. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:76-86. [PMID: 34997309 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lingyan Temple is an important part of the World Heritage Mixed Property on Mount Taishan, in which numerous cultural heritage monuments, including exquisite painted arhat statues and inscriptions, display the ancient Chinese Buddhist culture. However, these monuments are suffering aesthetic and structural damage due to rich biofilms. In this study, the microbial communities colonized on historical monuments in different microenvironments were characterized through a combination of culture-dependent techniques and high-throughput sequencing. Microbial diversity was significantly different among the historical sites with different microenvironments. For example, Actinobacteria and Ascomycota were the core phyla in the indoor samples, while they were less abundant in the outdoor samples, and phototrophic microorganisms including Cyanobacteria and green algae were only dominant in the samples near springs. The results suggested that environmental factors such as water and airborne microorganisms may be the main causes influencing microbial distribution. Most of the identified dominant species were common on the historical monuments and could contribute to biodeterioration. This analysis of microbiota will provide further information on the biodeterioration processes and preservation strategies of cultural heritage monuments in Lingyan Temple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiao Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental and Social Archaeology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
| | - Youzhen Cai
- Shandong Cultural Relic Conservation and Restoration Center, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Qinglin Ma
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental and Social Archaeology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
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Tu D, Ke J, Luo Y, Hong T, Sun S, Han J, Chen S. Microbial community structure and shift pattern of industry brine after a long-term static storage in closed tank. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:975271. [PMID: 36118215 PMCID: PMC9478951 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.975271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brine from Dingyuan Salt Mine (Anhui, China), an athalassohaline hypersaline environment formed in the early tertiary Oligocene, is used to produce table salt for hundreds of millions of people. However, halophiles preserved in this niche during deposition are still unknown. Here, we employed cultivation and high-throughput sequencing strategies to uncover the microbial community and its shift after a long-term storage in the brine collected from Dingyuan Salt Mine. High-throughput sequencing showed (1) in the fresh brine (2021), Cyanobium_stocktickerPCC-6307 spp. (8.46%), Aeromonas spp. (6.91%) and Pseudomonas spp. (4.71%) are the dominant species in bacteria while Natronomonas spp. (18.89%), Halapricum spp. (13.73%), and Halomicrobium spp. (12.35%) in archaea; (2) after a 3-year-storage, Salinibacter spp. (30.01%) and Alcanivorax spp. (14.96%) surpassed Cyanobium_stocktickerPCC-6307 spp. (8.46%) becoming the dominant species in bacteria; Natronomonas spp. are still the dominant species, while Halorientalis spp. (14.80%) outnumbered Halapricum spp. becoming the dominant species in archaea; (3) Alcanivorax spp. and Halorientalis spp. two hydrocarbons degrading microorganisms were enriched in the brine containing hydrocarbons. Cultivation using hypersaline nutrient medium (20% NaCl) combined with high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that (1) the biomass significantly increased while the species diversity sharply declined after a 3-year-storage; (2) Halorubrum spp. scarcely detected from the environment total stocktickerDNA were flourishing after cultivation using AS-168 or NOM medium; (3) twelve possible new species were revealed based on almost full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity search. This study generally uncovered the microbial community and the dominant halophiles in this inland athalassohaline salt mine, and provided a new insight on the shift pattern of dominant halophiles during a long-term storage, which illustrated the shaping of microorganisms in the unique environment, and the adaptation of microbe to the specific environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demei Tu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Juntao Ke
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Yuqing Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Tao Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Siqi Sun
- Anhui Jiaotianxiang Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Xuancheng, China
| | - Jing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoxing Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Gaylarde C, Little B. Biodeterioration of stone and metal - Fundamental microbial cycling processes with spatial and temporal scale differences. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153193. [PMID: 35122860 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental processes for the biodeterioration of stone and metal involve many of the same microbially mediated reactions - oxidation, reduction, acid dissolution and elemental cycling - resulting from the activities of many of the same groups of environmental microorganisms. Differences depend on the nature of the substratum - stone vs. metal - and the composition of the surroundings, whether terrestrial (stone) or aquatic (stone and metal). Reactions within surface-related biofilms dominate the biodeterioration of metals and contribute greatly to the biodeterioration of stone. In the latter, phototrophic organisms, and especially cyanobacteria, are important first participants, while metal biodeterioration is almost entirely associated with bacteria, archaea and fungi. Biofilms on metal surfaces can produce chemical and electrochemical responses. While electrochemical responses are absent in stone, extracellular electron transfer can be a biodeterioration mechanism in some iron-rich rocks. Microorganisms in biofilms can penetrate and create fissures or cracks in stone and metals. However, the most obvious differences in the reactions of built stone and metal structures are related to the definition of failure, length of time required for a defined failure of the substratum, the area over which the failure occurs and the consequences of failure. Time and space are, similarly, quite distinct for biological breakdown and mineral cycling of metal and stone, with stone/rock cycling potentially occurring over thousands of years and kilometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Gaylarde
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Oklahoma University, 770 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Brenda Little
- BJ Little Corrosion Consulting, LLC, 6528 Alakoko Drive, Diamondhead, MS 39525, USA.
