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Jerry Teng CL, Yeh SP, Chen TY, Hung YC, Lin YC, Li SS, Wang MC, Huang SY. Treatment pattern among patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) who had received pomalidomide-based regimens in Taiwan. Hematology 2024; 29:2365096. [PMID: 38958506 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2024.2365096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The treatment landscape of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) is rapidly evolving in Taiwan. The present study aimed to assess the treatment patterns among RRMM patients in Taiwan. METHODS This retrospective, chart review-based, non-interventional study collected data on RRMM patients (≥20 years old) receiving pomalidomide-based treatment between January 2017 and December 2020 across five sites in Taiwan. RESULTS Median age of the study population was 65.6 years. Approximately 75% patients received a doublet regimen and 25% were on a triplet regimen. Disease progression was the most common cause for switching to pomalidomide-based treatments in doublet (71.2%) and triplet (58.3%) groups. Patients in doublet and triplet groups (>80%) received 4 mg pomalidomide as a starting dose. Overall response rate (ORR: 31.5% and 45.8%) and median progression-free survival (PFS: 4.7 and 6.8 months) were reported in the doublet and triplet regimen. Doublet regimen was discontinued mainly due to disease progression or death (78.1%); however, triplet regimen patients mainly terminated their treatment due to reimbursement limitations (29.2%). Healthcare resource utilization (HRU) was comparable between doublet and triplet groups. CONCLUSION In Taiwan, half of RRMM patients received pomalidomide-based triplet regimens. Triplet regimens showed a trend towards better outcomes with longer PFS and higher response rates compared to doublets. Notably, the duration of triplet use is influenced by reimbursement limitations. This study provides insight into RRMM treatment patterns in Taiwan and the findings suggest that triplet regimens may be a better alternative than doublet regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Lin Jerry Teng
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Peng Yeh
- Hematology Department, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yun Chen
- Hematology Department, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chin Hung
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yu lin, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chu Lin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin Syue Li
- Hematology Department, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Wang
- Hematology Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yi Huang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Li CC, Tsai XCH, Huang WH, Wang TF. Recent advancements in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Taiwan. Tzu Chi Med J 2024; 36:127-135. [PMID: 38645784 PMCID: PMC11025591 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_276_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can cure malignant and nonmalignant hematological disorders. From 1983 to 2022, Taiwan performed more than 10,000 HSCT transplants. The Taiwan Blood and Marrow Transplantation Registry collects clinical information to gather everyone's experience and promote the advances of HSCT in Taiwan to gather everyone's experience and promote advances of HSCT in Taiwan. Compared with matched sibling donors, transplants from matched unrelated donors exhibited a trend of superior survival. In Taiwan, transplant donors showed remarkable growth from unrelated (24.8%) and haploidentical (10.5%) donors. The number of older patients (17.4%; aged ≥61 years) who underwent transplantation has increased markedly. This review summarizes several significant developments in HSCT treatment in Taiwan. First, the use of Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) and intravenous busulfan regimens were important risk factors for predicting hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. Second, a new, machine learning-based risk prediction scoring system for posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder has identified five risk factors: aplastic anemia, partially mismatched related donors, fludarabine use, ATG use, and acute skin graft-versus-host disease. Third, although the incidence of idiopathic pneumonia syndrome was low (1.1%), its mortality rate was high (58.1%). Fourth, difficult-to-treat mantle cell and T-cell lymphomas treated with autologous HSCT during earlier remission had higher survival rates. Fifth, treatment of incurable multiple myeloma with autologous HSCT showed a median progression-free survival and overall survival of 46.5 and 70.4 months, respectively. Sixth, different haploidentical transplantation strategies were compared. Seventh, caution should be taken in administering allogeneic HSCT treatment in older patients with myeloid leukemia with a Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥3 because of a higher risk of nonrelapse mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Cheng Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Center of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Xavier Cheng-Hong Tsai
