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Sánchez-López P, Hernández-Hernández KA, Fuentes Moyado S, Cadena Nava RD, Smolentseva E. Antimicrobial and Virus Adsorption Properties of Y-Zeolite Exchanged with Silver and Zinc Cations. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7554-7563. [PMID: 38405448 PMCID: PMC10882595 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of silver and zinc exchanged cations in Y-zeolite (Ag/CBV-600, Zn/CBV-600) is evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (gram (+)) and Escherichia coli (gram (-)) bacteria along with their adsorption capacity for viruses: brome mosaic virus (BMV), cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), and the bacteriophage MS2. The physicochemical properties of synthesized nanomaterials are characterized by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). According to the obtained results, the main species associated with the exchanged ions are Ag+ and Zn2+ cations with the concentration of around 1 atomic %. The incorporation of cations does not modify the Y-zeolite framework. The Ag/CBV-600 and Zn/CBV-600 materials show an inactivation of 90% for both gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria at 16 h at a relatively low concentration of nanomaterial (0.5 mg/mL). Moreover, the samples present good adsorption capacity for BMV, CCMV, and MS2 viruses showing adsorption higher than 40% after 2 h of interaction with the viruses. These prominent results allow the further usage of nanomaterials as an effective remedy to inhibit and reduce the spread of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 or other gram (+) or gram (-) bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Sánchez-López
- Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana a Ensenada, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Kevin A. Hernández-Hernández
- Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana a Ensenada, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, México
- Centro
de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior
de Ensenada (CICESE), C.P.
22860 Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Sergio Fuentes Moyado
- Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana a Ensenada, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Rubén D. Cadena Nava
- Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana a Ensenada, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Elena Smolentseva
- Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana a Ensenada, C.P. 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, México
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Lu Y, Jiang M, Pan Y, Wang F, Xu W, Zhou Y, Du X. Preparation of Ag@lignin nanotubes for the development of antimicrobial biodegradable films from corn straw. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127630. [PMID: 37939776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Current environmental and energy issues have attracted considerable attention from industries, governments, and academia. Developing alternative diverse petrochemical-based plastics with biodegradable packaging materials from renewable resources is critical for ensuring both sustainability and safety. In this study, biodegradable films are fabricated from corn straw via a facile sol-gel process. Furthermore, these films are imbued with antimicrobial properties by coupling with silver@lignin nanotube hybrid antibacterial agents, formed via the in situ reduction of silver ions into elemental silver by lignin (mild reducing agent), followed by the self-assembly of lignin molecules into nanotubes assisted by an aqueous silver nitrate electrolyte solution. The developed antibacterial corn straw film exhibits strong mechanical and antibacterial properties, with a tensile strength and elongation at break of 68.7 MPa and 11.3 %, respectively, under optimum conditions and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus of 99.9 % and 97.2 %, respectively. The as-prepared corn straw films exhibit high hydrophobicity and ultraviolet resistance. The morphology, structure, and thermal properties of the corn straw films were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. This study provides a straw-based biodegradable packaging film with antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lu
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Man Jiang
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Yu Pan
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Wangjie Xu
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Yufan Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Xiaoqing Du
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
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Metabolomic Profiling of the Responses of Planktonic and Biofilm Vibrio cholerae to Silver Nanoparticles. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11111534. [DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae causes cholera and can switch between planktonic and biofilm lifeforms, where biofilm formation enhances transmission, virulence, and antibiotic resistance. Due to antibiotic microbial resistance, new antimicrobials including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are being studied. Nevertheless, little is known about the metabolic changes exerted by AgNPs on both microbial lifeforms. Our objective was to evaluate the changes in the metabolomic profile of V. cholerae planktonic and biofilm cells in response to sublethal concentrations of AgNPs using MS2 untargeted metabolomics and chemoinformatics. A total of 690 metabolites were quantified among all groups. More metabolites were significantly modulated in planktonic cells (n = 71) compared to biofilm (n = 37) by the treatment. The chemical class profiles were distinct for both planktonic and biofilm, suggesting a phenotype-dependent metabolic response to the nanoparticles. Chemical enrichment analysis showed altered abundances of oxidized fatty acids (FA), saturated FA, phosphatidic acids, and saturated stearic acid in planktonic cells treated with AgNPs, which hints at a turnover of the membrane. In contrast, no chemical classes were enriched in the biofilm. In conclusion, this study suggests that the response of V. cholerae to silver nanoparticles is phenotype-dependent and that planktonic cells experience a lipid remodeling process, possibly related to an adaptive mechanism involving the cell membrane.