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Biocontamination and diversity of epilithic bacteria and fungi colonising outdoor stone and mortar sculptures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3811-3828. [PMID: 35562489 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microbial communities colonising outdoor sculptures form intricate and dynamic ecosystems, which can accelerate the deterioration processes of the artworks and pose challenges to their conservation. In this study, the bacterial and fungal communities colonising the surfaces of five contemporary outdoor sculptures were characterised by high-throughput sequencing. The sculptures, made of marble, granite, Ançã limestone and mortar, are in urban parks and squares in the district of Porto, Portugal. The analysis of the microbial populations revealed great taxonomic diversity and species richness, including in well-preserved sculptures showing few visible traces of contamination. Proteobacteria, namely the genera Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas, were the core taxa common to all the sculptures, while Massilia and Aureobasidium were dominant only in granite. An abundance of pigment-producing microorganisms, such as Deinococcus, Methylobacterium, Rhodotorula and Sporobolomyces, was also found in granite. These are relevant taxonomic groups that can negatively impact stone and mortar artworks. The study was complemented with colourimetric analyses and bioluminescence assays to measure the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of samples collected from specific contaminated areas of the sculptures. The characterisation of the microbiomes of sculptures can provide further knowledge on the deterioration risks of this type of artwork in the region and help outline future targeted conservation strategies. KEY POINTS: • Rich and abundant microbiomes expose sculptures' vulnerability to deterioration. • Well-preserved sculptures are at risk of deterioration by pigment-producing taxa. • ATP and colourimetry quickly identified the most relevant contaminated areas.
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Black Fungi on Stone-Built Heritage: Current Knowledge and Future Outlook. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Black fungi are considered as one of the main group of microorganisms responsible for the biodeterioration of stone cultural heritage artifacts. In this paper, we provide a critical analysis and review of more than 30 years of studies on black fungi isolated from stone-built heritage from 1990 to date. More than 109 papers concerning the fungal biodeterioration activity of stone were analysed. The main findings were a check list of the black fungal taxa involved in the biodeterioration of stone-built heritage, with a particular reference to meristematic black fungi, the main biodeterioration pattern attributed to them, and the methods of study including the new molecular advances. A particular focus was to discuss the current approaches to control black fungi from stone-built heritage and future perspectives. Black fungi are notoriously hard to remove or mitigate, so new methods of study and of control are needed, but it is also important to combine classical methods with new approaches to improve current knowledge to implement future conservation strategies.
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Role of Exposure on the Microbial Consortiums on Historical Rural Granite Buildings. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11093786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Local granite has been used throughout history in Galicia (NW Spain), forming the basis of much of the region’s architecture. Like any other rock, granite provides an ecological niche for a multitude of organisms that form biofilms that can affect the physical integrity of the stone. In this study, for the first time, characterization of the microbial consortium forming biofilms that developed on historical rural granite buildings is carried out using a combination of culture-dependent and next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. Results pointed to differences in biofilm composition on the studied rural granite buildings and that of previously analyzed urban granite buildings, especially in terms of abundance of cyanobacteria and lichenized fungi. Exposure was corroborated as an important factor, controlling both the diversity and abundance of microorganisms on walls, with environmental factors associated with a northern orientation favoring a higher diversity of fungi and green algae, and environmental factors associated with the west orientation determining the abundance of lichenized fungi. The orientation also affected the distribution of green algae, with one of the two most abundant species, Trentepohlia cf. umbrina, colonizing north-facing walls, while the other, Desmococcus olivaceus, predominated on west-facing walls.
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Bacterial and Archaeal Structural Diversity in Several Biodeterioration Patterns on the Limestone Walls of the Old Cathedral of Coimbra. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040709. [PMID: 33808176 PMCID: PMC8065406 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The “University of Coimbra-Alta and Sofia” area was awarded the UNESCO World Heritage Site distinction in 2013. The Old Cathedral of Coimbra, a 12th-century limestone monument located in this area, has been significantly impacted during the last 800 years by physical, chemical, and biological processes. This led to the significant deterioration of some of its structures and carvings, with loss of aesthetical, cultural, and historical values. For this work, deteriorated spots of the walls of three semi-open chapels from the cloister of the Cathedral were sampled to ascertain their bacterial and archaeal structural diversity. Based on Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) result analysis, we report the presence of microbial populations that are well adapted to an ecosystem with harsh conditions and that can establish a diverse biofilm in most cases. While it was possible to determine dominant phylogenetic groups in Archaea and Bacteria domains, there was no clear connection between specific core microbiomes and the different deterioration patterns analyzed. The distribution of these archaeal and bacterial communities within the analyzed biodeterioration spots suggests they are more influenced by abiotic factors (i.e., water availability, salinity, etc.), although they influence (and are influenced by) the algal and fungal population composition in this ecosystem. This work provides valuable information that can assist in establishing future guidelines for the preservation and conservation of this kind of historic stone monuments.
