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Lima JF, Carvalho LS, Carvalho MA, Schneider MC. Chromosome diversity in Buthidae and Chactidae scorpions from Brazilian fauna: Diploid number and distribution of repetitive DNA sequences. Genet Mol Biol 2023; 46:e20220083. [PMID: 37216321 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2022-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we analyzed cytogenetically eight Chactidae and Buthidae, including the localization of repetitive DNA sequences. The chactids possess monocentric chromosomes and the highest diploid numbers (2n=50 in Brotheas amazonicus, 2n=36 in Chactopsis amazonica, 2n=30 in Neochactas sp.) when compared with buthids (2n=10 in Tityus bahiensis, 2n=14 in Tityus apiacas and Tityus metuendus, 2n=18 in Tityus aba, 2n=26 in Ischnotelson peruassu). The localization of rDNA genes and (TTAGG)n sequences exhibited a conserved pattern of two terminal/subterminal ribosomal cistrons and terminal telomere signals. However, the comparison between the data of C-banding, DAPI after FISH and Cot-DNA fraction indicated a variable quantity and distribution of these regions, as follow: (i) positive heterochromatin and Cot-DNA signals (B. amazonicus and I. peruassu), (ii) small blocks of heterochromatin with large Cot-DNA signals (T. metuendus), (iii) positive heterochromatic regions and absence of Cot-DNA signals (T. aba and T. apiacas), and (iv) negative heterochromatin and Cot-DNA signals (T. bahiensis). Therefore, our results revealed that there still is not a clear relation between quantity of heterochromatin and presence of monocentric or holocentric chromosomes and occurrence of chromosomal rearrangements, indicating that repetitive regions in scorpions must be analyzed using different cytogenetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Figueiredo Lima
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos André Carvalho
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
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Almeida B, Malcher S, Costa M, Martins J, Procópio R, Noronha R, Nagamachi C, Pieczarka J. High Chromosomal Reorganization and Presence of Microchromosomes in Chactidae Scorpions from the Brazilian Amazon. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040563. [PMID: 37106763 PMCID: PMC10135684 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Scorpions are of particular interest in cytogenomic studies, as they can present a high incidence of chromosomal rearrangements heterozygous in natural populations. In this study, we cytogenetically analyzed four species of Chactidae. In Brotheas, 2n = 40 was observed in Brotheas silvestris, 2n = 48 in Brotheas paraensis, and 2n = 50 (cytotype A) or 2n = 52 (cytotype B) among populations of Brotheas amazonicus. Our results showed a bimodal karyotype in Neochactas parvulus, 2n = 54, with microchromosomes and a concentration of constitutive heterochromatin in macrochromosomes. The 45S rDNA is located in only one pair of the karyotype, with different heteromorphisms of clusters of this rDNA in the cytotype B of B. amazonicus, with NOR-bearing chromosomes involved in multi-chromosomal associations during meiosis I. The U2 snDNA was mapped in the interstitial region of distinct karyotype pairs of three Chactidae species. Our results indicate the possible formation of cryptic species in B. amazonicus; the different 45S rDNA configurations in the genome of this species may result from amplification and degeneration. We suggest that the bimodal karyotype in N. parvulus results from fusion/fission events and that the unequal distribution of repetitive DNAs between macro and microchromosomes contributes to the maintenance of its asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Almeida
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral da Ciência, km 01, Guamá, Belém 66075-750, PA, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará-Campus Itaituba, R. Universitário, s/n, Maria Magdalena, Itaituba 68183-300, PA, Brazil
| | - Stella Malcher
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral da Ciência, km 01, Guamá, Belém 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Marlyson Costa
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral da Ciência, km 01, Guamá, Belém 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Jonas Martins
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus 69067-375, AM, Brazil
| | - Rudi Procópio
- Medical School, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777, Cachoeirinha, Manaus 69065-170, AM, Brazil
| | - Renata Noronha
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral da Ciência, km 01, Guamá, Belém 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Cleusa Nagamachi