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Fatouh Hamed S, Hashim AF, Salama HH, Abd-Elsalam KA. Chemical and green production of silver nanocomposites. GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOMATERIALS 2022:55-74. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824508-8.00027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Mannix-Fisher E, McLean S. The antimicrobial activity of silver acetate against Acinetobacter baumannii in a Galleria mellonella infection model. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11196. [PMID: 33981496 PMCID: PMC8071075 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing prevalence of bacterial infections that are resistant to antibiotic treatment has caused the scientific and medical communities to look for alternate remedies aimed at prevention and treatment. In addition to researching novel antimicrobials, there has also been much interest in revisiting some of the earliest therapies used by man. One such antimicrobial is silver; its use stretches back to the ancient Greeks but interest in its medicinal properties has increased in recent years due to the rise in antibiotic resistance. Currently antimicrobial silver is found in everything from lunch boxes to medical device implants. Though much is claimed about the antimicrobial efficacy of silver salts the research in this area is mixed. Methods Herein we investigated the efficacy of silver acetate against a carbapenem resistant strain of Acinetobacter baumannii to determine the in vitro activity of this silver salt against a World Health Organisation designated category I critical pathogen. Furthermore, we use the Galleria mellonella larvae model to assess toxicity of the compound and its efficacy in treating infections in a live host. Results We found that silver acetate can be delivered safely to Galleria at medically relevant and antimicrobial levels without detriment to the larvae and that administration of silver acetate to an infection model significantly improved survival. This demonstrates the selective toxicity of silver acetate for bacterial pathogens but also highlights the need for administration of well-defined doses of the antimicrobial to provide an efficacious treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Mannix-Fisher
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Samantha McLean
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Vazquez-Muñoz R, Bogdanchikova N, Huerta-Saquero A. Beyond the Nanomaterials Approach: Influence of Culture Conditions on the Stability and Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:28441-28451. [PMID: 33195894 PMCID: PMC7658933 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as antimicrobial agents have been extensively studied. It is generally assumed that their inhibitory activity heavily depends on their physicochemical features. Yet, other parameters may affect the AgNP traits and activity, such as culture medium composition, pH, and temperature, among others. In this work, we evaluated the effect of the culture medium physicochemical traits on both the stability and antibacterial activity of AgNPs. We found that culture media impact the physicochemical traits of AgNPs, such as hydrodynamic size, surface charge, aggregation, and the availability of ionic silver release rate. As a consequence, culture media play a major role in AgNP stability and antimicrobial potency. The AgNP minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values changed up to 2 orders of magnitude by the influence of culture media alone when single-stock AgNPs were tested on the same strain of Escherichia coli. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of the AgNP MIC values confirms that the "chemical complexity" of culture media influences the AgNP activity. Studies that address only the antimicrobial activities of nanoparticles on common bacterial models should be performed by standardized susceptibility assays, thus generating replicable, comparable reports regarding the antimicrobial potency of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vazquez-Muñoz
- Department
of Biology and The South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, Unites
States
- Centro
de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, CP 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Nina Bogdanchikova
- Centro
de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, CP 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Alejandro Huerta-Saquero
- Centro
de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, CP 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, México
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Vazquez-Munoz R, Lopez FD, Lopez-Ribot JL. Bismuth Nanoantibiotics Display Anticandidal Activity and Disrupt the Biofilm and Cell Morphology of the Emergent Pathogenic Yeast Candida auris. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E461. [PMID: 32751405 PMCID: PMC7460268 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emergent multidrug-resistant pathogenic yeast, which forms biofilms resistant to antifungals, sanitizing procedures, and harsh environmental conditions. Antimicrobial nanomaterials represent an alternative to reduce the spread of pathogens-including yeasts-regardless of their drug-resistant profile. Here we have assessed the antimicrobial activity of easy-to-synthesize bismuth nanoparticles (BiNPs) against the emergent multidrug-resistant yeast Candida auris, under both planktonic and biofilm growing conditions. Additionally, we have examined the effect of these BiNPs on cell morphology and biofilm structure. Under planktonic conditions, BiNPs MIC values ranged from 1 to 4 µg mL-1 against multiple C. auris strains tested, including representatives of all different clades. Regarding the inhibition of biofilm formation, the calculated BiNPs IC50 values ranged from 5.1 to 113.1 µg mL-1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations indicated that BiNPs disrupted the C. auris cell morphology and the structure of the biofilms. In conclusion, BiNPs displayed strong antifungal activity against all strains of C. auris under planktonic conditions, but moderate activity against biofilm growth. BiNPs may potentially contribute to reducing the spread of C. auris strains at healthcare facilities, as sanitizers and future potential treatments. More research on the antimicrobial activity of BiNPs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vazquez-Munoz
- Department of Biology, and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Fernando D. Lopez
- School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Jose L. Lopez-Ribot