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Diversity of Biodeteriorative Bacterial and Fungal Consortia in Winter and Summer on Historical Sandstone of the Northern Pergola, Museum of King John III’s Palace at Wilanow, Poland. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11020620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the presented investigation was to describe seasonal changes of microbial community composition in situ in different biocenoses on historical sandstone of the Northern Pergola in the Museum of King John III’s Palace at Wilanow (Poland). The microbial biodiversity was analyzed by the application of Illumina-based next-generation sequencing methods. The metabarcoding analysis allowed for detecting lichenized fungi taxa with the clear domination of two genera: Lecania and Rhinocladiella. It was also observed that, during winter, the richness of fungal communities increased in the biocenoses dominated by lichens and mosses. The metabarcoding analysis showed 34 bacterial genera, with a clear domination of Sphingomonas spp. across almost all biocenoses. Acidophilic bacteria from Acidobacteriaceae and Acetobacteraceae families were also identified, and the results showed that a significant number of bacterial strains isolated during the summer displayed the ability to acidification in contrast to strains isolated in winter, when a large number of isolates displayed alkalizing activity. Other bacteria capable of nitrogen fixation and hydrocarbon utilization (including aromatic hydrocarbons) as well as halophilic microorganisms were also found. The diversity of organisms in the biofilm ensures its stability throughout the year despite the differences recorded between winter and summer.
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Zhgun AA, Avdanina DA, Shagdarova BT, Troyan EV, Nuraeva GK, Potapov MP, Il’ina AV, Shitov MV, Varlamov VP. Search for Efficient Chitosan-Based Fungicides to Protect the 15th‒16th Centuries Tempera Painting in Exhibits from the State Tretyakov Gallery. Microbiology (Reading) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261720060193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Influence of Environment on Microbial Colonization of Historic Stone Buildings with Emphasis on Cyanobacteria. HERITAGE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/heritage3040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial cells that produce biofilms, or patinas, on historic buildings are affected by climatic changes, mainly temperature, rainfall and air pollution, all of which will alter over future decades. This review considers the colonization of stone buildings by microorganisms and the effects that the resultant biofilms have on the degradation of the structure. Conservation scientists require a knowledge of the potential effects of microorganisms, and the subsequent growth of higher organisms such as vascular plants, in order to formulate effective control strategies. The vulnerability of various structural materials (“bioreceptivity”) and the ways in which the environmental factors of temperature, precipitation, wind-driven rain and air pollution influence microbial colonization are discussed. The photosynthetic microorganisms, algae and cyanobacteria, are acknowledged to be the primary colonizers of stone surfaces and many cyanobacterial species are able to survive climate extremes; hence special attention is paid to this group of organisms. Since cyanobacteria require only light and water to grow, can live endolithically and are able to survive most types of stress, they may become even more important as agents of stone cultural property degradation in the future.
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Jroundi F, Elert K, Ruiz-Agudo E, Gonzalez-Muñoz MT, Rodriguez-Navarro C. Bacterial Diversity Evolution in Maya Plaster and Stone Following a Bio-Conservation Treatment. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:599144. [PMID: 33240254 PMCID: PMC7680763 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.599144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To overcome the limitations of traditional conservation treatments used for protection and consolidation of stone and lime mortars and plasters, mostly based on polymers or alkoxysilanes, a novel treatment based on the activation of indigenous carbonatogenic bacteria has been recently proposed and applied both in the laboratory and in situ. Despite very positive results, little is known regarding its effect on the evolution of the indigenous bacterial communities, specially under hot and humid tropical conditions where proliferation of microorganisms is favored, as it is the case of the Maya area. Here, we studied changes in bacterial diversity of severely degraded tuff stone and lime plaster at the archeological Maya site of Copan (Honduras) after treatment with the patented sterile M-3P nutritional solution. High-throughput sequencing by Illumina MiSeq technology shows significant changes in the bacterial population of the treated stones, enhancing the development of Arthrobacter, Micrococcaceae, Nocardioides, Fictibacillus, and Streptomyces, and, in one case, Rubrobacter (carved stone blocks at Structure 18). In the lime plaster, Arthrobacter, Fictibacillus, Bacillus, Agrococcus, and Microbacterium dominated after treatment. Most of these detected genera have been shown to promote calcium carbonate biomineralization, thus implying that the novel bio-conservation treatment would be effective. Remarkably, the treatment induced the reduction or complete disappearance of deleterious acid-producing bacteria such as Marmoricola or the phylum Acidobacteria. The outcome of this study demonstrates that such a bio-conservation treatment can safely and effectively be applied on temples, sculptures and stuccos of the Maya area and, likely, in other hot and humid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadwa Jroundi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Kerstin Elert
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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16
