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Nguyen PT, Makowiecki K, Lewis TS, Fortune AJ, Clutterbuck M, Reale LA, Taylor BV, Rodger J, Cullen CL, Young KM. Low intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances remyelination by newborn and surviving oligodendrocytes in the cuprizone model of toxic demyelination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:346. [PMID: 39134808 PMCID: PMC11335270 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
In people with multiple sclerosis (MS), newborn and surviving oligodendrocytes (OLs) can contribute to remyelination, however, current therapies are unable to enhance or sustain endogenous repair. Low intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LI-rTMS), delivered as an intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), increases the survival and maturation of newborn OLs in the healthy adult mouse cortex, but it is unclear whether LI-rTMS can promote remyelination. To examine this possibility, we fluorescently labelled oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs; Pdgfrα-CreER transgenic mice) or mature OLs (Plp-CreER transgenic mice) in the adult mouse brain and traced the fate of each cell population over time. Daily sessions of iTBS (600 pulses; 120 mT), delivered during cuprizone (CPZ) feeding, did not alter new or pre-existing OL survival but increased the number of myelin internodes elaborated by new OLs in the primary motor cortex (M1). This resulted in each new M1 OL producing ~ 471 µm more myelin. When LI-rTMS was delivered after CPZ withdrawal (during remyelination), it significantly increased the length of the internodes elaborated by new M1 and callosal OLs, increased the number of surviving OLs that supported internodes in the corpus callosum (CC), and increased the proportion of axons that were myelinated. The ability of LI-rTMS to modify cortical neuronal activity and the behaviour of new and surviving OLs, suggests that it may be a suitable adjunct intervention to enhance remyelination in people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Tram Nguyen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Kalina Makowiecki
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Thomas S Lewis
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Alastair J Fortune
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Mackenzie Clutterbuck
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Laura A Reale
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Bruce V Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Carlie L Cullen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
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Sundaram P, Dong C, Makaroff S, Okada Y. How conductivity boundaries influence the electric field induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in in vitro experiments. Brain Stimul 2024; 17:1034-1044. [PMID: 39142380 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become a valuable method for non-invasive brain stimulation, the cellular basis of TMS activation of neurons is still not fully understood. In vitro preparations have been used to understand the biophysical mechanisms of TMS, but in many cases these studies have encountered substantial difficulties in activating neurons. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS The hypothesis of this work is that conductivity boundaries can have large effects on the electric field in commonly used in vitro preparations. Our goal was to analyze the resulting difficulties in in vitro TMS using a simulation study, using a charge-based boundary element model. METHODS We decomposed the total electric field into the sum of the primary electric field, which only depends on coil geometry and current, and the secondary electric field arising from conductivity boundaries, which strongly depends on tissue and chamber geometry. We investigated the effect of the conductivity boundaries on the electric field strength for a variety of in vitro experimental settings to determine the sources of difficulty. RESULTS We showed that conductivity boundaries can have large effects on the electric field in in vitro preparations. Depending on the geometry of the air-saline and the saline-tissue interfaces, the secondary electric field can significantly enhance, or attenuate the primary electric field, resulting in a much stronger or weaker total electric field inside the tissue; we showed this using a realistic preparation. Submerged chambers are generally much more efficient than interface chambers since the secondary field due to the thin film of saline covering the tissue in the interface chamber opposes the primary field and significantly reduces the total field in the tissue placed in the interface chamber. The relative dimensions of the chamber and the TMS coil critically determine the total field; the popular setup with a large coil and a small chamber is particularly sub-optimal because the secondary field due to the air-chamber boundary opposes the primary field, thereby attenuating the total field. The form factor (length vs width) of the tissue in the direction of the induced field can be important since a relatively narrow tissue enhances the total field at the saline-tissue boundary. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we found that the total electric field in the tissue is higher in submerged chambers, higher if the chamber size is larger than the coil and if the shorter tissue dimension is in the direction of the electric field. Decomposing the total field into the primary and secondary fields is useful for designing in vitro experiments and interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmavathi Sundaram
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Chunling Dong
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sergey Makaroff
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yoshio Okada
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Jiang G, Song H, Han X, Zhang M, Huang L, Zhu J, Sun B, Yu Z, Yang D. Low frequency of repetitive trans-spinal magnetic stimulation promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury in mice through inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett 2024; 836:137890. [PMID: 38971300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a worldwide challenge due to limited treatment strategies. Repetitive trans-spinal magnetic stimulation (rTSMS) is among the most cutting-edge treatments for SCI. However, the mechanism underlying rTSMS on functional recovery is still unclear. In this study, 8-week-old C57BL/6J female mice were used to design SCI models followed by treatment with monotherapy (1 Hz rTSMS or LY364947) or combination therapy (rTSMS + LY364947). Our results showed obvious functional recovery after monotherapies compared to untreated mice. Immunofluorescence results demonstrated that rTSMS and LY364947 modulate the lesion scar by decreasing fibrosis and GFAP and possess the effect on neural protection. In addition, rTSMS suppressed inflammation and the activation of TGFβ1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway, as evidenced by markedly reduced TGF-βRⅠ, Smad2/3, and p-Smad2/3 compared with untreated mice. Overall, it was confirmed that 1 Hz rTSMS promotes SCI recovery by suppressing the TGFβ1/Smad2/3 signaling, revealing a novel pathological mechanism of 1 Hz rTSMS intervention, and may provide potential targets for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Jiang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Gui'an New District, PR China
| | - Haiwang Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Gui'an New District, PR China
| | - Xing Han
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Gui'an New District, PR China
| | - Mudan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Guizhou Provincial People' s Hospital, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Lieyu Huang
- School of Medical Humanities, Guizhou Medical University, Gui'an New District, PR China
| | - Junde Zhu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Gui'an New District, PR China; Key Laboratory of Human Brain Bank for Functions and Diseases of Department of Education of Guizhou Province, College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Gui'an New District, PR China
| | - Baofei Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Gui'an New District, PR China; Key Laboratory of Human Brain Bank for Functions and Diseases of Department of Education of Guizhou Province, College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Gui'an New District, PR China
| | - Zijiang Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Gui'an New District, PR China; Key Laboratory of Human Brain Bank for Functions and Diseases of Department of Education of Guizhou Province, College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Gui'an New District, PR China.
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Gui'an New District, PR China; Key Laboratory of Human Brain Bank for Functions and Diseases of Department of Education of Guizhou Province, College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Gui'an New District, PR China.