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Hematological Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Huang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Center of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Fu Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Tseng CH. Thiazolidinedione Use Is Associated with a Borderline Lower Risk of Multiple Myeloma and a Significantly Lower Risk of Death in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Taiwan. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4276. [PMID: 37686552 PMCID: PMC10486533 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazolidinedione (TZD) exerts anti-proliferative effects on multiple myeloma (MM) cells. However, there has not been any human study investigating the risk of MM associated with TZD use. METHODS We used Taiwan's National Health Insurance database to identify 423,949 patients who had been newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus between 1999 and 2005. After excluding ineligible patients, 86,999 pairs of patients with and without the use of TZD (rosiglitazone or pioglitazone) that had been matched based on propensity score were selected for a follow-up for MM until 31 December 2011. The hazard ratios for MM were estimated using Cox regression and weighted using a propensity score. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 4.6 years and 4.7 years in ever users and never users of TZD, 32 and 47 cases were diagnosed with MM, respectively. A 35% lower risk (though not statistically significant) was observed among ever users (hazard ratio 0.652, 95% confidence interval: 0.416-1.023, p = 0.0625). When ever users were divided by the median (15 months) cumulative duration of TZD therapy, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for the lower and upper medians were 0.706 (0.394-1.264) and 0.603 (0.346-1.051), respectively. When treated as a continuous variable, the hazard ratio for every 1-month increment of the cumulative duration was 0.980 (95% confidence interval: 0.963-0.997, p = 0.0185). In the age subgroup analysis, a significantly lower risk could be seen in the older age subgroup of ≥65 years (hazard ratio 0.550, 95% confidence interval: 0.305-0.992, p = 0.0468). Additional analyses suggested that there were no interactions between TZD and some medications and between TZD and some clinical diagnoses, and that the use of TZD as a preventive drug for MM might not be cost-effective because a number-needed-to-treat of 5800 was too large. Survival analyses suggested that ever users had a significantly lower risk of death when all patients were analyzed (hazard ratio: 0.84, 95% confidence interval: 0.81-0.87, p < 0.0001 via a log-rank test) or when patients who developed MM were analyzed (hazard ratio: 0.40, 95% confidence interval: 0.19-0.86, p = 0.0153 via a log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS In Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, TZD use is associated with a borderline lower risk of MM, which is more remarkable in patients aged ≥65 years. Because of the low incidence of MM, the use of TZD for the prevention of MM may not be cost-effective. Patients who have been treated with TZD may have a survival advantage. Future research is required to confirm the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsiao Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan;
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
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Mateos MV, Ailawadhi S, Costa LJ, Grant SJ, Kumar L, Mohty M, Aydin D, Usmani SZ. Global disparities in patients with multiple myeloma: a rapid evidence assessment. Blood Cancer J 2023; 13:109. [PMID: 37460466 PMCID: PMC10352266 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-023-00877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There are disparities in outcomes for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). We evaluated the influence of sociodemographic factors on global disparities in outcomes for patients with MM. This rapid evidence assessment (PROSPERO, CRD42021248461) followed PRISMA-P guidelines and used the PICOS framework. PubMed and Embase® were searched for articles in English from 2011 to 2021. The title, abstract, and full text of articles were screened according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. The sociodemographic factors assessed were age, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic location. Outcomes were diagnosis, access to treatment, and patient outcomes. Of 84 articles included, 48 were US-based. Worldwide, increasing age and low socioeconomic status were associated with worse patient outcomes. In the US, men typically had worse outcomes than women, although women had poorer access to treatment, as did Black, Asian, and Hispanic patients. No consistent disparities due to sex were seen outside the US, and for most factors and outcomes, no consistent disparities could be identified globally. Too few studies examined disparities in diagnosis to draw firm conclusions. This first systematic analysis of health disparities in patients with MM identified specific populations affected, highlighting a need for additional research focused on assessing patterns, trends, and underlying drivers of disparities in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sikander Ailawadhi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jackson, FL, USA
| | - Luciano J Costa
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shakira J Grant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohamad Mohty
- Sorbonne University, Department of Hematology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Saad Z Usmani
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Zhao JZ, Lu YC, Wang YM, Xiao BL, Li HY, Lee SC, Wang LJ. Association between diabetes and acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, non-Hopkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-021-01021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Diabetes increases the risk for cancers. However, whether it is associated with hematologic malignancies is not clear. The present study investigated the association between diabetes and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (ML), non-Hopkin lymphoma (NHL), and multiple myeloma (MM).
Methods
Newly diagnosed adult cancer patients were recruited consecutively from our clinical database. Peoples from a local enterprise were recruited to create a small-scale population-based dataset. We compared the diabetes prevalence between the cancer patients and the local people; an increase in diabetes prevalence in the cancer patients suggests an association between diabetes and the cancer(s).