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Yang S, Wu L, Wu B, Zhang Y, Wang H, Tan X. Diversity and structure of soil microbiota of the Jinsha earthen relic. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236165. [PMID: 32697804 PMCID: PMC7375591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to define the diversity and composition of the microbial communities colonizing of the soil microbiome of the Jinsha earthen relic, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to identify and characterize the microbiota in 22 samples collected from the Jinsha earthen relic in China during 2017 and 2018. We compared the taxonomy of the microbial communities from samples taken at different times and different sites. Our results showed that the identity of the dominant bacterial phyla differed among the samples. Proteobacteria (23–86.2%) were the predominant bacterial phylum in all samples taken from site A in both 2017 and 2018. However, Actinobacteria (21–92.3%) were the most popular bacterial phylum in samples from sites B and C in 2017 and 2018. Ascomycota were identified as the only fungal phyla in samples in 2017. However, the group varied drastically in relative abundance between 2017 and 2018. Functional analysis of the soil bacterial community suggested that abundant members of the microbiota may be associated with metabolism and the specific environment. This report was the first high-throughput sequencing study of the soil of the Jinsha earthen relic microbiome. Since soil microbiota can damage soil and archeological structures, comprehensive analyses of the microbiomes at archeological sites may contribute to the understand of the influence of microorganisms on the degradation of soil, as well as to the identification of potentially beneficial or undesirable members of these microbial communities in archeological sites. The study will be helpful to provide effective data and guidance for the prevention and control of microbial corrosion of the Jinsha earthen relic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Linfeng Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Bin Wu
- Jinsha Site Museum, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yizheng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xuemei Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Huang G, Jin Q, Peng H, Zhu T, Ye H. Effect of a fungus, Hypoxylon spp., on endophytes in the roots of Asparagus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5586993. [PMID: 31609413 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal isolate Hypoxylon spp. (Sj18) was isolated from the root of pecan. It might have effects on the plant's stress tolerance and endophytic community. Inoculation experiments were carried out on the roots of Asparagus with normal and inactivated Sj18, and the diversity and community structure of endophytes in the root of inoculated Asparagus were studied. It was found that Sj18 fungi affected the endophytic community of Asparagus roots. From being a low-abundance genus, the salt-tolerant bacterium Halomonas became the dominant genus. In order to verify that Sj18 can improve salt tolerance, Arabidopsis thaliana was inoculated with Sj18 in a salt tolerance test. The result showed that A. thaliana grew better in a high salt environment after inoculation with Sj18. Sj18 changed the microbe diversity, community composition and structure of endophytes in the roots of Asparagus, which increased the bacterial diversity. A total of 16 phyla and 184 genera of bacteria were detected. However, the diversity of fungi decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshuai Huang
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 310023, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, State Forestry Administration, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Qunying Jin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, State Forestry Administration, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Huazheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, State Forestry Administration, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Tangjun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, State Forestry Administration, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Hualin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, State Forestry Administration, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
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18
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Fungal spore adhesion on glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane modified silica nanoparticle surfaces as revealed by single cell force spectroscopy. Biointerphases 2020; 15:031012. [PMID: 32551719 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin film coatings prepared from commercially available glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPS) modified silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) (Bindzil® CC301 and Bindzil® CC302) have previously shown excellent antifouling performance against a broad range of microbes [Molino et al., "Hydration layer structure of biofouling-resistant nanoparticles," ACS Nano 12, 11610 (2018)]. In this work, single cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) was used to measure the biological interactions between Epicoccum nigrum fungal spores and the same silica nanoparticle-based surfaces used in the aforementioned study, including a: glass coverslip, unmodified SiNP coatings, and both low (Bindzil® CC301) and high density (CC302) GPS functionalized SiNP coatings as a function of NaCl concentration. From the SCFS curves, the spore adhesion to the surface was greatest on the glass coverslip (20-80 nN) followed by the unmodified SiNP (3-5 nN) across all salt concentrations. Upon approach to both surfaces, the spores showed a long-range attraction generally with a profile characteristic of biointeractions and likely those of the outer cell wall structures or biological constituents. The attractive force allowed the spores to initially adhere to the surface and was found to be linearly proportional to the spore adhesion. In comparison, both high and low density GPS-SINP significantly reduced the spore adhesion (0.5-0.9 nN). In addition, the spore adhesion on high density GPS-SiNP occurred in only 14%-27% of SCFS curves (40%-48% for low density GPS-SiNP) compared to 83%-97% for the unmodified SiNP, indicating that in most cases the GPS functionalization completely prevented spore adhesion. The GPS-SiNP surfaces conversely showed a long-range electrostatic repulsion at low 1mM NaCl that was replaced by short-range repulsion at the higher salt concentrations. From the findings, it is proposed that the attractive force is a critical step in initial adhesion processes of the spore. The effective antifouling properties of the GPS are attributed to the ability to negate the attractive forces, either through electrostatic repulsion in low salt conditions and primarily from short-range repulsion correlating to the previously reported combined steric-hydration effect of the GPS functionalization on SiNP coatings.
