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Ikonnikova A, Kazakov R, Rodina T, Dmitriev A, Melnikov E, Zasedatelev A, Nasedkina T. The Influence of Structural Variants of the CES1 Gene on the Pharmacokinetics of Enalapril, Presumably Due to Linkage Disequilibrium with the Intronic rs2244613. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122225. [PMID: 36553492 PMCID: PMC9778508 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants in the CES1 gene encoding carboxylesterase 1 may affect the metabolism of enalapril to the active metabolite enalaprilat. It was shown that the A allele of rs71647871 and the C allele of rs2244613 led to a decrease in plasma enalaprilat concentrations. This study aimed to estimate the effect of structural haplotypes of CES1 containing the pseudogene CES1P1, or a hybrid of the gene and the pseudogene CES1A2, on the pharmacokinetics of enalapril. We included 286 Caucasian patients with arterial hypertension treated with enalapril. Genotyping was performed using real-time PCR and long-range PCR. Peak and trough plasma enalaprilat concentrations were lower in carriers of CES1A2. The studied haplotypes were in linkage disequilibrium with rs2244613: generally, the A allele was in the haplotype containing the CES1P1, and the C allele was in the haplotype with the CES1A2. Thus, carriers of CES1A2 have reduced CES1 activity against enalapril. Linkage disequilibrium of the haplotype containing the CES1P1 or CES1A2 with rs2244613 should be taken into account when genotyping the CES1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ikonnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ruslan Kazakov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127051 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Rodina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127051 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Dmitriev
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 127051 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Melnikov
- Institute of Pharmacy of I. M. Sechenov First MSMU of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Zasedatelev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Nasedkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Yerrakula G, Abraham S, John S, Zeharvi M, George SG, Senthil V, Maiz F, Rahman MH. Major implications of single nucleotide polymorphisms in human carboxylesterase 1 on substrate bioavailability. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-19. [PMID: 35946821 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The number of studies and reviews conducted for the Carboxylesterase gene is limited in comparison with other enzymes. Carboxylesterase (CES) gene or human carboxylesterases (hCES) is a multigene protein belonging to the α/β-hydrolase family. Over the last decade, two major carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2), located at 16q13-q22.1 on human chromosome 16 have been extensively studied as important mediators in the metabolism of a wide range of substrates. hCES1 is the most widely expressed enzyme in humans, and it is found in the liver. In this review, details regarding CES1 substrates include both inducers (e.g. Rifampicin) and inhibitors (e.g. Enalapril, Diltiazem, Simvastatin) and different types of hCES1 polymorphisms (nsSNPs) such as rs2244613 and rs71647871. along with their effects on various CES1 substrates were documented. Few instances where the presence of nsSNPs exerted a positive influence on certain substrates which are hydrolyzed via hCES1, such as anti-platelets like Clopidogrel when co-administered with other medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were also recorded. Remdesivir, an ester prodrug is widely used for the treatment of COVID-19, being a CES substrate, it is a potent inhibitor of CES2 and is hydrolyzed via CES1. The details provided in this review could give a clear-cut idea or information that could be used for further studies regarding the safety and efficacy of CES1 substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham Yerrakula
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu
| | - Shyno Abraham
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Krupanidhi college of Pharmacy, Bangalore
| | - Shiji John
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Krupanidhi college of Pharmacy, Bangalore
| | - Mehrukh Zeharvi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Girls Section, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University Alkharj, Saudia Arabia
| | | | - V Senthil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu
| | - Fathi Maiz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Thermal Processes, Center for Energy Research and Technology, Borj-Cedria, BP:95 Tunisia
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Wonju, Korea
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The Influence of the CES1 Genotype on the Pharmacokinetics of Enalapril in Patients with Arterial Hypertension. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12040580. [PMID: 35455696 PMCID: PMC9028383 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril is hydrolysed to an active metabolite, enalaprilat, in the liver via carboxylesterase 1 (CES1). Previous studies show that variant rs71647871 in the CES1 gene affects the pharmacokinetics of enalapril on liver samples as well as healthy volunteers. This study included 286 Caucasian patients with arterial hypertension who received enalapril. The concentrations of enalapril and enalaprilat were determined before subsequent intake of the drug and 4 h after it with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometric detection. The study included genetic markers as follows: rs2244613, rs71647871 (c.428G>A, p.G143E) and three SNPs indicating the presence of a subtype CES1A1c (rs12149368, rs111604615 and rs201577108). Mean peak and trough enalaprilat concentrations, adjusted by clinical variables, were significantly lower in CES1 rs2244613 heterozygotes (by 16.6% and 19.6%) and in CC homozygotes (by 32.7% and 41.4%) vs. the AA genotype. In CES1A1c homozygotes, adjusted mean enalaprilat concentrations were 75% lower vs. heterozygotes and wild-type (WT) homozygotes. Pharmacogenetic markers of the CES1 gene may be a promising predictor for individualisation when prescribing enalapril.
