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Suematsu NJ, Yamashita H, Iima M. Bioconvection pattern of Euglena under periodical illumination. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1134002. [PMID: 37009478 PMCID: PMC10063821 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1134002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms respond to environmental conditions and often spontaneously form highly ordered convection patterns. This mechanism has been well-studied from the viewpoint of self-organization. However, environmental conditions in nature are usually dynamic. Naturally, biological systems respond to temporal changes in environmental condition. To elucidate the response mechanisms in such a dynamic environment, we observed the bioconvection pattern of Euglena under periodical changes in illumination. It is known that Euglena shows localized bioconvection patterns under constant homogeneous illumination from the bottom. Periodical changes in light intensity induced two different types of spatiotemporal patterns: alternation of formation and decomposition over a long period and complicated transition of pattern over a short period. Our observations suggest that pattern formation in a periodically changing environment is of fundamental importance to the behavior of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko J. Suematsu
- Graduate School of Advanced Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan
- Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences (MIMS), Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Nobuhiko J. Suematsu,
| | - Hiroshi Yamashita
- Graduate School of Integrated Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Iima
- Graduate School of Integrated Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
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Muku K, Yamashita H, Kamikubo T, Suematsu NJ, Iima M. Long-time behavior of swimming Euglena gracilis in a heterogenous light environment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1133028. [PMID: 36891510 PMCID: PMC9986316 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1133028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell motion of Euglena gracilis in homogeneous and heterogeneous light environments was analyzed. Homogeneous and heterogeneous environments were prepared, with only a red color or with a red circle surrounded by brighter white regions, respectively. In a heterogeneous environment, the cells move into the red circle. Swimming orbits at 1/25 s intervals for 120 s were analyzed. The speed distribution of the 1 s-averaged cell orbits in a homogeneous environment was different from that in a heterogeneous environment, where the faster swimming fraction was enhanced. The relationship between speed and curvature radius was analyzed using a joint histogram. Histograms for short timescale motion, constructed by 1 s-averaged orbits, suggest that the cell swimming curves are not biased, while those for long timescale motion, constructed by 10 s-averaged orbits, suggest that the cell swimming curves are biased in the clockwise direction. Furthermore, the curvature radius determines the speed, which does not seem to depend on the light environment. The mean squared displacement in a heterogeneous environment is larger than that in a homogeneous environment on a 1 s timescale. These results will be the basis for constructing a model for the long-time behavior of photomovement for light differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Muku
- Department of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamashita
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Touya Kamikubo
- Department of Mathematics, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko J Suematsu
- Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences(MIMS), Meiji University, Nakano, Japan.,Graduate School of Advanced Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Nakano, Japan
| | - Makoto Iima
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
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Cicconofri G, Noselli G, DeSimone A. The biomechanical role of extra-axonemal structures in shaping the flagellar beat of Euglena gracilis. eLife 2021; 10:58610. [PMID: 33899736 PMCID: PMC8075587 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose and discuss a model for flagellar mechanics in Euglena gracilis. We show that the peculiar non-planar shapes of its beating flagellum, dubbed 'spinning lasso', arise from the mechanical interactions between two of its inner components, namely, the axoneme and the paraflagellar rod. The spontaneous shape of the axoneme and the resting shape of the paraflagellar rod are incompatible. Thus, the complex non-planar configurations of the coupled system emerge as the energetically optimal compromise between the two antagonistic components. The model is able to reproduce the experimentally observed flagellar beats and the characteristic geometric signature of spinning lasso, namely, traveling waves of torsion with alternating sign along the length of the flagellum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Noselli
- SISSA - International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonio DeSimone
- SISSA - International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy.,The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Trieste, Italy
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Yang S, Huang M, Zhao Y, Zhang HP. Controlling Cell Motion and Microscale Flow with Polarized Light Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:058001. [PMID: 33605769 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.058001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate how light polarization affects the motion of photoresponsive algae, Euglena gracilis. In a uniformly polarized field, cells swim approximately perpendicular to the polarization direction and form a nematic state with zero mean velocity. When light polarization varies spatially, cell motion is modulated by local polarization. In such light fields, cells exhibit complex spatial distribution and motion patterns which are controlled by topological properties of the underlying fields; we further show that ordered cell swimming can generate directed transporting fluid flow. Experimental results are quantitatively reproduced by an active Brownian particle model in which particle motion direction is nematically coupled to local light polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Yang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingji Huang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yongfeng Zhao
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - H P Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Natural Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
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Gaines A, Ludovice M, Xu J, Zanghi M, Meinersmann RJ, Berrang M, Daley W, Britton D. The dialogue between protozoa and bacteria in a microfluidic device. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222484. [PMID: 31596855 PMCID: PMC6784911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, protozoa play a major role in controlling bacterial populations. This paper proposes a microfluidic device for the study of protozoa behaviors change due to their chemotactic response in the presence of bacterial cells. A three-channel microfluidic device was designed using a nitrocellulose membrane into which channels were cut using a laser cutter. The membrane was sandwiched between two glass slides; a Euglena suspension was then allowed to flow through the central channel. The two side channels were filled with either, 0.1% peptone as a negative control, or a Listeria suspension respectively. The membrane design prevented direct interaction but allowed Euglena cells to detect Listeria cells as secretions diffused through the nitrocellulose membrane. A significant number of Euglena cells migrated toward the chambers near the bacterial cells, indicating a positive chemotactic response of Euglena toward chemical cues released from Listeria cells. Filtrates collected from Listeria suspension with a series of molecular weight cutoffs (3k, 10k and 100k) were examined in Euglena chemotaxis tests. Euglena cells were attracted to all filtrates collected from the membrane filtration with different molecular weight cutoffs, suggesting small molecules from Listeria might be the chemical cues to attract protozoa. Headspace volatile organic compounds (VOC) released from Listeria were collected, spiked to 0.1% peptone and tested as the chemotactic effectors. It was discovered that the Euglena cells responded quickly to Listeria VOCs including decanal, 3,5- dimethylbenzaldehyde, ethyl acetate, indicating bacterial VOCs were used by Euglena to track the location of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gaines
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Miranda Ludovice
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jie Xu
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marc Zanghi
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Meinersmann
- Richard B. Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mark Berrang
- Richard B. Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wayne Daley
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Doug Britton
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Kheireddine S, Sudalaiyadum Perumal A, Smith ZJ, Nicolau DV, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Dual-phone illumination-imaging system for high resolution and large field of view multi-modal microscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:825-836. [PMID: 30698180 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00995c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present for the first time a system comprised of two mobile phones, one for illumination and the other for microscopy, as a portable, user-friendly, and cost-effective microscopy platform for a wide range of applications. Versatile and adaptive illumination is made with a Retina display of an Apple mobile phone device. The phone screen is used to project various illumination patterns onto the specimen being imaged, each corresponding to a different illumination mode, such as bright-field, dark-field, point illumination, Rheinberg illumination, and fluorescence microscopy. The second phone (a Nokia phone) is modified to record microscopic images about the sample. This imaging platform provides a high spatial resolution of at least 2 μm, a large field-of-view of 3.6 × 2.7 mm, and a working distance of 0.6 mm. We demonstrate the performance of this platform for the visualization of microorganisms within microfluidic devices to gather qualitative and quantitative information regarding microorganism morphology, dimension, count, and velocity/trajectories in the x-y plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kheireddine
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada.
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