- Department of Biology, and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Cui J, Yeasmin R, Shao Y, Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhu J. Fabrication of Ag +, Cu 2+, and Zn 2+ Ternary Ion-Exchanged Zeolite as an Antimicrobial Agent in Powder Coating. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jixing Cui
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rezwana Yeasmin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Shao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haiping Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Jesse Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
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Meza-Villezcas A, Gallego-Hernández AL, Yildiz FH, Jaime-Acuña OE, Raymond-Herrera O, Huerta-Saquero A. Effect of antimicrobial nanocomposites on Vibrio cholerae lifestyles: Pellicle biofilm, planktonic and surface-attached biofilm. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217869. [PMID: 31188854 PMCID: PMC6561565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is an important human pathogen causing intestinal disease with a high incidence in developing countries. V. cholerae can switch between planktonic and biofilm lifestyles. Biofilm formation is determinant for transmission, virulence and antibiotic resistance. Due to the enhanced antibiotic resistance observed by bacterial pathogens, antimicrobial nanomaterials have been used to combat infections by stopping bacterial growth and preventing biofilm formation. In this study, the effect of the nanocomposites zeolite-embedded silver (Ag), copper (Cu), or zinc (Zn) nanoparticles (NPs) was evaluated in V. cholerae planktonic cells, and in two biofilm states: pellicle biofilm (PB), formed between air-liquid interphase, and surface-attached biofilm (SB), formed at solid-liquid interfaces. Each nanocomposite type had a distinctive antimicrobial effect altering each V. cholerae lifestyles differently. The ZEO-AgNPs nanocomposite inhibited PB formation at 4 μg/ml, and prevented SB formation and eliminated planktonic cells at 8 μg/ml. In contrast, the nanocomposites ZEO-CuNPs and ZEO-ZnNPs affect V. cholerae viability but did not completely avoid bacterial growth. At transcriptional level, depending on the nanoparticles and biofilm type, nanocomposites modified the relative expression of the vpsL, rbmA and bap1, genes involved in biofilm formation. Furthermore, the relative abundance of the outer membrane proteins OmpT, OmpU, OmpA and OmpW also differs among treatments in PB and SB. This work provides a basis for further study of the nanomaterials effect at structural, genetic and proteomic levels to understand the response mechanisms of V. cholerae against metallic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaid Meza-Villezcas
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, México
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Ana L. Gallego-Hernández
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ALGH); (AHS)
| | - Fitnat H. Yildiz
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Oscar E. Jaime-Acuña
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Oscar Raymond-Herrera
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Alejandro Huerta-Saquero
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, Baja California, México
- * E-mail: (ALGH); (AHS)
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Cabana S, Lecona-Vargas CS, Meléndez-Ortiz HI, Contreras-García A, Barbosa S, Taboada P, Magariños B, Bucio E, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Silicone rubber films functionalized with poly(acrylic acid) nanobrushes for immobilization of gold nanoparticles and photothermal therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Vazquez-Muñoz R, Borrego B, Juárez-Moreno K, García-García M, Mota Morales JD, Bogdanchikova N, Huerta-Saquero A. Toxicity of silver nanoparticles in biological systems: Does the complexity of biological systems matter? Toxicol Lett 2017; 276:11-20. [PMID: 28483428 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Currently, nanomaterials are more frequently in our daily life, specifically in biomedicine, electronics, food, textiles and catalysis just to name a few. Although nanomaterials provide many benefits, recently their toxicity profiles have begun to be explored. In this work, the toxic effects of silver nanoparticles (35nm-average diameter and Polyvinyl-Pyrrolidone-coated) on biological systems of different levels of complexity was assessed in a comprehensive and comparatively way, through a variety of viability and toxicological assays. The studied organisms included viruses, bacteria, microalgae, fungi, animal and human cells (including cancer cell lines). It was found that biological systems of different taxonomical groups are inhibited at concentrations of silver nanoparticles within the same order of magnitude. Thus, the toxicity of nanomaterials on biological/living systems, constrained by their complexity, e.g. taxonomic groups, resulted contrary to the expected. The fact that cells and virus are inhibited with a concentration of silver nanoparticles within the same order of magnitude could be explained considering that silver nanoparticles affects very primitive cellular mechanisms by interacting with fundamental structures for cells and virus alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vazquez-Muñoz
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, CP 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico; Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3918, CP 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Belen Borrego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA (National Research Institute for Agricultural and Food Technology), Carretera Algete el Casar s/n, 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karla Juárez-Moreno
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, CP 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Maritza García-García
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, CP 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Josué D Mota Morales
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, CP 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico; Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Nina Bogdanchikova
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, CP 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Huerta-Saquero
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, CP 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
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