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Fardadi M, Leiter JC, Lu DC, Iwasaki T. Model-based analysis of the acute effects of transcutaneous magnetic spinal cord stimulation on micturition after spinal cord injury in humans. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012237. [PMID: 38950067 PMCID: PMC11244836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM After spinal cord injuries (SCIs), patients may develop either detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) or urinary incontinence, depending on the level of the spinal injury. DSD and incontinence reflect the loss of coordinated neural control among the detrusor muscle, which increases bladder pressure to facilitate urination, and urethral sphincters and pelvic floor muscles, which control the bladder outlet to restrict or permit bladder emptying. Transcutaneous magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied to the spinal cord after SCI reduced DSD and incontinence. We defined, within a mathematical model, the minimum neuronal elements necessary to replicate neurogenic dysfunction of the bladder after a SCI and incorporated into this model the minimum additional neurophysiological features sufficient to replicate the improvements in bladder function associated with lumbar TMS of the spine in patients with SCI. METHODS We created a computational model of the neural circuit of micturition based on Hodgkin-Huxley equations that replicated normal bladder function. We added interneurons and increased network complexity to reproduce dysfunctional micturition after SCI, and we increased the density and complexity of interactions of both inhibitory and excitatory lumbar spinal interneurons responsive to TMS to provide a more diverse set of spinal responses to intrinsic and extrinsic activation of spinal interneurons that remains after SCI. RESULTS The model reproduced the re-emergence of a spinal voiding reflex after SCI. When we investigated the effect of monophasic and biphasic TMS at two frequencies applied at or below T10, the model replicated the improved coordination between detrusor and external urethral sphincter activity that has been observed clinically: low-frequency TMS (1 Hz) within the model normalized control of voiding after SCI, whereas high-frequency TMS (30 Hz) enhanced urine storage. CONCLUSION Neuroplasticity and increased complexity of interactions among lumbar interneurons, beyond what is necessary to simulate normal bladder function, must be present in order to replicate the effects of SCI on control of micturition, and both neuronal and network modifications of lumbar interneurons are essential to understand the mechanisms whereby TMS reduced bladder dysfunction after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Fardadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - J. C. Leiter
- White River Junction VA Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tetsuya Iwasaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Quesada C, Fauchon C, Pommier B, Bergandi F, Peyron R, Mertens P, Garcia-Larrea L. Field recordings of transcranial magnetic stimulation in human brain postmortem models. Pain Rep 2024; 9:e1134. [PMID: 38375090 PMCID: PMC10876241 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000001134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to deliver a magnetic field (MF) in deep brain targets is debated and poorly documented. Objective To quantify the decay of MF in the human brain. Methods Magnetic field was generated by single pulses of TMS delivered at maximum intensity using a flat or angulated coil. Magnetic field was recorded by a 3D-magnetic probe. Decay was measured in the air using both coils and in the head of 10 postmortem human heads with the flat coil being positioned tangential to the scalp. Magnetic field decay was interpreted as a function of distance to the coil for 6 potential brain targets of noninvasive brain stimulation: the primary motor cortex (M1, mean depth: 28.5 mm), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC: 28 mm), secondary somatosensory cortex (S2: 35.5 mm), posterior and anterior insulae (PI: 38.5 mm; AI: 43.5 mm), and midcingulate cortex (MCC: 57.5 mm). Results In air, the maximal MF intensities at coil center were 0.88 and 0.77 T for the flat and angulated coils, respectively. The maximal intracranial MF intensity in the cadaver model was 0.34 T, with a ∼50% decay at 15 mm and a ∼75% MF decay at 30 mm. The decay of the MF in air was similar for the flat coil and significantly less attenuated with the angulated coil (a ∼50% decay at 20 mm and a ∼75% MF decay at 45 mm). Conclusions Transcranial magnetic stimulation coil MFs decay in brain structures similarly as in air, attenuation with distance being significantly lower with angulated coils. Reaching brain targets deeper than 20 mm such as the insula or Antérior Cingulate Cortex seems feasible only when using angulated coils. The abacus of MF attenuation provided here can be used to adjust modalities of deep brain stimulation with rTMS in future research protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Quesada
- NeuroPain Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UJM & UCBL, Lyon, France
- Physiotherapy Department, Sciences of Rehabilitation Institute (ISTR), University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Fauchon
- NeuroPain Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UJM & UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Pommier
- NeuroPain Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UJM & UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Florian Bergandi
- University of Medecine Jacques Lisfranc, Anatomy Laboratory, UJM, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Roland Peyron
- NeuroPain Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UJM & UCBL, Lyon, France
- Neurological Department & CETD, University Hospital, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Patrick Mertens
- NeuroPain Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UJM & UCBL, Lyon, France
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Saint-Etienne and Lyon, France
- CETD Neurological Hospital Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Luis Garcia-Larrea
- NeuroPain Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, UJM & UCBL, Lyon, France
- CETD Neurological Hospital Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Liu L, Hu H, Wu J, Koleske AJ, Chen H, Wang N, Yu K, Wu Y, Xiao X, Zhang Q. Integrin α3 is required for high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced glutamatergic synaptic transmission in mice with ischemia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14498. [PMID: 37867481 PMCID: PMC11017422 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective therapy in post-stroke motor recovery. However, the underlying mechanisms of rTMS regulates long-lasting changes with synaptic transmission and glutamate receptors function (including AMPARs or NMDARs) remains unclear. METHODS Mice were received 10-Hz rTMS treatment once daily on the third day after photothrombotic (PT) stroke for 18 days. Motor behaviors and the Western blot were used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of 10-Hz rTMS in the mice with PT model. Moreover, we used wild-type (WT) and NEX-α3-/- mice to further explore the 10-Hz rTMS effect. RESULTS We found that 10-Hz rTMS improved the post-stroke motor performance in the PT mice. Moreover, the levels of AMPAR, vGlut1, and integrin α3 in the peri-infarct were significantly increased in the rTMS group. In contrast, 10-Hz rTMS did not induce these aforementioned effects in NEX-α3-/- mice. The amplitude of AMPAR-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and evoked EPSCs was increased in the WT + rTMS group, but did not change in NEX-α3-/- mice with rTMS. CONCLUSIONS In this study, 10-Hz rTMS improved the glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the peri-infract cortex through effects on integrin α3 and AMPARs, which resulted in motor function recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Han Hu
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience CenterInstitute of Science and Technology for Brain‐Inspired Intelligence, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Junfa Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Anthony J. Koleske
- Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and NeuroscienceYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Hongting Chen
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience CenterInstitute of Science and Technology for Brain‐Inspired Intelligence, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Nianhong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Kewei Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience CenterInstitute of Science and Technology for Brain‐Inspired Intelligence, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Dufor T, Lohof AM, Sherrard RM. Magnetic Stimulation as a Therapeutic Approach for Brain Modulation and Repair: Underlying Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16456. [PMID: 38003643 PMCID: PMC10671429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological and psychiatric diseases generally have no cure, so innovative non-pharmacological treatments, including non-invasive brain stimulation, are interesting therapeutic tools as they aim to trigger intrinsic neural repair mechanisms. A common brain stimulation technique involves the application of pulsed magnetic fields to affected brain regions. However, investigations of magnetic brain stimulation are complicated by the use of many different stimulation parameters. Magnetic brain stimulation is usually divided into two poorly connected approaches: (1) clinically used high-intensity stimulation (0.5-2 Tesla, T) and (2) experimental or epidemiologically studied low-intensity stimulation (μT-mT). Human tests of both approaches are reported to have beneficial outcomes, but the underlying biology is unclear, and thus optimal stimulation parameters remain ill defined. Here, we aim to bring together what is known about the biology of magnetic brain stimulation from human, animal, and in vitro studies. We identify the common effects of different stimulation protocols; show how different types of pulsed magnetic fields interact with nervous tissue; and describe cellular mechanisms underlying their effects-from intracellular signalling cascades, through synaptic plasticity and the modulation of network activity, to long-term structural changes in neural circuits. Recent advances in magneto-biology show clear mechanisms that may explain low-intensity stimulation effects in the brain. With its large breadth of stimulation parameters, not available to high-intensity stimulation, low-intensity focal magnetic stimulation becomes a potentially powerful treatment tool for human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Dufor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ann M. Lohof
- Sorbonne Université and CNRS, UMR8256 Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Rachel M. Sherrard
- Sorbonne Université and CNRS, UMR8256 Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 75005 Paris, France;
