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Koltai T, Fliegel L. Role of Silymarin in Cancer Treatment: Facts, Hypotheses, and Questions. J Evid Based Integr Med 2022; 27:2515690X211068826. [PMID: 35018864 PMCID: PMC8814827 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x211068826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavonoid silymarin extracted from the seeds of Sylibum marianum is a mixture of 6 flavolignan isomers. The 3 more important isomers are silybin (or silibinin), silydianin, and silychristin. Silybin is functionally the most active of these compounds. This group of flavonoids has been extensively studied and they have been used as hepato-protective substances for the mushroom Amanita phalloides intoxication and mainly chronic liver diseases such as alcoholic cirrhosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver. Hepatitis C progression is not, or slightly, modified by silymarin. Recently, it has also been proposed for SARS COVID-19 infection therapy. The biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action of these substances in cancer are subjects of ongoing research. Paradoxically, many of its identified actions such as antioxidant, promoter of ribosomal synthesis, and mitochondrial membrane stabilization, may seem protumoral at first sight, however, silymarin compounds have clear anticancer effects. Some of them are: decreasing migration through multiple targeting, decreasing hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression, inducing apoptosis in some malignant cells, and inhibiting promitotic signaling among others. Interestingly, the antitumoral activity of silymarin compounds is limited to malignant cells while the nonmalignant cells seem not to be affected. Furthermore, there is a long history of silymarin use in human diseases without toxicity after prolonged administration. The ample distribution and easy accessibility to milk thistle-the source of silymarin compounds, its over the counter availability, the fact that it is a weed, some controversial issues regarding bioavailability, and being a nutraceutical rather than a drug, has somehow led medical professionals to view its anticancer effects with skepticism. This is a fundamental reason why it never achieved bedside status in cancer treatment. However, in spite of all the antitumoral effects, silymarin actually has dual effects and in some cases such as pancreatic cancer it can promote stemness. This review deals with recent investigations to elucidate the molecular actions of this flavonoid in cancer, and to consider the possibility of repurposing it. Particular attention is dedicated to silymarin's dual role in cancer and to some controversies of its real effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Hospital del Centro Gallego de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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García-Viñuales S, Sciacca MFM, Lanza V, Santoro AM, Grasso G, Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Coletta M, Grasso G, La Rosa C, Milardi D. The interplay between lipid and Aβ amyloid homeostasis in Alzheimer's Disease: risk factors and therapeutic opportunities. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 236:105072. [PMID: 33675779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Diseases (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid deposits of Aβ peptide in the brain. Besides genetic background, the presence of other diseases and an unhealthy lifestyle are known risk factors for AD development. Albeit accumulating clinical evidence suggests that an impaired lipid metabolism is related to Aβ deposition, mechanistic insights on the link between amyloid fibril formation/clearance and aberrant lipid interactions are still unavailable. Recently, many studies have described the key role played by membrane bound Aβ assemblies in neurotoxicity. Moreover, it has been suggested that a derangement of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway and autophagy is significantly correlated with toxic Aβ aggregation and dysregulation of lipid levels. Thus, studies focusing on the role played by lipids in Aβ aggregation and proteostasis could represent a promising area of investigation for the design of valuable treatments. In this review we examine current knowledge concerning the effects of lipids in Aβ aggregation and degradation processes, focusing on the therapeutic opportunities that a comprehensive understanding of all biophysical, biochemical, and biological processes involved may disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele F M Sciacca
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Lanza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Santoro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Grasso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia R Tundo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo La Rosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Danilo Milardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Cristallografia, Catania, Italy.