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19
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Rosado T, Dias L, Lança M, Nogueira C, Santos R, Martins MR, Candeias A, Mirão J, Caldeira AT. Assessment of microbiota present on a Portuguese historical stone convent using high-throughput sequencing approaches. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:1067-1084. [PMID: 32352657 PMCID: PMC7294311 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study performed on the stone materials from the Convent of Christ revealed the presence of a complex microbial ecosystem, emphasizing the determinant role of microorganisms on the biodecay of this built cultural heritage. In this case study, the presence of Rubrobacter sp., Arthrobacter sp., Roseomonas sp., and Marinobacter sp. seems to be responsible for colored stains and biofilm formation while Ulocladium sp., Cladosporium sp., and Dirina sp. may be related to structural damages. The implementation of high-throughput sequencing approaches on the Convent of Christ's biodecay assessment allowed us to explore, compare, and characterize the microbial communities, overcoming the limitations of culture-dependent techniques, which only identify the cultivable population. The application of these different tools and insights gave us a panoramic view of the microbiota thriving on the Convent of Christ and signalize the main biodeteriogenic agents acting on the biodecay of stone materials. This finding highlighted the importance of performing metagenomic studies due to the improvements and the reduced amount of sample DNA needed, promoting a deeper and more detailed knowledge of the microbiota present on these dynamic repositories that support microbial life. This will further enable us to perform prospective studies in quarry and applied stone context, monitoring biogenic and nonbiogenic agents, and also to define long-term mitigation strategies to prevent biodegradation/biodeterioration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Rosado
- HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Évora, Portugal
| | - Luís Dias
- HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Évora, Portugal.,Chemistry Department, School of Sciences and Technology, Évora University, Évora, Portugal
| | - Mónica Lança
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences and Technology, Évora University, Évora, Portugal
| | - Carla Nogueira
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences and Technology, Évora University, Évora, Portugal
| | - Rita Santos
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences and Technology, Évora University, Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Martins
- HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Évora, Portugal.,Chemistry Department, School of Sciences and Technology, Évora University, Évora, Portugal
| | - António Candeias
- HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Évora, Portugal.,Chemistry Department, School of Sciences and Technology, Évora University, Évora, Portugal
| | - José Mirão
- HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Évora, Portugal.,Geosciences Department, School of Sciences and Technology, Évora University, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Caldeira
- HERCULES Laboratory, Évora University, Évora, Portugal.,Chemistry Department, School of Sciences and Technology, Évora University, Évora, Portugal
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20
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Zhgun A, Avdanina D, Shumikhin K, Simonenko N, Lyubavskaya E, Volkov I, Ivanov V. Detection of potential biodeterioration risks for tempera painting in 16th century exhibits from State Tretyakov Gallery. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230591. [PMID: 32240187 PMCID: PMC7117676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated biodeterioration of materials used in tempera painting by analyzing the structure of the microbiome in ancient tempera paintings exhibited in State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, Russia. Samples were obtained from 16th-century paintings, including a grand Russian Orthodox icon “The Church Militant” (all exhibits were without visible signs of biodeterioration), and from surrounding walls and ceilings (with vast zones of visible microbial growth). A number of microorganisms isolated from visible signs of environmental bio-damage were also detected in tempera paintings kept in temperature- and humidity-controlled conditions unfavorable for the growth of microflora. To determine the biodegrading potential of the microbiome for tempera paintings, we developed a set of mock layers from paintwork materials used in tempera painting of 16th century and their modern analogues and inoculated them with cultures containing filamentous fungi and bacteria. The susceptibility to microbial degradation of individual tempera painting materials was examined by micro-Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which enabled detection of even invisible signs of biodeterioration. The results indicate that the microorganisms isolated from paintings and surrounding areas in the museum are capable of causing significant damage of various tempera materials, among which varnishes were the most resistant; however, the addition of antiseptic (sodium pentachlorophenolate) can inhibit microbial growth on sturgeon glue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zhgun
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Nikolay Simonenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ivan Volkov
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Victor Ivanov
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy, Russia
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21
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Phenolics and Carbohydrates in Buckwheat Honey Regulate the Human Intestinal Microbiota. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:6432942. [PMID: 32184894 PMCID: PMC7061112 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6432942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota plays an important role in human health. The aim of this paper is to determine the impact of the phenolics and carbohydrate in buckwheat honey on human intestinal microbiota. We investigated the phenolics and carbohydrate compositions of eight buckwheat honey samples using high-performance liquid chromatography and ion chromatography. The human intestinal microbes were cultured in a medium supplemented with eight buckwheat honey samples or the same concentration of fructooligosaccharides. The bacterial 16S rDNA V4 region sequence of DNA extraction was determined by the Illumina MiSeq platform. 12 phenolics and 4 oligosaccharides were identified in almost all buckwheat honey samples, namely, protocatechuic acid, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, vanillin, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid, isoferulic acid, methyl syringate, trans,trans-abscisic acid, cis,trans-abscisic acid, ferulic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, kestose, isomaltose, isomaltotriose, and panose. Most notably, this is the first study to reveal the presence of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in buckwheat honey. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde seems to be a land marker of buckwheat honey. Our results indicate that buckwheat honey can provide health benefits to the human gut by selectively supporting the growth of indigenous Bifidobacteria and restraining the pathogenic bacterium in the gut tract. We infer that buckwheat honey may be a type of natural intestinal-health products.