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McNerney MW, Kraybill EP, Narayanan S, Mojabi FS, Venkataramanan V, Heath A. Memory-related hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor activation pathways from repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the 3xTg-AD mouse line. Exp Gerontol 2023; 183:112323. [PMID: 39351497 PMCID: PMC11441629 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with a loss of plasticity and cognitive functioning. Previous research has shown that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) boosts cortical neurotrophic factors, potentially addressing this loss. The current study aimed to expand these findings by measuring brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), its downstream hippocampal signaling molecules, and behavioral effects of rTMS on the 3xTg-AD mouse line. 3xTg-AD (n = 24) and B6 wild-type controls (n = 26), aged 12 months, were given 14 days of consecutive rTMS at 10 Hz for 10 min. Following treatment, mice underwent a battery of behavioral tests and biochemical analysis of BDNF and its downstream cascades were evaluated via Western blot and ELISA. Results showed that brain stimulation did improve performance on the Object Place Task and increased hippocampal TrkB, ERK, and PLCγ in 3xTg-AD mice with minimal effects on wild-type mice. There was no significant difference in the levels of AKT and Truncated TrkB (TrkB.T1) between treatment and sham. Thus, rTMS has the potential to provide an efficacious non-invasive therapy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease through activation of neurotrophic factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Windy McNerney
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Eric P Kraybill
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sindhu Narayanan
- Medical Anthropology and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fatemeh S Mojabi
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Vaibhavi Venkataramanan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alesha Heath
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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9
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Pridmore S, Turnier-Shea Y, Rybak M, Naguy A. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for Major Depressive Disorder-Modus Operandi! PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY BULLETIN 2023; 53:55-60. [PMID: 37601083 PMCID: PMC10434311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is effective in the management of treatment resistant major depressive disorder (MDD) and has recently become widely available. Our aim was to explore the literature for evidence of the mechanism of action. Method We examined our own accumulating TMS library, the reference lists of all available papers and used a search engine to collect information. We collated and examined this information under relevant heading. Results TMS produces a large number of physiological changes including site of stimulation neurochemical, brain wave and blood flow effects, and distant structure effects including neurotransmitter effects and volume increase. TMS also corrects generalized and local functional connectivity (FC) abnormalities which are a feature of MDD. Conclusion TMS produces a range of physiological changes. It is unclear which of these underpin its antidepressant. It is likely more than one work synergistically to this end-almost certainly the capacity to correct MDD induced FC abnormalities makes a strong antidepressant contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saxby Pridmore
- Pridmore, Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Yvonne Turnier-Shea
- Turnier-Shea, Hobart TMS, Bellerive Health Hub, Bellerive, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Marzena Rybak
- Rybak, Hobart TMS, Bellerive Health Hub, Bellerive, Tasmania, Australia
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Magnuson J, Ozdemir MA, Mathieson E, Kirkman S, Passera B, Rampersad S, Dufour AB, Brooks D, Pascual-Leone A, Fried PJ, Shafi MM, Ozdemir RA. Neuromodulatory effects and reproducibility of the most widely used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286465. [PMID: 37352290 PMCID: PMC10289434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used in both research and clinical settings to modulate human brain function and behavior through the engagement of the mechanisms of plasticity. Based upon experiments using single-pulse TMS as a probe, the physiologic mechanism of these effects is often assumed to be via changes in cortical excitability, with 10 Hz rTMS increasing and 1 Hz rTMS decreasing the excitability of the stimulated region. However, the reliability and reproducibility of these rTMS protocols on cortical excitability across and within individual subjects, particularly in comparison to robust sham stimulation, have not been systematically examined. OBJECTIVES In a cohort of 28 subjects (39 ± 16 years), we report the first comprehensive study to (1) assess the neuromodulatory effects of traditional 1 Hz and 10 Hz rTMS on corticospinal excitability against both a robust sham control, and two other widely used patterned rTMS protocols (intermittent theta burst stimulation, iTBS; and continuous theta burst stimulation, cTBS), and (2) determine the reproducibility of all rTMS protocols across identical repeat sessions. RESULTS At the group level, neither 1 Hz nor 10 Hz rTMS significantly modulated corticospinal excitability. 1 Hz and 10 Hz rTMS were also not significantly different from sham and both TBS protocols. Reproducibility was poor for all rTMS protocols except for sham. Importantly, none of the real rTMS and TBS protocols demonstrated greater neuromodulatory effects or reproducibility after controlling for potential experimental factors including baseline corticospinal excitability, TMS coil deviation and the number of individual MEP trials. CONCLUSIONS These results call into question the effectiveness and reproducibility of widely used rTMS techniques for modulating corticospinal excitability, and suggest the need for a fundamental rethinking regarding the potential mechanisms by which rTMS affects brain function and behavior in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Magnuson
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, CA
| | - Mehmet A. Ozdemir
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Elon Mathieson
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Sofia Kirkman
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Brice Passera
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Sumientra Rampersad
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Alyssa B. Dufour
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew Senior Life, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Dana Brooks
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanne and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Institut Guttmann de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Peter J. Fried
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mouhsin M. Shafi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Recep A. Ozdemir
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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11
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Stefanovic F, Martinez JA, Saleem GT, Sisto SA, Miller MT, Achampong YA, Titus AH. A blended neurostimulation protocol to delineate cortico-muscular and spino-muscular dynamics following neuroplastic adaptation. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1114860. [PMID: 37396760 PMCID: PMC10311503 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1114860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper we propose a novel neurostimulation protocol that provides an intervention-based assessment to distinguish the contributions of different motor control networks in the cortico-spinal system. Specifically, we use a combination of non-invasive brain stimulation and neuromuscular stimulation to probe neuromuscular system behavior with targeted impulse-response system identification. In this protocol, we use an in-house developed human-machine interface (HMI) for an isotonic wrist movement task, where the user controls a cursor on-screen. During the task, we generate unique motor evoked potentials based on triggered cortical or spinal level perturbations. Externally applied brain-level perturbations are triggered through TMS to cause wrist flexion/extension during the volitional task. The resultant contraction output and related reflex responses are measured by the HMI. These movements also include neuromodulation in the excitability of the brain-muscle pathway via transcranial direct current stimulation. Colloquially, spinal-level perturbations are triggered through skin-surface neuromuscular stimulation of the wrist muscles. The resultant brain-muscle and spinal-muscle pathways perturbed by the TMS and NMES, respectively, demonstrate temporal and spatial differences as manifested through the human-machine interface. This then provides a template to measure the specific neural outcomes of the movement tasks, and in decoding differences in the contribution of cortical- (long-latency) and spinal-level (short-latency) motor control. This protocol is part of the development of a diagnostic tool that can be used to better understand how interaction between cortical and spinal motor centers changes with learning, or injury such as that experienced following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Stefanovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Julian A. Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ghazala T. Saleem
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Sue Ann Sisto
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Michael T. Miller
- UB Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Yaa A. Achampong
- UB Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Albert H. Titus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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12
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Boscutti A, Murphy N, Cho R, Selvaraj S. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Techniques for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2023; 46:307-329. [PMID: 37149347 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a safe, effective, and well-tolerated intervention for depression; it is currently approved for treatment-resistant depression. This article summarizes the mechanism of action, evidence of clinical efficacy, and the clinical aspects of this intervention, including patient evaluation, stimulation parameters selection, and safety considerations. Transcranial direct current stimulation is another neuromodulation treatment for depression; although promising, the technique is not currently approved for clinical use in the United States. The final section outlines the open challenges and future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Boscutti
- Louis. A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas Murphy
- Baylor College of Medicine, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston, TX, USA; The Menninger Clinic, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raymond Cho
- Baylor College of Medicine, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Houston, TX, USA; The Menninger Clinic, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sudhakar Selvaraj