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral da Ciência, km 01, Guamá, Belém 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Julio Pieczarka
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral da Ciência, km 01, Guamá, Belém 66075-750, PA, Brazil
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de Almeida BRR, Noronha RCR, Cardoso AL, Martins C, Martins JG, Procópio REDL, Nagamachi CY, Pieczarka JC. Kinetic Activity of Chromosomes and Expression of Recombination Genes in Achiasmatic Meiosis of Tityus (Archaeotityus) Scorpions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169179. [PMID: 36012447 PMCID: PMC9408970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several species of Tityus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) present multi-chromosomal meiotic associations and failures in the synaptic process, originated from reciprocal translocations. Holocentric chromosomes and achiasmatic meiosis in males are present in all members of this genus. In the present study, we investigated synapse dynamics, transcriptional silencing by γH2AX, and meiotic microtubule association in bivalents and a quadrivalent of the scorpion Tityus maranhensis. Additionally, we performed RT-PCR to verify the expression of mismatch repair enzymes involved in crossing-over formation in Tityus silvestris gonads. The quadrivalent association in T. maranhensis showed delay in the synaptic process and long asynaptic regions during pachytene. In this species, γH2AX was recorded only at the chromosome ends during early stages of prophase I; in metaphase I, bivalents and quadrivalents of T. maranhensis exhibited binding to microtubules along their entire length, while in metaphase II/anaphase II transition, spindle fibers interacted only with telomeric regions. Regarding T. silvestris, genes involved in the recombination process were transcribed in ovaries, testes and embryos, without significant difference between these tissues. The expression of these genes during T. silvestris achiasmatic meiosis is discussed in the present study. The absence of meiotic inactivation by γH2AX and holo/telokinetic behavior of the chromosomes are important factors for the maintenance of the quadrivalent in T. maranhensis and the normal continuation of the meiotic cycle in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Rafael Ribeiro de Almeida
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência, km 01, Guamá, Belem 66075-750, PA, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Itaituba, R. Universitário, s/n, Maria Magdalena, Itaituba 68183-300, PA, Brazil
| | - Renata Coelho Rodrigues Noronha
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência, km 01, Guamá, Belem 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Adauto Lima Cardoso
- Laboratório Genômica Integrativa, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, s/n, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu 18618970, SP, Brazil
| | - Cesar Martins
- Laboratório Genômica Integrativa, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, s/n, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu 18618970, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonas Gama Martins
- Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936-Petrópolis, Manaus 69067-375, AM, Brazil
| | - Rudi Emerson de Lima Procópio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Avenida Carvalho Leal, 1777-Cachoeirinha, Manaus 69065-170, AM, Brazil
| | - Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência, km 01, Guamá, Belem 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar Pieczarka
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Perimetral da Ciência, km 01, Guamá, Belem 66075-750, PA, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Just P, Šťáhlavský F, Kovařík F, Štundlová J. Tracking the trends of karyotype differentiation in the phylogenetic context of Gint, a scorpion genus endemic to the Horn of Africa (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To determine the mechanisms of karyotype differentiation in scorpions of the genus Gint, we employed an integrative approach, combining cytogenetic data and sequence-based phylogeny. We cytogenetically examined six species with emphasis on multivalent meiotic configurations, 18S rDNA and (TTAGG)n distribution and compared chromosomal data with genetic divergence based on analysis of 16S rRNA and COI gene markers. Our results show that Gint species exhibit substantial karyotype diversity (2n = 18–45) and a high incidence of chromosome heterozygosity. Meiotic chromosome chains formed by up to six elements were found in 85% of analysed individuals, causing intraspecific chromosome variation in three species. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that the 18S rDNA distribution pattern differed in Gint species, including at the intrapopulation level, but the chromosomal localization of (TTAGG)n motif was stable across species. Conspicuous interspecific differences in chromosome counts broadly corresponded with genetic divergence among Gint species. Our findings indicate that Gint karyotypes have undergone dynamic reorganization through independent fusions, fissions and reciprocal translocations. Owing to present chromosomal polymorphism, such structural changes shaping the genome architecture appear to be still ongoing in the populations of some Gint species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Just