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22
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Aesthetic Alteration of Marble Surfaces Caused by Biofilm Formation: Effects of Chemical Cleaning. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the massive presence of biofilms causing aesthetic alteration to the façade of the Monza Cathedral, our team in a previous work proved that the biocolonization was not a primary damaging factor if compared to chemical-physical deterioration due to the impact of air pollution. Nonetheless, the conservators tried to remove the sessile dwelling microorganisms to reduce discolouration. In this research, two nearby sculpted leaves made of Candoglia marble were selected to study the effects of a chemical treatment combining the biocides benzalkonium chloride, hydrogen peroxide and Algophase® and mechanical cleaning procedures. One leaf was cleaned with the biocides and mechanically, and the other was left untreated as control. The impact of the treatment was investigated after 1 month from the cleaning by digital microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy and molecular methods to determine the composition and the functional profiles of the bacterial communities. Despite the acceptable aesthetic results obtained, the overall cleaning treatment was only partially effective in removing the biofilm from the colonized surfaces and, therefore, not adequately suitable for the specific substrate. Furthermore, the cleaning process selected microorganisms potentially more resistant to biocides so that the efficacy of future re-treatment by antimicrobial agents could be negatively affected.
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23
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Abdel Ghany TM, Omar AM, Elwkeel FM, Al Abboud MA, Alawlaqi MM. Fungal deterioration of limestone false-door monument. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02673. [PMID: 31687509 PMCID: PMC6820264 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Unfortunately, monuments all over the world may become discolored and degraded as a result of the growth and activity of fungi. Biodeterioration is an irreversible damage that is caused by microbial colonization on the surface of buildings. Different fungi were isolated from limestone False-door in Kom Aushim museum- El-Fayoum governorate, Egypt. These include; Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A. sulphureus, A. flavus, Alternaria alternata, Alternaria spp., and Cladosporium herbarium. Fungal grow on modern limestone surfaces after 60 days of infection. Transmission electron microscope demonstrated the penetration and presence of fungal threads inside limestone. Environmental Scanning electron microscope attached with EDX Unit revealed an increase in carbon and magnesium ions from 9.16 to 12.17% and 1.41–1.51%, respectively after fungal infection of limestone, while other ions decreased after infection; aluminum from 1.96 to 1.39%, silicon from 7.40 to 3.57%, potassium from 0.44 to 0.41%, calcium from 41.41 to 35.04 % and iron from 1.08 to 0.90 %. p-Chloro-m-crysol is the most potent to inhibit the growth of isolated fungi at MIC 50 ppm for most fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M Abdel Ghany
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - A M Omar
- Microbiology Department, Conservation Center, Grand Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma M Elwkeel
- Microbiology Department, Conservation Management, El-Manyal Museum, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Al Abboud
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - M M Alawlaqi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Negi A, Sarethy IP. Microbial Biodeterioration of Cultural Heritage: Events, Colonization, and Analyses. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 78:1014-1029. [PMID: 31025063 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Geochemical cycles result in the chemical, physical, and mineralogical modification of rocks, eventually leading to formation of soil. However, when the stones and rocks are a part of historic buildings and monuments, the effects are deleterious. In addition, microorganisms also colonize these monuments over a period of time, resulting in formation of biofilms; their metabolites lead to physical weakening and discoloration of stone eventually. This process, known as biodeterioration, leads to a significant loss of cultural heritage. For formulating effective conservation strategies to prevent biodeterioration and restore monuments, it is important to know which microorganisms are colonizing the substrate and the different energy sources they consume to sustain themselves. With this view in scope, this review focuses on studies that have attempted to understand the process of biodeterioration, the mechanisms by which they colonize and affect the monuments, the techniques used for assessment of biodeterioration, and conservation strategies that aim to preserve the original integrity of the monuments. This review also includes the "omics" technologies that have started playing a large role in elucidating the nature of microorganisms, and how they can play a role in hastening the formulation of effective conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Negi
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sec 62, Noida, 201309, India
| | - Indira P Sarethy
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sec 62, Noida, 201309, India.