- Louis. A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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13
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Zhu H, Yin X, Yang H, Fu R, Hou W, Ding C, Xu G. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances the neuronal excitability of mice by regulating dynamic characteristics of Granule cells' Ion channels. Cogn Neurodyn 2023; 17:431-443. [PMID: 37007191 PMCID: PMC10050517 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-022-09837-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the effects of acute high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (hf-rTMS) on neuronal excitability of granule cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, as well as the underlying intrinsic mediating mechanisms by which rTMS regulates neuronal excitability. First, high-frequency single TMS was used to measure the motor threshold (MT) of mice. Then, rTMS with different intensities of 0 MT (control), 0.8 MT, and 1.2 MT were applied to acute mice brain slices. Next, patch-clamp technique was used to record the resting membrane potential and evoked nerve discharge of granule cells, as well as the voltage-gated sodium current (I Na) of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), transient outward potassium current (I A) and delayed rectifier potassium current (I K) of voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv). Results showed that acute hf-rTMS in both 0.8 MT and 1.2 MT groups significantly activated I Na and inhibited I A and I K compared with control group, due to the changes of dynamic characteristics of VGSCs and Kv. Acute hf-rTMS in both 0.8 MT and 1.2 MT groups significantly increased membrane potential and nerve discharge frequency. Therefore, changing dynamic characteristics of VGSCs and Kv, activating I Na and inhibiting I A and I K might be one of the intrinsic mediating mechanisms by which rTMS enhanced the neuronal excitability of granular cells, and this regulatory effect increased with the increase of stimulus intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002 China
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Xiaonan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Huilan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Rui Fu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Technology and Intelligent Health, School of Health Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Wentao Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Technology and Intelligent Health, School of Health Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Chong Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Technology and Intelligent Health, School of Health Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
| | - Guizhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130 China
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14
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Anil S, Lu H, Rotter S, Vlachos A. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) triggers dose-dependent homeostatic rewiring in recurrent neuronal networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.20.533396. [PMID: 36993387 PMCID: PMC10055183 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.20.533396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique used to induce neuronal plasticity in healthy individuals and patients. Designing effective and reproducible rTMS protocols poses a major challenge in the field as the underlying biomechanisms remain elusive. Current clinical protocol designs are often based on studies reporting rTMS-induced long-term potentiation or depression of synaptic transmission. Herein, we employed computational modeling to explore the effects of rTMS on long-term structural plasticity and changes in network connectivity. We simulated a recurrent neuronal network with homeostatic structural plasticity between excitatory neurons, and demonstrated that this mechanism was sensitive to specific parameters of the stimulation protocol (i.e., frequency, intensity, and duration of stimulation). The feedback-inhibition initiated by network stimulation influenced the net stimulation outcome and hindered the rTMS-induced homeostatic structural plasticity, highlighting the role of inhibitory networks. These findings suggest a novel mechanism for the lasting effects of rTMS, i.e., rTMS-induced homeostatic structural plasticity, and highlight the importance of network inhibition in careful protocol design, standardization, and optimization of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Anil
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Han Lu
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rotter
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Raij TT, Komulainen E, Aydogan DB, Pamilo S, Isometsä E, Raij T. Depression core network-based individualized targeting for transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:619-627. [PMID: 36931462 PMCID: PMC10404717 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is an established treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). Recent attempts to improve TMS efficacy by individually targeting DLPFC subregions that are functionally connected to the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) appear promising. However, sgACC covers only a small subset of core MDD-related areas. Further, fMRI connectivity of sgACC is poorly repeatable within subjects. METHODS Based on an fMRI database analysis, we first constructed a novel core network model (CNM), capturing voxelwise emotion regulation- and MDD-related DLPFC connectivity. Then, in a sample of 15 healthy subjects and 29 MDD patients, we assessed (i) within-subject repeatability of the DLPFC connectivity patterns computed from time segments of varying lengths of individual-level fMRI data and (ii) association of MDD severity with the individual DLPFC connectivity strengths. We extracted group-level connectivity strengths in CNM from individual DLPFC coordinates stimulated with neuronavigated TMS in a separate sample of 25 MDD patients. These connectivity strengths were then correlated with individual TMS efficacy. RESULTS Compared with sgACC connectivity, CNM increased intraindividual repeatability 5-fold. DLPFC connectivity strength from CNM was associated with MDD severity and TMS efficacy. While the locations of CNM-based individual TMS targets remained constant within individuals, they varied considerably between individuals. CONCLUSIONS CNM increased repeatability of functional targeting to a clinically feasible level. The observed association of MDD severity and TMS efficacy with DLPFC connectivity supports the validity of the CNM. The interindividual differences in target locations motivate future individualized clinical trials leveraging the CNM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuukka T Raij
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 590, FI-00029, HUS, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Center, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, P.O Box 13000, FI-00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Emma Komulainen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 590, FI-00029, HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Dogu Baran Aydogan
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Center, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, P.O Box 13000, FI-00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Siina Pamilo
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Center, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, P.O Box 13000, FI-00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Erkki Isometsä
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 590, FI-00029, HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tommi Raij
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Zhou X, Li K, Chen S, Zhou W, Li J, Huang Q, Xu T, Gao Z, Wang D, Zhao S, Dong H. Clinical application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:902658. [PMID: 36131925 PMCID: PMC9483183 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.902658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common chronic, autoimmune-mediated inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The treatment of MS has enormous progress with disease-modifying drugs, but the complexity of the disease course and the clinical symptoms of MS requires personalized treatment and disease management, including non-pharmacological treatment. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a painless and non-invasive brain stimulation technique, which has been widely used in neurological diseases. In this review, we mainly focus on the progress of physiological assessment and treatment of TMS in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kailin Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyuan Gao
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuo Zhao
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Dong
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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17
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Mosilhy EA, Alshial EE, Eltaras MM, Rahman MMA, Helmy HI, Elazoul AH, Hamdy O, Mohammed HS. Non-invasive transcranial brain modulation for neurological disorders treatment: A narrative review. Life Sci 2022; 307:120869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Boyer M, Baudin P, Stengel C, Valero-Cabré A, Lohof AM, Charpier S, Sherrard RM, Mahon S. In vivo low-intensity magnetic pulses durably alter neocortical neuron excitability and spontaneous activity. J Physiol 2022; 600:4019-4037. [PMID: 35899578 DOI: 10.1113/jp283244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising technique to alleviate neurological and psychiatric disorders caused by alterations in cortical activity. Our knowledge of the cellular mechanisms underlying rTMS-based therapies remains limited. We combined in vivo focal application of low-intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS) to the rat somatosensory cortex with intracellular recordings of subjacent pyramidal neurons to characterize the effects of weak magnetic fields at single cell level. Ten minutes of LI-rTMS delivered at 10 Hz reliably evoked action potentials in cortical neurons during the stimulation period, and induced durable attenuation of their intrinsic excitability, synaptic activity, and spontaneous firing. These results help us better understand the mechanisms of weak magnetic stimulation and should allow optimizing the effectiveness of stimulation protocols for clinical use. ABSTRACT Magnetic brain stimulation is a promising treatment for neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, a better understanding of its effects at the individual neuron level is essential to improve its clinical application. We combined focal low-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LI-rTMS) to the rat somatosensory cortex with intracellular recordings of subjacent pyramidal neurons in vivo. Continuous 10 Hz LI-rTMS reliably evoked firing at ∼4-5 Hz during the stimulation period and induced durable attenuation of synaptic activity and spontaneous firing in cortical neurons, through membrane hyperpolarization and a reduced intrinsic excitability. However, inducing firing in individual neurons by repeated intracellular current injection did not reproduce LI-rTMS effects on neuronal properties. These data provide novel understanding of mechanisms underlying magnetic brain stimulation showing that, in addition to inducing biochemical plasticity, even weak magnetic fields can activate neurons and enduringly modulate their excitability. Abstract figure legend We examined by means of in vivo intracellular recordings in the rodent the effects of low-intensity (10 mT) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LI-rTMS) on the functional properties of primary somatosensory cortex pyramidal neurons. After a baseline period, during which cortical spontaneous activity and excitability were measured (Pre), LI-rTMS was applied at 10 Hz for 10 minutes. Despite their low intensity, magnetic pulses reliably evoked action potentials in cortical neurons. Ten minutes of LI-rTMS induced a progressive and long-lasting hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane and a marked decrease in cell firing rate (Post). This was associated with an altered intrinsic neuronal excitability, characterized by reduced membrane input resistance and increased minimal current required to induce neuronal firing. A portion of this figure was created with biorender.com. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Boyer