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Viničná, Prague , Czech Republic
| | - František Šťáhlavský
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Viničná, Prague , Czech Republic
| | - František Kovařík
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Viničná, Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jana Štundlová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Viničná, Prague , Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská, České Budějovice , Czech Republic
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Karyotype evolution and preliminary molecular assessment of genera in the family Scorpiopidae (Arachnida: Scorpiones). ZOOLOGY 2020; 144:125882. [PMID: 33278760 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The scorpions represent an ancient and morphologically conserved order of arachnids. Despite that, their karyotypes may differ considerably even among closely related species. In this study, we identify the trends of the karyotype evolution in the family Scorpiopidae based on integrating cytogenetic data and multi-locus molecular phylogenetic approaches. We detected considerable variability in diploid numbers of chromosomes (from 48 to 147), 18S rRNA gene cluster positions (from terminal to pericentromeric) at the interspecific level. Moreover, we identified independent fusions, fissions and inversions in the evolution of the family Scorpiopidae, leading to a remarkable diversification of the karyotypes. The dynamic system of the karyotype changes in this group is further documented by the presence of interstitial telomeric sequences (ITS) in two species. The cytogenetic differences observed among the analyzed species highlight the potential of this type of data for species-level taxonomy in scorpion lineages with monocentric chromosomes. Additionally, the results of our phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of the family Scorpiopidae, but rendered several genera para- or polyphyletic.
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Meiotic analyses show adaptations to maintenance of fertility in X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5Y5 system of amazon frog Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Laurenti, 1768). Sci Rep 2020; 10:16327. [PMID: 33004883 PMCID: PMC7529792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous chromosomal rearrangements can result in failures during the meiotic cycle and the apoptosis of germline, making carrier individuals infertile. The Amazon frog Leptodactylus pentadactylus has a meiotic multivalent, composed of 12 sex chromosomes. The mechanisms by which this multi-chromosome system maintains fertility in males of this species remain undetermined. In this study we investigated the meiotic behavior of this multivalent to understand how synapse, recombination and epigenetic modifications contribute to maintaining fertility and chromosomal sexual determination in this species. Our sample had 2n = 22, with a ring formed by ten chromosomes in meiosis, indicating a new system of sex determination for this species (X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5Y5). Synapsis occurs in the homologous terminal portion of the chromosomes, while part of the heterologous interstitial regions performed synaptic adjustment. The multivalent center remains asynaptic until the end of pachytene, with interlocks, gaps and rich-chromatin in histone H2A phosphorylation at serine 139 (γH2AX), suggesting transcriptional silence. In late pachytene, paired regions show repair of double strand-breaks (DSBs) with RAD51 homolog 1 (Rad51). These findings suggest that Rad51 persistence creates positive feedback at the pachytene checkpoint, allowing meiosis I to progress normally. Additionally, histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 27 in the pericentromeric heterochromatin of this anuran can suppress recombination in this region, preventing failed chromosomal segregation. Taken together, these results indicate that these meiotic adaptations are required for maintenance of fertility in L. pentadactylus.