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25
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Bacterial and Fungal Diversity Inside the Medieval Building Constructed with Sandstone Plates and Lime Mortar as an Example of the Microbial Colonization of a Nutrient-Limited Extreme Environment (Wawel Royal Castle, Krakow, Poland). Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100416. [PMID: 31623322 PMCID: PMC6843168 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodeterioration is a serious threat to cultural heritage objects and buildings. The deterioration of a given material often incurs irreparable losses in terms of uniqueness and historical value. Hence preventive actions should be taken. One important challenge is to identify microbes involved in the biodeterioration process. In this study, we analyzed the microbial diversity of an ancient architectonical structure of the Rotunda of Sts. Felix and Adauctus, which is a part of the Wawel Royal Castle located in Krakow, Poland. The Rotunda is unavailable to tourists and could be treated as an extreme habitat due to the low content of nutrients coming either from sandstone plates bound with lime mortar or air movement. Microbial diversity was analyzed with the use of the high-throughput sequencing of marker genes corresponding to fragments of 16S rDNA (for Bacteria) and ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer 2) (for Fungi). The results showed that the microbial community adhered to wall surfaces is, to a large extent, endemic. Furthermore, alongside many microorganisms that could be destructive to masonry and mortar (e.g., Pseudomonas, Aspergillus), there were also bacteria, such as species of genera Bacillus, Paenisporosarcina, and Amycolatopsis, that can positively affect wall surface properties by reducing the damage caused by the presence of other microorganisms. We also showed that airborne microorganisms probably have little impact on the biodeterioration process as their abundance in the microbial community adhered to the ancient walls was very low.
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26
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Villa F, Cappitelli F. The Ecology of Subaerial Biofilms in Dry and Inhospitable Terrestrial Environments. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100380. [PMID: 31547498 PMCID: PMC6843906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecological relationship between minerals and microorganisms arguably represents one of the most important associations in dry terrestrial environments, since it strongly influences major biochemical cycles and regulates the productivity and stability of the Earth’s food webs. Despite being inhospitable ecosystems, mineral substrata exposed to air harbor form complex and self-sustaining communities called subaerial biofilms (SABs). Using life on air-exposed minerals as a model and taking inspiration from the mechanisms of some microorganisms that have adapted to inhospitable conditions, we illustrate the ecology of SABs inhabiting natural and built environments. Finally, we advocate the need for the convergence between the experimental and theoretical approaches that might be used to characterize and simulate the development of SABs on mineral substrates and SABs’ broader impacts on the dry terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Villa
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesca Cappitelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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27
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Dias L, Rosado T, Coelho A, Barrulas P, Lopes L, Moita P, Candeias A, Mirão J, Caldeira AT. Natural limestone discolouration triggered by microbial activity-a contribution. AIMS Microbiol 2019; 4:594-607. [PMID: 31294236 PMCID: PMC6613333 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.4.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colour is a major argument that drives the decision of an architect in a specific architecture project and one of the most important characteristics and perceptible aspects of natural building stones. “Blue” limestones are building rocks, with different geological ages, typically used in several countries, and are known for their vulnerability to alteration, which causes colour change and the occurrence of unaesthetic patterns. Owing to this vulnerability, the conservation-restoration works in monuments, or new buildings constructed with “blue” limestone is extremely costly. Considering that the main limitation of this lithological variation is the chromatic change, a multidisciplinary approach was envisaged in this study to allow a closer insight into the chemical and mineralogical alterations and the microbial communities. Results obtained suggest that the inorganic alteration in the “blue” limestone may create favourable conditions for microbial growth and could lead to an increment in deterioration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Dias
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-089 Évora, Portugal.,Chemistry Department, Sciences and Technology School, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Tânia Rosado
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-089 Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Coelho
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-089 Évora, Portugal.,Chemistry Department, Sciences and Technology School, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Pedro Barrulas
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-089 Évora, Portugal
| | - Luís Lopes
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal.,Geosciences Department, Sciences and Technology School, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Moita
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-089 Évora, Portugal.,Geosciences Department, Sciences and Technology School, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - António Candeias
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-089 Évora, Portugal.,Chemistry Department, Sciences and Technology School, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - José Mirão
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-089 Évora, Portugal.,Geosciences Department, Sciences and Technology School, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Caldeira
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-089 Évora, Portugal.,Chemistry Department, Sciences and Technology School, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
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28
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Boniek D, Damaceno QS, de Abreu CS, de Castro Mendes I, dos Santos AFB, de Resende Stoianoff MA. Filamentous fungi associated with Brazilian stone samples: structure of the fungal community, diversity indexes, and ecological analysis. Mycol Prog 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-019-01470-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Li T, Hu Y, Zhang B, Yang X. Role of Fungi in the Formation of Patinas on Feilaifeng Limestone, China. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 76:352-361. [PMID: 29307025 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Feilaifeng is a cultural heritage site that contains unique Buddhist statues which date back to the Five Dynasties period (907 AD-960 AD). The site was inscribed on world heritage list by UNESCO in 2011. Various patinas, which may be caused by fungi, have covered the surface of the limestone and have severely diminished the esthetic value of the statues and altered the limestone structure. Culture-dependent method was used to isolate and identify the fungi. After incubation on modified B4 medium, the calcifying fungi were identified by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy combined with X-ray energy-dispersive analysis. Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Colletotrichum were observed as the biomineralizing fungi. X-ray diffraction showed that the patina consisted of calcite (CaCO3), but the crystals synthesized by the identified fungi were whewellite (CaC2O4·H2O) for Aspergillus and Penicillium, and vaterite (CaCO3) for Colletotrichum. In addition, the metabolites of Colletotrichum suppressed the transformation of vaterite to calcite, but Mg2+ could inhibit the function of the metabolites. The different crystal form between the patina and the products of fungi may suggest two different pathways of patina formation and provide important reference data for studies of the mechanisms of biomineralization, cleaning of the patina, and protection of the Feilaifeng statues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiao Li
- Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Yulan Hu
- Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Bingjian Zhang
- Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China.