- IBPS-B2A, UMR 8256 Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université & CNRS, Paris, 75005, France.,Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, team 'Network Dynamics and cellular excitability', Sorbonne Université, Paris, France, 75013
| | - Paul Baudin
- Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, team 'Network Dynamics and cellular excitability', Sorbonne Université, Paris, France, 75013
| | - Chloé Stengel
- Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, team Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Group, FRONTLAB team, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Antoni Valero-Cabré
- Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, team Cerebral Dynamics, Plasticity and Rehabilitation Group, FRONTLAB team, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Ann M Lohof
- IBPS-B2A, UMR 8256 Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université & CNRS, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Stéphane Charpier
- Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, team 'Network Dynamics and cellular excitability', Sorbonne Université, Paris, France, 75013
| | - Rachel M Sherrard
- IBPS-B2A, UMR 8256 Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Université & CNRS, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Séverine Mahon
- Paris Brain Institute-ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, team 'Network Dynamics and cellular excitability', Sorbonne Université, Paris, France, 75013
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19
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Rapid treatments for depression: Endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic target. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104635. [PMID: 35351488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current first-line treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD), i.e., antidepressant drugs and psychotherapy, show delayed onset of therapeutic effect as late as 2-3 weeks or more. In the clinic, the speed of beginning of the actions of antidepressant drugs or other interventions is vital for many reasons. Late-onset means that depression, its related disability, and the potential danger of suicide remain a threat for some patients. There are some rapid-acting antidepressant interventions, such as sleep deprivation, ketamine, acute exercise, which induce a significant response, ranging from a few hours to maximally one week, and most of them share a common characteristic that is the activation of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system. Activation of this system, i.e., augmentation of eCB signaling, appears to have anti-depressant-like actions. This article puts the idea forward that the activation of eCB signaling represents a critical mechanism of rapid-acting therapeutic interventions in MDD, and this system might contribute to the development of novel rapid-acting treatments for MDD.
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20
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Meng Q, Nguyen H, Vrana A, Baldwin S, Li CQ, Giles A, Wang J, Yang Y, Lu H. A high-density theta burst paradigm enhances the aftereffects of transcranial magnetic stimulation: Evidence from focal stimulation of rat motor cortex. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:833-842. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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21
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Uzair M, Abualait T, Arshad M, Yoo WK, Mir A, Bunyan RF, Bashir S. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in animal models of neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:251-265. [PMID: 34269184 PMCID: PMC8464007 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.317962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain stimulation techniques offer powerful means of modulating the physiology of specific neural structures. In recent years, non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation, have emerged as therapeutic tools for neurology and neuroscience. However, the possible repercussions of these techniques remain unclear, and there are few reports on the incisive recovery mechanisms through brain stimulation. Although several studies have recommended the use of non-invasive brain stimulation in clinical neuroscience, with a special emphasis on TMS, the suggested mechanisms of action have not been confirmed directly at the neural level. Insights into the neural mechanisms of non-invasive brain stimulation would unveil the strategies necessary to enhance the safety and efficacy of this progressive approach. Therefore, animal studies investigating the mechanisms of TMS-induced recovery at the neural level are crucial for the elaboration of non-invasive brain stimulation. Translational research done using animal models has several advantages and is able to investigate knowledge gaps by directly targeting neuronal levels. In this review, we have discussed the role of TMS in different animal models, the impact of animal studies on various disease states, and the findings regarding brain function of animal models after TMS in pharmacology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Uzair
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Turki Abualait
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic & Applied Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, South Korea
- Hallym Institute for Translational Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Ali Mir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Fahd Bunyan
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Sun P, Fang L, Zhang J, Liu Y, Wang G, Qi R. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for fibromyalgia patients: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 23:499-514. [PMID: 34542624 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibromyalgia is a poorly understood pain syndrome. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a noninvasive brain stimulation therapy and is commonly applied for the management of fibromyalgia. However, controversy regarding its efficacy remains. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for fibromyalgia syndrome. METHOD Four medical databases and one physiotherapy database were screened for randomized controlled trials. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) anxiety score, Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Short Form-36 general health survey mental score, and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) were set as outcome measures. RESULTS Analysis of 14 studies and 433 participants indicated that rTMS exerted more favorable effects on the NPRS than sham rTMS after treatment (standardized mean difference = -0.49, 95% confidence interval = -0.86 to - 0.13, P = 0.008, I2 = 68%) and FIQ (standardized mean difference = -0.50, 95% confidence interval = -0.75 to - 0.25, P = 0.0001, I2 = 28%). However, the BDI, FSS, PCS, mood index, and HADS scores showed no significant difference compared with sham rTMS after treatment. The mean methodological quality of included studies was an acceptable score of 8.5 based on the PEDro scale, suggesting the validity of our conclusions. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that rTMS relieved pain and enhanced quality of life of patients with fibromyalgia; however, it did not improve anxiety, depression, and other symptoms based on current reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Sun
- College of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Traditional ChiGDQnese Medicine University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Lei Fang
- College of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Traditional ChiGDQnese Medicine University, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Yueyang Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Yueyang Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Longhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Rui Qi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Yueyang Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, P. R. China
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23
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Dynamic responses of neurons in different states under magnetic field stimulation. J Comput Neurosci 2021; 50:109-120. [PMID: 34532810 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-021-00796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an effective method to treat neurophysiological disorders by modulating the electrical activities of neurons. Neurons can exhibit complex nonlinear behaviors underlying the external stimuli. Currently, we do not know how stimulation interacts with endogenous neural activity. In this paper, the effects of magnetic field on spiking neuron, bursting neuron and bistable neuron are studied based on the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) neuron model. The results show that the neurons in three different states can exhibit different dynamic responses under magnetic field stimulation. The magnetic field stimulation could increase or decrease the firing frequencies of spiking neuron, bursting neuron and bistable neuron. The transitions between different firing patterns of neurons can be promoted by changing the parameters of the magnetic field. Magnetic field stimulation has a minimal impact on the firing temporal sequence sequences in bursting neuron than that in spiking neuron and bistable neuron. These results provided an insight into the impact of neuronal states on neuronal dynamic responses under brain stimulation and show that subtle changes in external conditions and stimuli can cause complex neuronal responses. This study can help us understand the state-dependent coding mechanism of neurons under electromagnetic stimulation.