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Šťáhlavský F, Nguyen P, Sadílek D, Štundlová J, Just P, Haddad CR, Koç H, Ranawana KB, Stockmann M, Yağmur EA, Kovařík F. Evolutionary dynamics of rDNA clusters on chromosomes of buthid scorpions (Chelicerata: Arachnida). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We examined the distribution of genes for major ribosomal RNAs (rDNA) on holokinetic chromosomes of 74 species belonging to 19 genera of scorpions from the family Buthidae using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Our analysis revealed differences between the two main evolutionary lineages within the family. The genera belonging to the ‘Buthus group’, with a proposed Laurasian origin, possess one pair of rDNA mainly in an interstitial position, with the only exceptions being the terminal location found in some Hottentotta and Buthacus species, possibly as a result of chromosome fissions. All the remaining buthid ‘groups’ possess rDNA found strictly in a terminal position. However, the number of signals may increase from an ancestral state of one pair of rDNA loci to up to seven signals in Reddyanus ceylonensis Kovařík et al., 2016. Despite the differences in evolutionary dynamics of the rDNA clusters between the ‘Buthus group’ and other lineages investigated, we found a high incidence of reciprocal translocations and presence of multivalent associations during meiosis in the majority of the genera studied. These phenomena seem to be typical for the whole family Buthidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Šťáhlavský
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nguyen
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Sadílek
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Štundlová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Just
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Charles R Haddad
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Halil Koç
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Kithsiri B Ranawana
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Ersen Aydin Yağmur
- Alaşehir Vocational School, Celal Bayar University, Alaşehir, Manisa, Turkey
| | - František Kovařík
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
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Adilardi RS, Ojanguren-Affilastro AA, Martí DA, Mola LM. Chromosome puzzle in the southernmost populations of the medically important scorpion Tityus bahiensis (Perty 1833) (Buthidae), a polymorphic species with striking structural rearrangements. ZOOL ANZ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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de Almeida BRR, Noronha RCR, da Costa MJR, Nagamachi CY, Pieczarka JC. Meiosis in the scorpion Tityus silvestris: new insights into achiasmatic chromosomes. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.040352. [PMID: 31072909 PMCID: PMC6550081 DOI: 10.1242/bio.040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Achiasmatic male meiosis in scorpions is characterized by a high frequency of gaps, asynaptic regions and multivalent associations. Here, we performed an immunocytogenetic analysis to investigate recombination, and synapsis and chromatin-remodeling events during meiosis of the scorpion Tityus silvestris Our results demonstrate that the synaptonemal complex (SC) begins its organization in the zygotene stage and persists until metaphase I. The advancement of the synaptic process is related to the epigenetic modification histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27m3). The distribution and dynamics patterns of variant γH2AX and recombinase Rad51 during achiasmatic meiosis suggests formation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during early stages of prophase I. The epigenetic modifications, histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4m3) and histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac), showed a dispersed distribution along the bivalents, suggesting that transcriptional activity is maintained constitutively during prophase I. However, H3K9ac modifications are absent in constitutive heterochromatin carrying the 45S rDNA in pachytene and post-pachytene stages. Collectively, our data demonstrate that T. silvestris exhibits adaptations to the achiasmatic mode, and suggest that epigenetic modifications may act in the regulation of these mechanisms to favor the normal continuation of meiosis in this scorpion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Rafael Ribeiro de Almeida
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados em Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Corrêa, s/n, 66075-900, Guamá, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Renata Coelho Rodrigues Noronha
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados em Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Corrêa, s/n, 66075-900, Guamá, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marlyson Jeremias Rodrigues da Costa
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados em Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Corrêa, s/n, 66075-900, Guamá, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados em Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Corrêa, s/n, 66075-900, Guamá, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar Pieczarka