| | - Xiaoru Yang
- Monitoring and Management Center of Hangzhou West Lake World Cultural Heritage, Hangzhou, 310007, China
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30
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Brewer TE, Fierer N. Tales from the tomb: the microbial ecology of exposed rock surfaces. Environ Microbiol 2017; 20:958-970. [PMID: 29235707 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although a broad diversity of eukaryotic and bacterial taxa reside on rock surfaces where they can influence the weathering of rocks and minerals, these communities and their contributions to mineral weathering remain poorly resolved. To build a more comprehensive understanding of the diversity, ecology and potential functional attributes of microbial communities living on rock, we sampled 149 tombstones across three continents and analysed their bacterial and eukaryotic communities via marker gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing. We found that geographic location and climate were important factors structuring the composition of these communities. Moreover, the tombstone-associated microbial communities varied as a function of rock type, with granite and limestone tombstones from the same cemeteries harbouring taxonomically distinct microbial communities. The granite and limestone-associated communities also had distinct functional attributes, with granite-associated bacteria having more genes linked to acid tolerance and chemotaxis, while bacteria on limestone were more likely to be lichen associated and have genes involved in photosynthesis and radiation resistance. Together these results indicate that rock-dwelling microbes exhibit adaptations to survive the stresses of the rock surface, differ based on location, climate and rock type, and seem pre-disposed to different ecological strategies (symbiotic versus free-living lifestyles) depending on the rock type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess E Brewer
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology
| | - Noah Fierer
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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31
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Gaylarde C, Baptista-Neto JA, Ogawa A, Kowalski M, Celikkol-Aydin S, Beech I. Epilithic and endolithic microorganisms and deterioration on stone church facades subject to urban pollution in a sub-tropical climate. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:113-127. [PMID: 28054493 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1269893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Weathering of two church facades in Rio de Janeiro was caused substantially by salts, mainly halite and gypsum, detected by SEM and chemical analyses, which cause physical stresses by deposition within the rock. Biofilm populations, determined by SEM and as operational taxonomic units (OTUs), degraded stone by penetration, solubilization and redeposition of minerals on their surfaces. Endolithic cyanobacteria were associated with gypsum deposits. Microbiomes were typical for high-stress environments, high salt, intense insolation, low water and low nutrients (eg halophilic Rubrobacter, Salinicola, Sterigmatomyces). The main colonizers on the church most affected by traffic (Nossa Senhora da Candelária - CA) were Actinobacteria; Gammaproteobacteria (chiefly Pseudomonas) were predominant on the site situated in a leafy square (São Francisco de Paula - SF). Major Gammaproteobacteria on CA were halophilic Halomonas and Rhodobacteriaceae. Fungal OTUs on both churches were principally dimorphic, yeast-like basidiomycetes. Many OTUs of thermophilic microorganisms (eg the Thermomicrobia class, Chloroflexi) were present. This is the first use of next generation sequencing (NGS) to study microbial biofilm interactions with metamorphic and granite buildings in an intensely urban, sub-tropical climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Gaylarde
- a Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma , Norman , OK , USA
| | | | - Akiko Ogawa
- a Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma , Norman , OK , USA
| | - Matthew Kowalski
- a Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma , Norman , OK , USA
| | - Sukriye Celikkol-Aydin
- a Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma , Norman , OK , USA
| | - Iwona Beech
- a Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma , Norman , OK , USA
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32
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Sugiyama J, Kiyuna T, Nishijima M, An KD, Nagatsuka Y, Tazato N, Handa Y, Hata-Tomita J, Sato Y, Kigawa R, Sano C. Polyphasic insights into the microbiomes of the Takamatsuzuka Tumulus and Kitora Tumulus. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2017; 63:63-113. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yoshinori Sato
- Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
| | - Rika Kigawa
- Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
| | - Chie Sano
- Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
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