Results
We found that the prevalence of diabetes was 19.7%, 21.3%, 12.5%, and 12.0% in ALL, AML, NHL, and MM, respectively, which was higher than that (9.1%) in the local people. Despite that there were more male than female cancer patients, there were more female than male diabetic patients. The increase in diabetes prevalence occurred in ALL and NHL patients aged 18 to 39 years old as well as in AML patients over 40. In MM patients, the increase in diabetes prevalence (18.6%) occurred only in females. Approximately 70% of the diabetic patients were undiagnosed before the diagnosis of the blood cancer. Approximately half of the pre-existing diabetic patients had anti-diabetic treatment, with over 70% of them still had poor glycemic control.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that diabetes is associated with ALL, AML, NHL, and MM, at least in adult patients.
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Kang Y, Hou ZL, Yang GZ, Wang XJ, Chen WM, Shi HZ. Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Pleural Effusion in Patients with Multiple Myeloma. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:649-657. [PMID: 33658837 PMCID: PMC7920607 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s300337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pleural effusion (PE) is prevalent in “real-life” populations of multiple myeloma (MM), a common hematologic malignancy. Development of PE likely has prognostic implications. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics and identify risk factors for occurrence of PE in MM. Patients and Methods We reviewed electronic medical records of 907 patients diagnosed with MM. Results Incidence of PE in MM patients was 42.7%. Small and bilateral PE in most cases. PE developed in all MM subtypes, the median time from diagnosis of multiple myeloma to pleural effusion was 6.8 months (range 0.8–33.6 months). Patients with PE showed worse survival than those without PE (unadjusted hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval: 2.249 [1.774–2.852]). No difference in survival was found between patients with small PE and those with moderate to large PE (unadjusted HR, 1.402; 95% CI, 1.037–1.896). Plasma cell proportion (OR, 1.373; 95% CI, 1.153–1.634; P = 0.009) and amyloidosis (OR, 1.791; 95% CI, 1.408–2.279; P = 0.024) were risk factors for the occurrence of PE at the initial diagnosis of MM. Plasma cell proportion (OR, 1.853; 95% CI, 1.451–2.368; P = 0.038), pneumonia (OR, 1.309; 95% CI, 1.143–1.498; P = 0.008) and heart failure (OR, 1.815; 95% CI, 1.387–2.374; P = 0.031) were risk factors for the occurrence of PE at relapse of MM. Conclusion The incidence of PE in MM patients is notable and PE can occur in all MM subtypes. PE indicates a poor prognosis, even small amounts of effusion. PE is a problem worthy of attention, especially in patients with high plasma cell proportion, amyloidosis or complicated with pneumonia and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Liang Hou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Zhong Yang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Juan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ming Chen
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Zhong Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Liang SK, Keng LT, Chang CH, Wen YF, Lee MR, Yang CY, Wang JY, Ko JC, Shih JY, Yu CJ. Treatment Options of First-Line Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Subsequent Systemic Chemotherapy Agents for Advanced EGFR Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients: Implications From Taiwan Cancer Registry Cohort. Front Oncol 2021; 10:590356. [PMID: 33489886 PMCID: PMC7821751 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.590356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Large-scale, population-based real-world studies on the treatment outcomes of first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and subsequent systemic chemotherapy agents for lung adenocarcinoma (with activating epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] mutations) remain limited. Materials and Methods From March 2014 to December 2016, patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma, identified from the Taiwan Cancer Registry were included in this study if they received any of the three TKIs as first-line treatment. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). The secondary outcome was time-to-treatment discontinuation (TTD). Results A total of 4,889 patients (median age: 67 years and two-thirds with distant metastasis) were recruited (1,778 gefitinib, 1,599 erlotinib, and 1,512 afatinib users). A 1:1 propensity score (PS)-matched cohorts of 1,228 afatinib/erlotinib and 1054 afatinib/gefitinib was created. After PS matching, it was found that afatinib was not associated with better OS (afatinib vs. erlotinib, HR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.86–1.07; afatinib vs. gefitinib, HR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.81–1.02). In the subgroup analysis, afatinib demonstrated a survival benefit in patients with active smoking (afatinib vs. erlotinib, HR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.51–0.93; afatinib vs. gefitinib, HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.48–0.94) and ECOG > 1 (afatinib vs. erlotinib, HR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.63–0.99; afatinib vs. gefitinib, HR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.62–0.98). A total of 41.1% (n = 1992) of first-line TKI users received subsequent chemotherapy. Among the three TKI groups, pemetrexed usage was associated with better OS compared with other chemotherapy agents, with the exception of gemcitabine in the afatinib and gefitinib groups. Pemetrexed and gemcitabine had the longest TTD of 3–4 months. Conclusions Among patients with EGFR mutant lung adenocarcinoma, afatinib use may not provide longer OS compared with first-generation TKIs. Afatinib may be preferably considered among patients with active smoking and should not be withheld among those with worse performance status. With 40% of patients receiving subsequent chemotherapy, pemetrexed may be the preferred agent, while gemcitabine can be a reasonable alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Kai Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ta Keng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Feng Wen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Rui Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jann-Yuan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chung Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Yuan Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Jen Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Jung J, Choi YS, Lee JH, Lee WS, Kim SH, Park Y, Lee SS, Do YR, Jo JC, Lee JJ, Kim JS, Shin HJ, Shin DY, Yoon SS, Min CK, Kim K, Eom HS. Autologous stem cell transplantation in elderly patients with multiple myeloma in Korea: the KMM1807 study. Int J Hematol 2020; 112:84-95. [PMID: 32449149 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-020-02869-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is not frequently performed for elderly patients multiple myeloma (MM) in Korea, despite its being a standardized approach for young patients. Medical records of 150 patients from 15 Korean institutions who received ASCT at age ≥ 64 years were analyzed retrospectively. Patients included had symptomatic MM, and had received their first ASCT at age ≥ 64 following induction chemotherapy. The main outcome was the response after ASCT. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were also analyzed. Median time to ASCT was 6.3 months. Complete response plus stringent complete response rate increased from 36 (24.0%) to 105 (70.0%) after ASCT, and high-quality response (≥ very good partial response) increased from 96 (64.0%) to 125 (83.3%). With a median follow-up of 32.6 months after ASCT, 5-year OS and PFS were 59.7% and 22.8%, respectively. Febrile neutropenia occurred in 43.5%, and nausea (21.3%) and stomatitis (13.2%) were common grade 3-4 non-hematologic adverse events. Of 44 deaths, disease progression (n = 23) was the most common cause of mortality, followed by infection (n = 13). Treatment-related death occurred in four cases (2.7%). ASCT is an effective and safe option for elderly MM patients and is associated with superior clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongheon Jung
- Center for Hematologic Malignancy, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Geyonggi, 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Division of Hematology, Gachon University College of Medicine Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Won Sik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hemato-Oncology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A Medical Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Shin Lee
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Wonkwang University Hospital, Iksan, Korea
| | - Young Rok Do
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae-Cheol Jo
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital/Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Kim
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Shin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Dong-Yeop Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ki Min
- Department of Hematology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, South Korea.
| | - Hyeon-Seok Eom
- Center for Hematologic Malignancy, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Geyonggi, 410-769, Republic of Korea.
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Wang S, Xu L, Feng J, Liu Y, Liu L, Wang J, Liu J, Huang X, Gao P, Lu J, Zhan S. Prevalence and Incidence of Multiple Myeloma in Urban Area in China: A National Population-Based Analysis. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1513. [PMID: 32039008 PMCID: PMC6993203 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most frequent malignancy of blood, and information on disease burden of MM is limited in developing countries. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of MM in China. We used data from the national urban employee and urban resident basic medical insurance from 2012 to 2016 in China. MM cases were based on the primary diagnosis (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code, ICD for oncology, or text of diagnosis) of patients. The crude prevalence and incidence were 6.88 per 100,000 population (95% CI, 5.75–8.00) and 1.60 per 100,000 person-years (1.28–1.92), respectively. The standardized prevalence and incidence were 5.68 (5.64–5.72) and 1.15 (1.11–1.19), respectively. Overall, the rates were higher in males compared with females for prevalence (7.89 vs. 5.79, P < 0.05) and incidence (1.84 vs. 1.30, P < 0.05). Both rates increased with age, and the mean age (SD) of MM patients was 57.9 (14.4) years. Prevalence peaked between 55 and 74 years old for both genders. The incidence in women aged 55–59 had a significantly high incidence of 5.53 (4.98–6.11). The prevalence and incidence were significantly lower than those in North America, Australia, and Western Europe but were in the same range as those in Japan or Korea. MM should be one of the cancers in the spotlight from both medical and socioeconomic perspectives in low-resource but populous countries because of the incidence of more elderly MM patients in the next decade. Further research is warranted to examine the potential pathophysiologic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfeng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingnan Feng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Beijing Healthcom Data Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jack Liu
- Takeda (China) International Trading Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China.,Innovative Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Pei Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China.,Innovative Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Siyan Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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10
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Liu WN, Chang CF, Chung CH, Chien WC, Huang TC, Wu YY, Ho CL, Chen JH. Clinical outcomes of bortezomib-based therapy in Taiwanese patients with multiple myeloma: A nationwide population-based study and a single-institute analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222522. [PMID: 31527921 PMCID: PMC6748434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In a retrospective cohort study, we report the current epidemiology of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and analyze the real-world clinical outcomes of bortezomib-based therapy. Materials and methods This retrospective study was mainly designed to evaluate the characteristics, treatment outcomes, and prognostic factors of patients with MM who received bortezomib-based therapy. We identified 5,726 patients in Taiwan with MM newly diagnosed between 2007 and 2015. Confidential data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) was used under