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados em Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Avenida Augusto Corrêa, s/n, 66075-900, Guamá, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Štundlová J, Šmíd J, Nguyen P, Šťáhlavský F. Cryptic diversity and dynamic chromosome evolution in Alpine scorpions (Euscorpiidae: Euscorpius). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 134:152-163. [PMID: 30743063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over time, mountain biota has undergone complex evolutionary histories that have left imprints on its genomic arrangement, geographical distribution and diversity of contemporary lineages. Knowledge on these biogeographical aspects still lags behind for invertebrates inhabiting the Alpine region. In the present study, we examined three scorpion species of the subgenus Euscorpius (Alpiscorpius) from the European Alps using cytogenetic and molecular phylogenetic approaches to determine the variation and population structure of extant lineages at both chromosome and genetic level, and to provide an insight into the species diversification histories. We detected considerable intraspecific variability in chromosome complements and localization of the 18S rDNA loci in all studied species. Such chromosome differences were noticeable as the existence of three [in E. (A.) alpha and E. (A.) germanus] or four [in E. (A.) gamma] range-restricted karyotypic races. These races differed from one another either by 2n [in E. (A.) alpha 2n = 54, 60, 90; in E. (A.) gamma 2n = 58, 60, 88, 86-92], or by the karyotypic formula [in E. (A.) germanus 2n = 34m + 12sm; 36m + 10sm; 42m + 4sm]. Using mitochondrial (16S rRNA, COI) and nuclear (28S rDNA) genetic markers, we examined genetic variation and reconstructed phylogenetic relationships among the karyotypic races. Both approaches provided evidence for the existence of ten deeply divergent lineages exhibiting the features of local endemics and indicating the presence of cryptic species. Molecular dating analyses suggest that these lineages diversified during the Plio-Pleistocene and this process was presumably accompanied by dynamic structural changes in the genome organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Štundlová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Šmíd
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Zoology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nguyen
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - František Šťáhlavský
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
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Ubinski CV, Carvalho LS, Schneider MC. Mechanisms of karyotype evolution in the Brazilian scorpions of the subfamily Centruroidinae (Buthidae). Genetica 2018; 146:475-486. [PMID: 30206751 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-018-0038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The recently-revised subfamily Centruroidinae is part of the New World clade of buthid scorpions. In this study, we analyzed the cytogenetic characteristics of nine of the 10 Brazilian centruroidines, and one undescribed species of the genus Ischnotelson, using a phylogenetic approach to determine the chromosomal rearrangements responsible for the differentiation of karyotypes among the species. The cytogenetic data recorded in the present study supported the new taxonomic arrangement of the Centruroidinae, with all the species of the same genus sharing the same or similar diploid numbers, i.e., 2n = 20 or 22 in Troglorhopalurus lacrau and T. translucidus, 2n = 25 or 26 in Ischnotelson sp., I. guanambiensis and I. peruassu, and 2n = 28 in Jaguajir agamemnon, J. pintoi and J. rochae. The karyotype modelling in the ChromEvol software indicated 2n = 18 as the ancestral diploid number of the Centruroidinae. The differentiation of karyotypes among the centruroidine genera was based on increasing chromosome numbers resulting from progressive fission events. These changes probably occurred prior to the diversification of the genera Ischnotelson, Jaguajir, Physoctonus and Rhopalurus, and appear to have played a more important role in karyotype evolution at the intergeneric level than the interspecific one. However, the observed increase in diploid numbers was not accompanied by changes in the number or location of ribosomal genes or telomeric sequences. The identification of meiotic cells in female specimens also allowed us to discuss the mechanisms of achiasmatic meiosis in scorpions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crislaine Vanessa Ubinski
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Av. Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema, São Paulo, 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Sousa Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, UFPI, Campus Amílcar Ferreira Sobral, BR 343, Km 3.5, Floriano, Piauí, 64800-000, Brazil
| | - Marielle Cristina Schneider
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Av. Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema, São Paulo, 09972-270, Brazil.