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A Pilot Trial Examining the Merits of Combining Amantadine and Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as an Intervention for Persons With Disordered Consciousness After TBI. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2021; 35:371-387. [PMID: 33165151 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Report pilot findings of neurobehavioral gains and network changes observed in persons with disordered consciousness (DoC) who received repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or amantadine (AMA), and then rTMS+AMA. PARTICIPANTS Four persons with DoC 1 to 15 years after traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN Alternate treatment-order, within-subject, baseline-controlled trial. MAIN MEASURES For group and individual neurobehavioral analyses, predetermined thresholds, based on mixed linear-effects models and conditional minimally detectable change, were used to define meaningful neurobehavioral change for the Disorders of Consciousness Scale-25 (DOCS) total and Auditory-Language measures. Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the default mode and 6 other networks was examined. RESULTS Meaningful gains in DOCS total measures were observed for 75% of treatment segments and auditory-language gains were observed after rTMS, which doubled when rTMS preceded rTMS+AMA. Neurobehavioral changes were reflected in rsFC for language, salience, and sensorimotor networks. Between networks interactions were modulated, globally, after all treatments. CONCLUSIONS For persons with DoC 1 to 15 years after TBI, meaningful neurobehavioral gains were observed after provision of rTMS, AMA, and rTMS+AMA. Sequencing and combining of treatments to modulate broad-scale neural activity, via differing mechanisms, merits investigation in a future study powered to determine efficacy of this approach to enabling neurobehavioral recovery.
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25
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Roy C, Goyal N, Shreekantiah U, Ram D. Does single session transcranial magnetic stimulation alter fractional anisotropy in obsessive-compulsive disorder? A preliminary observation. Psychiatry Res 2021; 301:113970. [PMID: 33984823 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandramouli Roy
- K.S. Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences and fMRI Centre, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi 834006, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nishant Goyal
- K.S. Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences and fMRI Centre, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi 834006, Jharkhand, India
| | - Umesh Shreekantiah
- K.S. Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences and fMRI Centre, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi 834006, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Daya Ram
- K.S. Mani Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences and fMRI Centre, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi 834006, Jharkhand, India
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Immediate and cumulative effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognition and neuronal excitability in mice. Neurosci Res 2021; 173:90-98. [PMID: 34111441 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study primarily explored the potential effects of high-frequency (20 Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) with different intervention protocols on cognition and neuronal excitability in mice. Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: a control group that received sham stimulation, an rTMS in vitro group whose acute brain slices received high-frequency stimulation, an rTMS 1 d group that received high-frequency stimulation for only 1 d, and an rTMS 15 d group that received high-frequency stimulation for 15 d. The novel object recognition and step-down tests were used to assess cognitive ability. The patch-clamp technique was used to record the membrane potentials and neural discharges of dentate gyrus granule cells to evaluate neuronal excitability. Results revealed that cognition and neuronal excitability in the rTMS 15 d group were significantly increased than that in the control and rTMS 1 d groups. The neuronal excitability in the rTMS in vitro group was also significantly increased than that in the control and rTMS 1 d groups. No significant changes were observed between the control and rTMS 1 d groups. These results suggested that high-frequency rTMS applied to the acute brain slices of mice in vitro exerted an immediate effect on increasing neuronal excitability. Chronic high-frequency rTMS applied to the brain of mice in vivo exerted a cumulative effect in improving cognition and increasing neuronal excitability.
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27
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Zhong M, Cywiak C, Metto AC, Liu X, Qian C, Pelled G. Multi-session delivery of synchronous rTMS and sensory stimulation induces long-term plasticity. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:884-894. [PMID: 34029768 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combining training or sensory stimulation with non-invasive brain stimulation has shown to improve performance in healthy subjects and improve brain function in patients after brain injury. However, the plasticity mechanisms and the optimal parameters to induce long-term and sustainable enhanced performance remain unknown. OBJECTIVE This work was designed to identify the protocols of which combining sensory stimulation with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) will facilitate the greatest changes in fMRI activation maps in the rat's primary somatosensory cortex (S1). METHODS Several protocols of combining forepaw electrical stimulation with rTMS were tested, including a single stimulation session compared to multiple, daily stimulation sessions, as well as synchronous and asynchronous delivery of both modalities. High-resolution fMRI was used to determine how pairing sensory stimulation with rTMS induced short and long-term plasticity in the rat S1. RESULTS All groups that received a single session of rTMS showed short-term increases in S1 activity, but these increases did not last three days after the session. The group that received a stimulation protocol of 10 Hz forepaw stimulation that was delivered simultaneously with 10 Hz rTMS for five consecutive days demonstrated the greatest increases in the extent of the evoked fMRI responses compared to groups that received other stimulation protocols. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide direct indication that pairing peripheral stimulation with rTMS induces long-term plasticity, and this phenomenon appears to follow a time-dependent plasticity mechanism. These results will be important to lead the design of new training and rehabilitation paradigms and training towards achieving maximal performance in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhong
- Neuroengineering Division, The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Carolina Cywiak
- Neuroengineering Division, The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Abigael C Metto
- Neuroengineering Division, The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Xiang Liu
- Neuroengineering Division, The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Chunqi Qian
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Galit Pelled
- Neuroengineering Division, The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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尹 晓, 徐 桂, 朱 海, 付 蕊, 李 洋, 丁 冲. [Effects of magnetic stimulation at different frequencies on neuronal excitability and voltage-gated potassium channels in vitro brain slices]. SHENG WU YI XUE GONG CHENG XUE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING = SHENGWU YIXUE GONGCHENGXUE ZAZHI 2021; 38:224-231. [PMID: 33913281 PMCID: PMC9927691 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.202009047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
As a noninvasive neuromodulation technique, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used in the clinical treatment of neurological and psychiatric diseases, but the mechanism of its action is still unclear. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of different frequencies of magnetic stimulation (MS) on neuronal excitability and voltage-gated potassium channels in the in vitro brain slices from the electrophysiological perspective of neurons. The experiment was divided into stimulus groups and control group, and acute isolated mice brain slices were applied to MS with the same intensity (0.3 T) at different frequencies (20 Hz and 0.5 Hz, 500 pulses) respectively in the stimulus groups. The whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record the resting membrane potential (RMP), action potential (AP), voltage-gated potassium channels current of hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells. The results showed that 20 Hz MS significantly increased the number of APs released and the maximum slope of a single AP, reduced the threshold of AP, half width and time to AP peak amplitude, and improved the excitability of hippocampal neurons. The peak currents of potassium channels were decreased, the inactivation curve of transient outward potassium channels shifted to the left significantly, and the time constant of recovery after inactivation increased significantly. 0.5 Hz MS significantly inhibited neuronal excitability and increased the peak currents of potassium channels, but the dynamic characteristics of potassium channels had little change. The results suggest that the dynamic characteristics of voltage-gated potassium channels and the excitability of hippocampal DG granule neurons may be one of the potential mechanisms of neuromodulation by MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- 晓楠 尹
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室(天津 300130)State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 天津市生物电工与智能健康重点实验室(天津 300130)Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Technology and Intelligent Health, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
| | - 桂芝 徐
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室(天津 300130)State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 天津市生物电工与智能健康重点实验室(天津 300130)Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Technology and Intelligent Health, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
| | - 海军 朱
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室(天津 300130)State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 天津市生物电工与智能健康重点实验室(天津 300130)Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Technology and Intelligent Health, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
| | - 蕊 付
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室(天津 300130)State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 天津市生物电工与智能健康重点实验室(天津 300130)Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Technology and Intelligent Health, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
| | - 洋 李
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室(天津 300130)State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
| | - 冲 丁
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 省部共建电工装备可靠性与智能化国家重点实验室(天津 300130)State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
- 河北工业大学 电气工程学院 天津市生物电工与智能健康重点实验室(天津 300130)Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Technology and Intelligent Health, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P.R.China
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Viudes-Sarrion N, Velasco E, Delicado-Miralles M, Lillo-Navarro C. Static magnetic stimulation in the central nervous system: a systematic review. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:1733-1749. [PMID: 33675004 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the literature on the use of the transcranial static magnetic stimulation (tSMS) technique in humans and animals, its effects on different areas of the central nervous system (CNS), its influence on neural excitability and on the subject's behavior, and its biological effects and future possibilities. All static magnetic field applications that can be considered to have a physiologically similar effect have been reviewed. METHODS We searched studies using key terms in NCBI PubMed, Scopus, PEDro, SciELO, Cochrane, and links to publications (inception to September 2019). Three reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted data, and assessed the methodological quality of the studies using the recommendations described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS We analyzed 27 studies. The reviewed literature suggests that the use of these magnetic fields has an inhibitory effect on different areas of the CNS, such as motor, somatosensory, and visual cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Regarding subject's behavior, the different effects of tSMS appear to be transient and dependent on the stimulated area, such as loss of visual discrimination or improvement of somatosensory perception. In addition, the technique has some therapeutic utility, specifically in pathologies with cortical hyperexcitability. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that tSMS may be a promising tool to modulate cerebral excitability in a safe and non-invasive way. Further investigations could give a better explanation of its precise mechanisms of action and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Viudes-Sarrion
- Área de Fisioterapia. Departamento de Patología y Cirugía, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (CSIC-Universidad Miguel Hernández), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Enrique Velasco
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (CSIC-Universidad Miguel Hernández), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Miguel Delicado-Miralles
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (CSIC-Universidad Miguel Hernández), San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Carmen Lillo-Navarro
- Área de Fisioterapia. Departamento de Patología y Cirugía, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (CSIC-Universidad Miguel Hernández), San Juan de Alicante, Spain.
