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Alghamdi AA, Alghamdi AH. Determining the Best Approach: Comparing and Contrasting the Impact of Different Coping Strategies on Work-Related Stress and Burnout Among Saudi Commercial Pilots. Cureus 2023; 15:e41948. [PMID: 37588331 PMCID: PMC10426258 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many physiological, psychological, and environmental stressors can be experienced by pilots throughout their careers, which may affect their mental and psychological health and their performance consequently. Stressing factors of aviation and commercial operations can result in pilots' burnout, which is a description of the response to chronic emotional exhaustion and loss of motivation. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of burnout and compare the effects of different coping strategies on burnout levels among commercial pilots in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2023 Methods The study was a cross-sectional survey utilizing an online form of a validated questionnaire administered to pilots of Saudi commercial airlines in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study targeted on-duty Saudi commercial pilots, excluding retired and in-training pilots, with an estimated population of around 2000. A sample size of 311 was determined using an equation considering a 5% margin of error, 95% confidence level, and a 60.3% burnout prevalence rate. Non-probability snowball sampling method was used to achieve sample size. Results A total of 321 pilots were included, mostly Saudis. The participants had a median age of 47, and the majority were married with one to two children. BMI classifications showed high percentages of overweight and obese individuals. The study found that most pilots experienced medium levels of burnout (70.1%). Nationality, marital status, and shorter sleeping duration were significantly associated with higher burnout levels. Common challenges included long duties (79.4%), irregular working hours (72.3%), and time away from home (55.5%). Coping strategies included rest and sleep (81%), exercise (59.2%), and relaxation behaviors (50.5%). Stressors such as long duties, irregular working hours, and work conflicts were significantly associated with higher burnout levels. However, no significant associations were found between coping strategies and burnout levels. Conclusion The study found that most pilots experienced medium levels of burnout. In addition, common challenges included long duties, irregular working hours, and time away from home. The study emphasizes the need to address work-related stressors, implement interventions, and support pilots' mental health. Promoting healthy coping strategies and understanding individual resilience is important. Further research and organizational efforts are required to mitigate burnout and enhance the quality of life for aviation professionals, benefiting both individuals and the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullmajeed A Alghamdi
- Medical Directorate, Saudi Royal Land Forces, Riyadh, SAU
- Preventive Medicine Postgraduate Program, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Amal H Alghamdi
- Preventive Medicine Postgraduate Program, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, SAU
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Fu X, Du B, Chen Q, Norbäck D, Lindgren T, Janson C, Runeson-Broberg R. Self-rated health (SRH), recovery from work, fatigue, and insomnia among commercial pilots concerning occupational and non-occupational factors. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1050776. [PMID: 36684912 PMCID: PMC9846758 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1050776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated associations of self-rated health (SRH), recovery from work, fatigue, and insomnia with working conditions, the psychosocial work environment, lifestyle, and sense of coherence (SOC) among commercial pilots. Methods A standardized questionnaire was sent to all pilots in an airline company, of whom 354 (61%) responded. Associations were analyzed via ordinal and logistic regression with mutual adjustment. Results Overall, 21.8% of participants reported low SRH, 13.0% reported not recovering from work during their free time, 61.9% experienced fatigue, and 70.6% experienced insomnia symptoms. A high level of demand at work was associated with poor SRH and more fatigue, and low social support at work was associated with insomnia and poorer recovery from work. Habits surrounding exercise and BMI were associated with SRH. Part-time pilots and captains reported experiencing better recovery from work than their counterparts, while female pilots and younger pilots reported less fatigue. Amount of free time after work and the type of airplane operated were associated with experience of insomnia symptoms. Finally, having a strong sense of coherence was protectively associated with all health outcomes. Conclusion The psychosocial environment at work is essential for the health of pilots, and a strong sense of coherence can be protective. Occupational conditions may influence recovery from work, fatigue, and insomnia. Moreover, engaging in exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, working part-time, and having more free time after the working day could improve pilots' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Fu
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingqian Du
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingsong Chen
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Norbäck
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten Lindgren
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Janson
- Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roma Runeson-Broberg
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Zhang Q, Xi G, Yin J. Artemisia sieversiana pollen allergy and immunotherapy in mice. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:13654-13664. [PMID: 35035704 PMCID: PMC8748105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a murine model of asthma using Artemisia sieversiana pollen extract (ASE) and subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) without an adjuvant. BALB/c mice were sensitized subcutaneously with 25 μg of ASE and challenged with 0.1% ASE aerosol. To investigate the efficacy of SCIT, mice were subcutaneously injected with 0.3 mg ASE without adjuvant once a week for 8 weeks, followed by challenge for 3 additional days. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine, pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokine levels of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, histopathology of the lung, and serum allergen-specific serum IgE and IgG2a levels were assessed following the final challenge. Mice sensitized with ASE developed AHR and had significantly higher interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels as well as lower IL-12 level than those of control mice. Moreover, mice sensitized with ASE showed increased plasma levels of allergen-specific IgE, and histologic analyses showed peribranchial infiltration of inflammatory cells and mucosal hyperplasia. After SCIT, allergic symptoms and immunological parameters were effectively improved, and the plasma level of allergen-specific IgG2a was significantly increased cmpared to that in the vehicle group. These findings described successful development of an A. sieversiana pollen-induced asthma model in BALB/c mice, with in vivo findings revealing that SCIT without adjuvant significantly improved the symptoms and pathophysiology of asthmatic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic DiseasesBeijing 100730, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic DiseasesBeijing 100034, China