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Šťáhlavský F, Štundlová J, Lowe G, Stockmann M, Kovařík F. Application of cytogenetic markers in the taxonomy of flat rock scorpions (Scorpiones: Hormuridae), with the description of Hadogenes weygoldti sp. n. ZOOL ANZ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mattos VF, Carvalho LS, Carvalho MA, Schneider MC. Insights into the origin of the high variability of multivalent-meiotic associations in holocentric chromosomes of Tityus (Archaeotityus) scorpions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192070. [PMID: 29466400 PMCID: PMC5821447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpions represent an intriguing group of animals characterized by a high incidence of heterozygous chromosomal rearrangements. In this work, we examined six species of Tityus (Archaeotityus) from Brazilian fauna with a particular focus on elucidating the rearrangements responsible for the intraspecific variability of diploid number and the presence of long chromosomal chains in meiosis. To access any interpopulation diversity, we also studied individuals from four species representing distinct localities. Most species demonstrated intraspecific polymorphism in diploid number (2n = 19 and 2n = 20 in T. clathratus, T. mattogrossensis, and T. pusillus, 2n = 16, 2n = 17 and 2n = 18 in T. paraguayensis, and 2n = 16 and 2n = 24 in T. silvestris) and multi-chromosomal associations during meiosis I, which differed even among individuals with the same chromosome number. In some species, the heterozygous rearrangements were not fixed, resulting such as in Tityus clathatrus, in 11 different chromosomal configurations recognized within a same population. Based on meiotic chromosome behaviour, we suggested that independent rearrangements (fusion/fission and reciprocal translocations), occurring in different combinations, originated the multi-chromosomal chains. To evaluate the effects of these chromosome chains on meiotic segregation, we applied the chi-square test in metaphase II cells. The non-significant occurrence of aneuploid nuclei indicated that non-disjunction was negligible in specimens bearing heterozygous rearrangements. Finally, based on our analysis of many chromosome characteristics, e.g., holocentricity, achiasmate meiosis, endopolyploidy, ability to segregate heterosynaptic or unsynapsed chromosomes, (TTAGG)n sequence located in terminal regions of rearranged chromosomes, we suggest that the maintenance of multi-chromosomal associations may be evolutionarily advantageous for these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Fagundes Mattos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, UNESP, Departamento de Biologia, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos André Carvalho
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, UFMT, Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Marielle Cristina Schneider
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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14
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Do holocentric chromosomes represent an evolutionary advantage? A study of paired analyses of diversification rates of lineages with holocentric chromosomes and their monocentric closest relatives. Chromosome Res 2017; 26:139-152. [PMID: 29043597 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-017-9566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite most of the cytogenetic research is focused on monocentric chromosomes, chromosomes with kinetochoric activity localized in a single centromere, several studies have been centered on holocentric chromosomes which have diffuse kinetochoric activity along the chromosomes. The eukaryotic organisms that present this type of chromosomes have been relatively understudied despite they constitute rather diversified species lineages. On the one hand, holocentric chromosomes may present intrinsic benefits (chromosome mutations such as fissions and fusions are potentially neutral in holocentrics). On the other hand, they present restrictions to the spatial separation of the functions of recombination and segregation during meiotic divisions (functions that may interfere), separation that is found in monocentric chromosomes. In this study, we compare the diversification rates of all known holocentric lineages in animals and plants with their most related monocentric lineages in order to elucidate whether holocentric chromosomes constitute an evolutionary advantage in terms of diversification and species richness. The results showed that null hypothesis of equal mean diversification rates cannot be rejected, leading us to surmise that shifts in diversification rates between holocentric and monocentric lineages might be due to other factors, such as the idiosyncrasy of each lineage or the interplay of evolutionary selections with the benefits of having either monocentric or holocentric chromosomes.
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Ojanguren-Affilastro AA, Adilardi RS, Cajade R, Ramírez MJ, Ceccarelli FS, Mola LM. Multiple approaches to understanding the taxonomic status of an enigmatic new scorpion species of the genus Tityus (Buthidae) from the biogeographic island of Paraje Tres Cerros (Argentina). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181337. [PMID: 28746406 PMCID: PMC5529008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tityus curupi n. sp., belonging to the bolivianus complex, is described from the biogeographically distinct area of Paraje Tres Cerros in north-eastern Argentina. We also present a molecular species delimitation analysis between Tityus curupi n. sp. and its sister species Tityus uruguayensis Borelli 1901 to confirm species integrity. Furthermore, a cytogenetic analysis is presented for these two species which contain different multivalent associations in meiosis, as a consequence of chromosome rearrangements, and the highest chromosome numbers in the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renzo S. Adilardi
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución—Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Cajade
- Laboratorio de Herpetología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Martín J. Ramírez
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F. Sara Ceccarelli
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Liliana M. Mola
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución—Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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