- CEIT Fisioterapia. UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.
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Ansari AH, Pal A, Ramamurthy A, Kabat M, Jain S, Kumar S. Fibromyalgia Pain and Depression: An Update on the Role of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:256-270. [PMID: 33397091 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia is a musculoskeletal pain of different parts of the body, which is also associated with fatigue, lack of sleep, cognition deficits, family history, gender bias, and other disorders such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is generally initiated after trauma, surgery, infection, or stress. Fibromyalgia often coexists with several other conditions or disorders such as temporomandibular joint disorders, bowel and bladder syndrome, anxiety, depression, headaches, and interstitial cystitis. While there is no permanent cure for fibromyalgia, some interventions are available with multiple side effects. rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation), a noninvasive management strategy is used widely for various pain-related etiologies including fibromyalgia in both the laboratory and clinical settings. In this Review, we discuss the role and mechanism of action of rTMS in fibromyalgia patients and on associated comorbidities including anxiety, pain, depression, neurotransmitter alterations, sleep disorders, and overall quality of life of the patients suffering from this chronic problem. We also provide an update on the rTMS application in the clinical trials of fibromyalgia patients and prospective management therapy for multiple problems that these patients suffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Haque Ansari
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Texila American University, East Bank, Demerara, Guyana, South America
| | - Ajay Pal
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Movement Recovery Laboratory, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Aditya Ramamurthy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Movement Recovery Laboratory, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Maciej Kabat
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Seton Hall University Interprofessional Health Sciences Campus, Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Suman Jain
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Suneel Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Moussavi Z, Rutherford G, Lithgow B, Millikin C, Modirrousta M, Mansouri B, Wang X, Omelan C, Fellows L, Fitzgerald P, Koski L. Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Improving Cognition in Patients With Alzheimer Disease: Protocol for a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e25144. [PMID: 33416500 PMCID: PMC7822717 DOI: 10.2196/25144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer disease has no known cure. As existing pharmacologic interventions only modestly slow cognitive decline, there is a need for new treatments. Recent trials of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have reported encouraging results for improving or stabilizing cognition in patients diagnosed with Alzheimer dementia. However, owing to small samples and lack of a well-controlled double-blind design, the results to date are inconclusive. This paper presents the protocol for a large placebo-controlled double-blind study designed with sufficient statistical rigor to measure the efficacy of rTMS treatment in patients with Alzheimer dementia. Objective The objectives are to (1) recruit and enroll up to 200 eligible participants, (2) estimate the difference in treatment effects between active treatment and sham treatment, (3) estimate the difference in treatment effects between two doses of rTMS applications, (4) estimate the duration of treatment effects among responders to active rTMS treatment, and (5) estimate the effect of dementia severity on treatment outcomes among patients receiving active rTMS treatment. Methods We have designed our study to be a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigating the short- and long-term (up to 6 months) benefits of active rTMS treatment at two doses (10 sessions over 2 weeks and 20 sessions over 4 weeks) compared with sham rTMS treatment. The study will include patients aged ≥55 years who are diagnosed with Alzheimer disease at an early to moderate stage and have no history of seizures and no major depression. The primary outcome measure is the change in the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale score from pretreatment to posttreatment. Secondary outcomes are changes in performance on tests of frontal lobe functioning (Stroop test and verbal fluency), changes in neuropsychiatric symptoms (Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire), and changes in activities of daily living (Alzheimer Disease Co-operative Study-Activities of Daily Living Inventory). Tolerability of the intervention will be assessed using a modification of the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication. We assess participants at baseline and 3, 5, 8, 16, and 24 weeks after the intervention. Results As of November 1, 2020, we have screened 523 individuals, out of which 133 were eligible and have been enrolled. Out of the 133 individuals, 104 have completed the study. Moreover, as of November 1, 2020, there has been no serious adverse event. We anticipate that rTMS will considerably improve cognitive function, with effects lasting up to 3 months. Moreover, we expect rTMS to be a well-tolerated treatment with no serious side effect. Conclusions This protocol design will allow to address both the rTMS active treatment dose and its short- and long-term effects compared with sham treatment in large samples. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02908815; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02908815 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/25144
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Moussavi
- Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Grant Rutherford
- Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Brian Lithgow
- Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Colleen Millikin
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Max Rady College of Medicine, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mandana Modirrousta
- Department of Psychiatry, Max Rady College of Medicine, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Xikui Wang
- Warren Centre for Actuarial Studies and Research, I H Asper School of Business, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Craig Omelan
- Department of Psychiatry, Max Rady College of Medicine, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lesley Fellows
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lisa Koski
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Spontaneous brain activity underlying auditory hallucinations in the hearing-impaired. Cortex 2021; 136:1-13. [PMID: 33450598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Auditory hallucinations, the perception of a sound without a corresponding source, are common in people with hearing impairment. Two forms can be distinguished: simple (i.e., tinnitus) and complex hallucinations (speech and music). Little is known about the precise mechanisms underlying these types of hallucinations. Here we tested the assumption that spontaneous activity in the auditory pathways, following deafferentation, underlies these hallucinations and is related to their phenomenology. By extracting (fractional) Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuation [(f)ALFF] scores from resting state fMRI of 18 hearing impaired patients with complex hallucinations (voices or music), 18 hearing impaired patients with simple hallucinations (tinnitus or murmuring), and 20 controls with normal hearing, we investigated differences in spontaneous brain activity between these groups. Spontaneous activity in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex of hearing-impaired groups was significantly higher than in the controls. The group with complex hallucinations showed elevated activity in the bilateral temporal cortex including Wernicke's area, while spontaneous activity of the group with simple hallucinations was mainly located in the cerebellum. These results suggest a decrease in error monitoring in both hearing-impaired groups. Spontaneous activity of language-related areas only in complex hallucinations suggests that the manifestation of the spontaneous activity represents the phenomenology of the hallucination. The link between cerebellar activity and simple hallucinations, such as tinnitus, is new and may have consequences for treatment.