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Milardi D, Gazit E, Radford SE, Xu Y, Gallardo RU, Caflisch A, Westermark GT, Westermark P, Rosa CL, Ramamoorthy A. Proteostasis of Islet Amyloid Polypeptide: A Molecular Perspective of Risk Factors and Protective Strategies for Type II Diabetes. Chem Rev 2021; 121:1845-1893. [PMID: 33427465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The possible link between hIAPP accumulation and β-cell death in diabetic patients has inspired numerous studies focusing on amyloid structures and aggregation pathways of this hormone. Recent studies have reported on the importance of early oligomeric intermediates, the many roles of their interactions with lipid membrane, pH, insulin, and zinc on the mechanism of aggregation of hIAPP. The challenges posed by the transient nature of amyloid oligomers, their structural heterogeneity, and the complex nature of their interaction with lipid membranes have resulted in the development of a wide range of biophysical and chemical approaches to characterize the aggregation process. While the cellular processes and factors activating hIAPP-mediated cytotoxicity are still not clear, it has recently been suggested that its impaired turnover and cellular processing by proteasome and autophagy may contribute significantly toward toxic hIAPP accumulation and, eventually, β-cell death. Therefore, studies focusing on the restoration of hIAPP proteostasis may represent a promising arena for the design of effective therapies. In this review we discuss the current knowledge of the structures and pathology associated with hIAPP self-assembly and point out the opportunities for therapy that a detailed biochemical, biophysical, and cellular understanding of its aggregation may unveil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Milardi
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Xu
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo U Gallardo
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Amedeo Caflisch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Gunilla T Westermark
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Westermark
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carmelo La Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 41809-1055, United States
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Mashhadi Akbar Boojar M, Mashhadi Akbar Boojar M, Golmohammad S. Overview of Silibinin anti-tumor effects. J Herb Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Sun Y, Sun W, Yang N, Liu J, Tang H, Li F, Sun X, Gao L, Pei F, Liu J, Lin H, Taihua W. The effect of core fucosylation-mediated regulation of multiple signaling pathways on lung pericyte activation and fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 117:105639. [PMID: 31669139 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The main event in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis is the appearance of myofibroblasts. Recent evidence supports pericytes as a major source of myofibroblasts. TGFβ/Smad2/3 and PDGF/Erk signaling pathways are important for regulating pericyte activation. Previous studies have demonstrated that PDGFβR and TGFβR are modified by core fucosylation (CF) catalyzed by α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (FUT8). The aim of this study was to compare the effect of inhibiting CF versus the PDGFβR and TGFβR signaling pathways on pericyte activation and lung fibrosis. FUT8shRNA was used to knock down FUT8-mediated CF both in vivo and in isolated lung pericytes. The small molecule receptor antagonists, ST1571 (imatinib) and LY2109761, were used to block the PDGFβ/pErk and TGFβ/pSmad2/3 signaling pathways, respectively. Pericyte detachment and myofibroblastic transformation were assessed by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Histochemical and immunohistochemical staining were used to evaluate the effect of the intervention on pulmonary fibrosis. Our findings demonstrate that FUT8shRNA significantly blocked pericyte activation and the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, achieving intervention effects superior to the small molecule inhibitors. The PDGFβ and TGFβ pathways were simultaneously affected by the CF blockade. FUT8 expression was upregulated with the transformation of pericytes into myofibroblasts, and silencing FUT8 expression inhibited this transformation. In addition, there is a causal relationship between CF modification catalyzed by FUT8 and pulmonary fibrosis. Our findings suggest that FUT8 may be a novel therapeutic target for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- Post-doctoral research station, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Ning Yang
- Departments of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, PR China
| | - HaiYing Tang
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, PR China
| | - Fengzhou Li
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, PR China
| | - Xiuna Sun
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, PR China
| | - Lili Gao
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, PR China
| | - Fuyang Pei
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- Departments of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, PR China
| | - Hongli Lin
- Departments of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, PR China.
| | - Wu Taihua
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, PR China.