| | - Guangpeng Xi
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic DiseasesBeijing 100730, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic DiseasesBeijing 100034, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Department of Allergy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic DiseasesBeijing 100730, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic DiseasesBeijing 100034, China
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Sun Y, Fu X, Li Y, Yuan Q, Ou Z, Lindgren T, Deng Y, Norbäck D. Shotgun metagenomics of dust microbiome from flight deck and cabin in civil aviation aircraft. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:1199-1212. [PMID: 32578244 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbial exposure is related to the health of passengers on commercial aircraft, but no studies characterized the microbial composition at the species level and identified their ecological determinants. We collected vacuum dust from floor and seat surfaces in flight decks and cabins of 18 aircraft, and amplification-free shotgun metagenomics was conducted to characterize the microbial composition. In total, 7437 microbial taxa were identified. The relative abundance for bacteria, eukaryote, viruses, and archaea was 96.9%, 1.8%, 0.3%, and 0.03%, respectively. The top bacterial species mainly derived from outdoor air and human skin included Sphingomonas, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus luteus, Variovorax paradoxus, Paracoccus dentrificans, and Propionibacterium acnes. The abundance of NIAID-defined pathogens was low, accounted for only 0.23% of total microbes. The microbial species and functional composition were structured by the indoor surface type (R2 = 0.38, Adonis), followed by the manufacturer of the aircraft (R2 = 0.12) and flight duration (R2 = 0.07). Indoor surfaces affected species derived from different habitats; the abundance of dry skin and desiccated species was higher on textile surfaces, whereas the abundance of moist and oily skin species was higher on leather surfaces. The growth rates for most microbes were stopped and almost stopped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheyuan Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Torsten Lindgren
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Norbäck
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Chen Y, Han L, Zhou Y, Yang L, Guo YS. Artemisia Pollen Extracts Exposed to Diesel Exhaust Enhance Airway Inflammation and Immunological Imbalance in Asthmatic Mice Model. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2020; 181:342-352. [PMID: 32062653 DOI: 10.1159/000505747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vehicle-induced air pollution may increase the prevalence and severity of asthma. Pollens are important sources of outdoor allergens associated with asthma. Outdoor pollution may influence the structure of pollen grains, resulting in enhanced immune reactions. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the impact that artemisia pollen extracts exposed to diesel emissions (APEDE) may induce - allergic airway inflammation, pulmonary pathology and immune imbalance - in mice. METHODS Sixty male Balb/c mice were equally randomized into 5 groups, sensitized with 30 μL artemisia pollen extracts (APE) or APEDE adsorbed on 2 mg aluminum hydroxide gel by intraperitoneal injection on day 0, 7, 14, and 22, and challenged intranasally once per day with 30 μL APE or APEDE from day 29 to 36. The controlling group used phosphate-buffered saline as control. RESULTS In mice immunized and challenged by APEDE, the clinical phenotype of eosinophils, neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), tracheal wall thickness, airway smooth muscle thickness and airway resistance increased significantly. Pathophysiological parameters such as interleukin (IL)-17A and tumour necrosis factor-α production in BALF and serum, and the ratio of Th17/Treg cells in CD4+ cells increased significantly, while IL-10 in BALF and serum and the ratio of Treg cells decreased significantly. It was further found that the expression of oxidative stress marker 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were significantly increased. The correlation analysis showed that the expression of 3-NT was positively correlated with the activation of NF-κB. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that pollens exposed to diesel exhaust enhance allergic responses, which may contribute to an increased prevalence of allergic diseases in urban environments with serious exhaust emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,
| | - Yin-Shi Guo
- Department of Allergy, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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In-Vehicle Exposures at Transportation and the Health Concerns. CURRENT TOPICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7123345 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9182-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In-vehicle environment is a special indoor environment, which is mobile, either open or closed. This chapter reviewed in-vehicle air quality and passenger exposures for roadway commuters, commercial airplanes, and marine transportation. The sources of pollutants in-vehicle can be categorized as the same as other indoor environments, including outdoor air, human activity, emission from building material and interior furnisher, and biological metabolic process from animals and microbes. However, the exposure in vehicles varies from now and then, influenced by window open/closed, speed, air flow, ventilation on/off, air conditioner on/off, pollutants from ambient outdoor air, interior material, and number of passengers. There are few studies on health condition of passengers, except infectious disease during airway transportation. Some health studies of related occupations are reviewed.