strict guidelines, as it was made available in an electronic format for research purposes. In addition, we analyzed 96 patients who have been diagnosed with MM and were treated at the Tri-Service General Hospital (TSGH) between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2018. Results Patients receiving first-line treatment with bortezomib had longer overall survival (OS) compared to those who received non-first-line treatment (p<0.001). In addition, the statistically lowest risk of mortality was when patients received first-line bortezomib followed by an autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.39, p<0.001). In the TSGH study, the patients were enrolled between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2018, with an initial diagnosis of MM; there were 96 individuals treated with bortezomib. There was no statistically significant difference in the OS or progression-free survival (PFS) according to the gender, myeloma type, International Staging System stage, or treatment regimen. There was a significant difference in the PFS in patients receiving first-line bortezomib treatment with transplantation compared to those without transplantation (p = 0.021). Conclusions Bortezomib as a first-line treatment extended the OS in four-year mortality tracking and lowered the mortality risk according to the NHIRD analysis. In the TSGH analysis, the results indicated that the initial conditions of patients with MM have a lower influence on the OS and PFS after bortezomib-based therapy was administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Nung Liu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Feng Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Chung
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chien Chien
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chuan Huang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Wu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Ho
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hong Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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11
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Huang TC, Huang SY, Yao M, Lin CY, Hwang WL, Gau JP, Tan TD, Wang PN, Liu YC, Lin SC, Kao RH, Pei SN, Yu MS, Lin HY, Su YC, Chen CC, Li SS, Wu YY. Autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: Post-transplant outcomes of Taiwan Blood and Marrow Transplantation Registry. J Formos Med Assoc 2018; 118:471-480. [PMID: 30119948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Multiple myeloma (MM) is a monoclonal plasma cell malignancy. The primary choice of treatment for MM is induction therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). This study aimed to analyze the treatment efficacy of ASCT in a Taiwanese cohort and evaluate possible prognostic factors. METHODS From the database of the Taiwan Blood and Marrow Transplantation registry, data on 396 patients with MM who underwent ASCT were reviewed. RESULTS The average age of participants was 54.8 years, and there were more men than women (57.6% vs. 42.4%). Most patients were diagnosed with IgG-type myeloma (52.4%), followed by IgA-type (23.2%) and light-chain type (21.4%). Patients with Durie Salmon Staging System (DSS) III disease accounted for 61.9% of the study cohort, while 23.7% had stage II and 14.4% had stage I disease. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) after ASCT were 46.5 months and 70.4 months, respectively. DSS III was a poor prognostic factor affecting both PFS and OS with a duration of 35.9 months and 69.0 months, respectively, compared with the other two stages (p = 0.006 and p = 0.03, respectively). In addition, patients with better treatment response before ASCT had better PFS and OS compared with those who did not show a response (both p < 0.0001). The overall incidence of organ toxicities associated with transplantation was low. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our cohort showed that myeloma patients with early DSS and better treatment response before ASCT had better long-term survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chuan Huang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yi Huang
- Hematology-Oncology Section, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming Yao
- Hematology-Oncology Section, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yuan Lin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Li Hwang
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Pyng Gau
- Division of Hematology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
| | - Tran-Der Tan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taiwan
| | - Po-Nan Wang
- Division of Hematology, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Linkou Branch, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chang Liu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chiang Lin
- Division of Oncology-Hematology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Ho Kao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Nan Pei
- Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Sun Yu
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Dept. of Medicine Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Lin
- Changhua Christian Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, Hematology and Oncology Division, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Cheng Su
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Syue Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Wu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Tang CH, Liu HY, Hou HA, Qiu H, Huang KC, Siggins S, Rothwell LA, Liu Y. Epidemiology of multiple myeloma in Taiwan, a population based study. Cancer Epidemiol 2018; 55:136-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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13