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Brown JT, Beery N, Taran A, Stevens T, Henzler C, Badalamenti J, Regal R, McCarty CA. Associations between CES1 variants and dosing and adverse effects in children taking methylphenidate. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:958622. [PMID: 36741090 PMCID: PMC9890192 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.958622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylphenidate is the most prescribed stimulant to treat attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Despite its widespread usage, a fair proportion of children are classified as non-responders to the medication. Variability in response and occurrence of adverse events with methylphenidate use may be due to several factors, including drug-drug interactions as well as pharmacogenetic differences resulting in pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic variances within the general population. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) variants on the frequency of adverse effects and dosing requirements of methylphenidate in children with ADHD. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of children and adolescents who met the inclusion criteria and had a routine visit during the enrollment period were invited to participate. Inclusion criteria included: ADHD diagnosis by a healthcare provider, between 6 and 16 years of age at the time of permission/assent, had not previously been prescribed methylphenidate, and treatment with any methylphenidate formulation for at least three consecutive months. Three months of records were reviewed in order to assess changes in dose and frequency of discontinuing methylphenidate. Participants' ADHD symptoms, medication response, adverse effects, select vitals, and dose were extracted from the electronic health record. Saliva samples were collected by trained study coordinators. Haplotypes were assigned based on copy number in different portions of the CES1 gene. Due to limited numbers, diplotypes (combinations of two haplotypes) were grouped for analysis as CES1A1/CES1A1, CES1A1/CES1A1c and CES1A1c/CES1A1c. RESULTS A total of 99 participants (n = 30 female; n = 69 male) had both clinical data and CES1 sequencing data, with an average age of 7.7 years old (range 3-15 years). The final weight-based dose in all individuals was 0.79 mg/kg/day. The most common adverse effects reported were decreased appetite (n = 47), weight loss (n = 24), and sleep problems (n = 19). The mean final weight-based dose by haplotype was 0.92 mg/kg for CES1A2/CES1A2, 0.81 mg/kg for CES1A2/CES1P1, and 0.78 mg/kg for CES1P1/CES1P1. After correction for multiple hypothesis testing, only one SNV, rs114119971, was significantly associated with weight-based dosing in two individuals. The individuals with the rs114119971 SNV had a significantly lower weight-based dose (0.42 mg/kg) as compared to those without (0.88 mg/kg; p < 0.001). DISCUSSION Variation in CES1 activity may impact dose requirements in children who are prescribed methylphenidate, as well as other CES1 substrates. Although intriguing, this study is limited by the retrospective nature and relatively small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Brown
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Nancy Beery
- Essentia Health Department of Pediatrics, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Allise Taran
- Essentia Institute of Rural Health, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Tyler Stevens
- Essentia Health Department of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Christine Henzler
- University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Ron Regal
- Essentia Institute of Rural Health, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Catherine A McCarty
- Department of Family Medicine and BioBehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth Campus, Duluth, MN, United States
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Höcht C, Bertera FM, Santander Plantamura Y, Parola L, Del Mauro JS, Polizio AH. Factors influencing hepatic metabolism of antihypertensive drugs: impact on clinical response. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 15:1-13. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1558204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Höcht
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo M. Bertera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yanina Santander Plantamura
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano Parola
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta S. Del Mauro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel H. Polizio
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET
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Chen F, Zhang B, Parker RB, Laizure SC. Clinical implications of genetic variation in carboxylesterase drug metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:131-142. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1420164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert B. Parker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - S. Casey Laizure
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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