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Wang J, Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Li B, Huang C, Zhang X, Deng Q, Lu C, Qian H, Yang X, Sun Y, Sundell J, Norbäck D. Asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema among parents of preschool children in relation to climate, and dampness and mold in dwellings in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104910. [PMID: 31226554 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The main aim was to study associations between asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema among adults across China and dampness and mold at home. Young adults (N = 40,279) in eight cities in China answered a questionnaire in 2010-2012 (response rate 75.0%). Data on asthma, allergic rhinitis, eczema and the home environment was assessed by the questionnaire. Climate data was obtained from China Meteorological Administration and the website of Weather Underground. Health associations were analyzed by two-level logistic regression models, adjusting for covariates. Totally 1.6% had asthma, 6.6% allergic rhinitis and 2.2% eczema. Mold odor was associated with asthma (OR = 1.90) and allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.25-1.44). Window pane condensation in winter was associated with asthma (OR = 1.39), allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.26-1.58) and eczema (OR = 1.36-1.77). Presence of mold spots or damp stains was related to asthma (OR = 1.58-2.49), allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.35-1.76) and eczema (OR = 1.47-1.70). Water damage was related to asthma (OR = 1.69-1.82), allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.40-1.45) and eczema (OR = 1.44-1.96). Damp bed clothing was related to asthma (OR = 1.23), allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.23) and eczema (OR = 1.35). A higher dampness score was associated with increased odds ratios for diseases. Those living in older buildings had more asthma (OR = 1.39-1.76) and allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.16-1.21). Those living in suburban or rural areas had less asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema as compared to those living in urban areas (OR values from 0.24 to 0.66). Stronger health associations with dampness and mold were found in southern China and in newer buildings (constructed after 2005). In conclusion, dampness and mold at home can be risk factors for asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema among adults in China. Living in older buildings can be risk factors for asthma or allergic rhinitis while living in less urbanized areas can be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Baizhan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings (Ministry of Science and Technology), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Research Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China; School of Energy Science and engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chan Lu
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China; School of Energy Science and engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jan Sundell
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Norbäck
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Liu W, Huang C, Li B, Zhao Z, Yang X, Deng Q, Zhang X, Qian H, Sun Y, Qu F, Wang L, Lin Z, Lu C, Wang H, Wang J, Cai J, Zhang J, Sun C, Mo J, Weschler LB, Norbäck D, Sundell J, Zhang Y. Household renovation before and during pregnancy in relation to preterm birth and low birthweight in China. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:202-214. [PMID: 30597644 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
From October 2010 to April 2012, we conducted a cross-sectional study of associations between household environments and childhood health among preschool children in eight Chinese cities. Here, we analyze associations of early household renovation with preterm birth (PTB), low birthweight (LBW), term low birthweight (Term-LBW), and small for gestational age (SGA). Parents responded to questions about household renovation and their children's gestational age and birthweight. In the multivariate logistic regression analyses, household renovation in the year before pregnancy was significantly associated with LBW (sample size: N = 25 813; adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.23, 1.01-1.50) and Term-LBW (N = 24 823; 1.29, 1.01-1.67). Household renovation during pregnancy was significantly associated with PTB (N = 25 202; 1.28, 1.01-1.69). These significant associations were also found in the two-level (city-child) logistic regression analyses and in the sensitivity analyses among 21 009 children with complete data in all studied variates. Stronger associations were found in certain subgroups. Our findings indicate that household renovation within one year before pregnancy might be a risk factor for LBW and Term-LBW, while household renovation during pregnancy could be a risk factor for PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Baizhan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Research Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Qu
- China Meteorological Administration Training Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Zhijing Lin
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Lu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Han Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jiao Cai
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Buildings and Built Environments (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialing Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Dan Norbäck
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Sundell
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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