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Chang CF, Chien WC, Chung CH, Lee JC, Hsu SN, Chen JH. Impact of hemodialysis on the prognosis of multiple myeloma: A nationwide population-based study and single-institute analysis. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:1991-2002. [PMID: 30008893 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloma-associated kidney disease (MRKD) occurs in ≤40% patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The impact of hemodialysis (HD) on patients with MM was investigated. Between 2000 and 2010, a total of 1,610 patients in Taiwan were enrolled from the National Health Institute Research Database. MM was an independent risk factor for HD following adjustment via multivariate logistic regression analysis (adjusted hazard ratio, 7.347; 95% confidence interval, 6.156-8.768; log-rank test, P<0.001). In addition, a notable decrease in survival rate was determined in patients with MM who underwent HD in the first year since diagnosis of MM. A total of 198 (61.49%) patients received HD in the first year. Patients with MM with a lower frequency of HD in the first year had a relatively good prognosis. The present study confirmed that MM was a risk factor for HD. Significant early mortality in the first year was determined in patients with MM who underwent HD; however, renal recovery following therapeutic management was a prognostic factor. In addition to anti-myeloma therapy, early initiation of HD was beneficial following risk stratification of MRKD; however, an increased probability of recovery of renal function and discontinuation of dialysis, was demonstrated in patients with MM following HD, compared with patients with MM without HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Feng Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wu-Chien Chien
- Department of Medical Research, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.,School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Hsiang Chung
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jih-Chin Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shun-Neng Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jia-Hong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
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14
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Li S, Wang Z, Li Y, Ding G. Adaptive evolution of proteins in hepatitis B virus during divergence of genotypes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1990. [PMID: 28512348 PMCID: PMC5434055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is classified into several genotypes, correlated with different geographic distributions, clinical outcomes and susceptible human populations. It is crucial to investigate the evolutionary significance behind the diversification of HBV genotypes, because it improves our understanding of their pathological differences and pathogen-host interactions. Here, we performed comprehensive analysis of HBV genome sequences collected from public database. With a stringent criteria, we generated a dataset of 2992 HBV genomes from eight major genotypes. In particular, we applied a specified classification of non-synonymous and synonymous variants in overlapping regions, to distinguish joint and independent gene evolutions. We confirmed the presence of selective constraints over non-synonymous variants in consideration of overlapping regions. We then performed the McDonald-Kreitman test and revealed adaptive evolutions of non-synonymous variants during genotypic differentiation. Remarkably, we identified strong positive selection that drove the differentiation of PreS1 domain, which is an essential regulator involved in viral transmission. Our study presents novel evidences for the adaptive evolution of HBV genotypes, which suggests that these viruses evolve directionally for maintenance or improvement of successful infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengdi Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixue Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, 1278 Keyuan Road, 201203, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guohui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, 200031, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute, 1278 Keyuan Road, 201203, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Tsai CK, Huon LK, Ou SM, Kuan AS, Yeh CM, Lee YT, Liu YC, Chen TJ, Liu JH, Liu CJ. Risk and impact of tuberculosis in patients with multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 58:2598-2606. [PMID: 28482714 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1312369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the risk and impact of mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) infection in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). We identified 3979 MM patients from Taiwan's National Health Insurance database between 2000 and 2011 and compared the incidence rates of TB infection in these patients with 15,916 randomly selected age-, sex-, and comorbidity-matched subjects without MM. The risk of TB was higher in the myeloma cohort (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 3.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.41-4.02). Risk factors for MM patients contracting TB were age ≥65 (adjusted HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.19-3.15), alcohol use disorder (adjusted HR 2.86, 95% CI 1.24-6.62), and steroid daily dose equivalent to prednisone 5 mg or more (adjusted HR 2.38, 95% CI 1.50-3.77). MM patients with TB had a higher mortality risk than those without (adjusted HR 2.03, 95% CI 1.54-2.67). The incidence of TB is significantly higher in MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Kuang Tsai
- a Department of Medicine , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Leh-Kiong Huon
- b Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery , Cathay General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,c School of Medicine , Fu Jen Catholic University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Ming Ou
- d Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,e School of Medicine , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ai-Seon Kuan
- f Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Chiu-Mei Yeh
- g Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lee
- e School of Medicine , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,g Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chung Liu
- e School of Medicine , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,g Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Tzeng-Ji Chen
- e School of Medicine , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,h Department of Family Medicine , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Jin-Hwang Liu
- g Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,i Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,k Chong Hin Loon Cancer and Biotherapy Research Institute , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- g Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine , Taipei Veterans General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,j Institute of Public Health , National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan
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