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Chen QJ, Chen L, Wu SK, Wu YJ, Pang QJ. rhPDGF-BB combined with ADSCs in the treatment of Achilles tendinitis via miR-363/PI3 K/Akt pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 438:175-182. [PMID: 28766166 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (rhPDGF-BB) and human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) in the treatment of Achilles tendinitis. Biomechanical indices of stiffness, stress, and maximum load-to-failure were detected by biomechanical test. mRNA and protein levels of miR-363, p-PI3K/AKT, tendon-related genes Collagen I, Scleraxis (Scx), and Tenascin C (TNC) were measured by qRT-PCR and western blot. The proliferation of hADSCs was accessed by MTT assay. Biomechanical indices of stiffness, stress, and maximum load-to-failure, and mRNA and protein levels of tendon-related genes could be improved by rhPDGF-BB or hADSCs alone, and could be further improved by rhPDGF-BB + hADSCs. rhPDGF-BB and hADSCs downregulated the expression of miR-363 and upregulated the levels of p-PI3K/Akt, and rhPDGF-BB + hADSCs further strengthened these effects. In addition, rhPDGF-BB promoted the proliferation of hADSCs in vitro and upregulated the expression of tendon-related genes. miR-363 mimic downregulated the levels of p-PI3K/Akt, miR-363 inhibitor upregulated the levels of p-PI3K/Akt, and miR-363 mimic and PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor LY294002 reversed the positive effect of rhPDGF-BB on the proliferation of hADSCs, which suggested that rhPDGF-BB promoted the proliferation of hADSCs via miR-363/PI3K/Akt pathway. Biomechanical indices and tendon-related genes could be improved by rhPDGF-BB and hADSCs. Moreover, rhPDGF-BB promoted the proliferation of hADSCs via miR-363/PI3K/Akt pathway, indicating that rhPDGF-BB combined with ADSCs could treat Achilles tendinitis via miR-363/PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Jie Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Zhejiang, 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Zhejiang, 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Kun Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Zhejiang, 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Jun Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Zhejiang, 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Jiang Pang
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Zhejiang, 315010, People's Republic of China.
- , 41 Xibei Rd., Haishu, Ningbo, 315000, People's Republic of China.
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Development of a 3D angiogenesis model to study tumour - endothelial cell interactions and the effects of anti-angiogenic drugs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2963. [PMID: 28592821 PMCID: PMC5462801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment and tumour angiogenesis play a critical role in the development and therapy of many cancers, but in vitro models reflecting these circumstances are rare. In this study, we describe the development of a novel tri-culture model, using non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines (A549 and Colo699) in combination with a fibroblast cell line (SV 80) and two different endothelial cell lines in a hanging drop technology. Endothelial cells aggregated either in small colonies in Colo699 containing microtissues or in tube like structures mainly in the stromal compartment of microtissues containing A549. An up-regulation of hypoxia and vimentin, ASMA and a downregulation of E-cadherin were observed in co- and tri-cultures compared to monocultures. Furthermore, a morphological alteration of A549 tumour cells resembling "signet ring cells" was observed in tri-cultures. The secretion of proangiogenic growth factors like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured in supernatants. Inhibition of these proangiogenic factors by using antiangiogenic drugs (bevacizumab and nindetanib) led to a significant decrease in migration of endothelial cells into microtissues. We demonstrate that our method is a promising tool for the generation of multicellular tumour microtissues and reflects in vivo conditions closer than 2D cell culture.
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Wu W, Zu Y, Wang L, Wang L, Li Y, Liu Y, Wu M, Zhao X, Zhang X. Preparation, characterization and antitumor activity evaluation of silibinin nanoparticles for oral delivery through liquid antisolvent precipitation. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10242a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the solubility and bioavailability of silibinin (SLB), the SLB nanoparticles were prepared by liquid antisolvent precipitation, and the oral bioavailability of SLB nanoparticles obtained was about 6.48 times higher than that of the free SLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER)
- Ministry of Education
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC)
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
| | - Yuangang Zu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology
- Northeast Forestry University
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology
- Northeast Forestry University
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology
- Northeast Forestry University
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology
- Northeast Forestry University
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - Yanjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology
- Northeast Forestry University
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - Mingfang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology
- Northeast Forestry University
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - Xiuhua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology
- Northeast Forestry University
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field (SAVER)
- Ministry of Education
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center (ASNESC)
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
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