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Zhou L, Huang X, Li H, Guo R, Wang J, Zhang Y, Lu Z. Rehabilitation effect of rTMS combined with cognitive training on cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:11711-11717. [PMID: 34786098 PMCID: PMC8581933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To innvestigate the rehabilitation effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with cognitive training on cognitive impairment in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) by using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS Clinical data of 166 patients with cognitive impairment after TBI were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were assigned into an observation group and a control group according to different treatment methods, with 83 cases in each group. The observation group was given rTMS + cognitive training, and the control group was given cognitive training only. The changes in GCS score, the Cho/Cr, Cho/NAA and NAA/Cr ratios examined by MRSI, the score of cognitive impairment, the grading of cognitive impairment, and the changes in modified Barthel index were observed and compared between the two groups. RESULTS The GCS score, and the ratios of Cho/Cr, Cho/NAA and NAA/Cr after treatment were better than those before treatment in both groups and were lower in the observation group compared with the control group (all P<0.05). The score and grading of cognitive impairment as well as modified Barthel index after treatment were all significantly better in the observation group than in the control group (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION rTMS can improve the rehabilitation effect on cognitive impairment in patients after TBI and is recommended for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuming Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ruomi Guo
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jihui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineGuangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Hett D, Marwaha S. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2020; 10:2045125320973790. [PMID: 33282175 PMCID: PMC7682206 DOI: 10.1177/2045125320973790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a debilitating mood disorder marked by manic, hypomanic and/or mixed or depressive episodes. It affects approximately 1-2% of the population and is linked to high rates of suicide, functional impairment and poorer quality of life. Presently, treatment options for BD are limited. There is a strong evidence base for pharmacological (e.g., lithium) and psychological (e.g., psychoeducation) treatments; however, both of these pose challenges for treatment outcomes (e.g., non-response, side-effects, limited access). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, is a recommended treatment for unipolar depression, but it is unclear whether rTMS is an effective, safe and well tolerated treatment in people with BD. This article reviews the extant literature on the use of rTMS to treat BD across different mood states. We found 34 studies in total (N = 611 patients), with most assessing bipolar depression (n = 26), versus bipolar mania (n = 5), mixed state bipolar (n = 2) or those not in a current affective episode (n = 1). Across all studies, there appears to be a detectable signal of efficacy for rTMS treatment, as most studies report that rTMS treatment reduced bipolar symptoms. Importantly, within the randomised controlled trial (RCT) study designs, most reported that rTMS was not superior to sham in the treatment of bipolar depression. However, these RCTs are based on small samples (NBD ⩽ 52). Reported side effects of rTMS in BD include headache, dizziness and sleep problems. Ten studies (N = 14 patients) reported cases of affective switching; however, no clear pattern of potential risk factors for affective switching emerged. Future adequately powered, sham-controlled trials are needed to establish the ideal rTMS treatment parameters to help better determine the efficacy of rTMS for the treatment of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hett
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- National Centre for Mental Health, Birmingham, UK
| | - Steven Marwaha
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
- National Centre for Mental Health, Birmingham, UK
- Specialist Mood Disorders Clinic, Zinnia Centre, Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Thomson AC, Kenis G, Tielens S, de Graaf TA, Schuhmann T, Rutten BP, Sack AT. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Induced Plasticity Mechanisms: TMS-Related Gene Expression and Morphology Changes in a Human Neuron-Like Cell Model. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:528396. [PMID: 33192288 PMCID: PMC7604533 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.528396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation, used to alter cortical excitability both in research and clinical applications. The intermittent and continuous Theta Burst Stimulation (iTBS and cTBS) protocols have been shown to induce opposite after-effects on human cortex excitability. Animal studies have implicated synaptic plasticity mechanisms long-term potentiation (LTP, for iTBS) and depression (LTD, for cTBS). However, the neural basis of TMS effects has not yet been studied in human neuronal cells, in particular at the level of gene expression and synaptogenesis. To investigate responses to TBS in living human neurons, we differentiated human SH-SY5Y cells toward a mature neural phenotype, and stimulated them with iTBS, cTBS, or sham (placebo) TBS. Changes in (a) mRNA expression of a set of target genes (previously associated with synaptic plasticity), and (b) morphological parameters of neurite outgrowth following TBS were quantified. We found no general effects of stimulation condition or time on gene expression, though we did observe a significantly enhanced expression of plasticity genes NTRK2 and MAPK9 24 h after iTBS as compared to sham TBS. This specific effect provides unique support for the widely assumed plasticity mechanisms underlying iTBS effects on human cortex excitability. In addition to this protocol-specific increase in plasticity gene expression 24 h after iTBS stimulation, we establish the feasibility of stimulating living human neuron with TBS, and the importance of moving to more complex human in vitro models to understand the underlying plasticity mechanisms of TBS stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix C. Thomson
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre (MBIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Tielens
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tom A. de Graaf
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre (MBIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Teresa Schuhmann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre (MBIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bart P.F. Rutten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Alexander T. Sack
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Centre (MBIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Cermak S, Meng Q, Peng K, Baldwin S, Mejías-Aponte CA, Yang Y, Lu H. Focal transcranial magnetic stimulation in awake rats: Enhanced glucose uptake in deep cortical layers. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 339:108709. [PMID: 32259609 PMCID: PMC8917821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an emerging neuromodulation tool. However, preclinical models of TMS are limited. OBJECTIVE To develop a method for performing TMS in awake rats and to characterize neuronal response to TMS by mapping glucose uptake following TMS administration. METHODS A headpost was implanted into rat skull serving as a refence to guide TMS target. Motor threshold measurement was used as the metric to assess the consistency in TMS delivery across animals and across sessions. Using a fluorescent glucose analogue (2-NBDG) as a marker of neuronal activity, we mapped glucose uptake in response to TMS of the rat motor cortex. RESULTS The average motor threshold (n = 41) was 34.6 ± 6.3 % of maximum stimulator output (MSO). The variability of motor threshold across animals was similar to what has been reported in human studies. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in motor threshold measured across 3 separate days. Enhancement in fluorescent signals were TMS dose (power)-dependent, which centered around the motor cortex, covering an area medial-laterally 2 mm, rostral-caudally 4 mm at 55 % MSO, and 3 mm at 35 % MSO. The count of total cells with significant fluorescent signal was: 107 ± 23 (55 % MSO), 73 ± 11 (35 % MSO) and 42 ± 11 (sham, 5% MSO). CONCLUSIONS Our method allows for consistent motor threshold assessment for longitudinal studies. Notably, cells with fluorescent signal enhancement were consistently aggregated in deep cortical layers, with minimal enhancement in superficial layers COMPARISONS WITH EXISTING METHOD(S): To our knowledge, this is the first study of focal TMS in awake rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Cermak
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Histology Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Qinglei Meng
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Histology Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Kevin Peng
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Histology Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Simone Baldwin
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Histology Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Carlos A Mejías-Aponte
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Histology Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Histology Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Hanbing Lu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Histology Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Pfeiffer F, Benali A. Could non-invasive brain-stimulation prevent neuronal degeneration upon ion channel re-distribution and ion accumulation after demyelination? Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1977-1980. [PMID: 32394944 PMCID: PMC7716036 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.282234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast and efficient transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system is mediated through myelinated nerve fibers. In neuronal diseases such as multiple sclerosis, the conduction properties of axons are disturbed by the removal of the myelin sheath, leaving nerve cells at a higher risk of degenerating. In some cases, the protective myelin sheath of axons can be rebuilt by remyelination through oligodendroglial cells. In any case, however, changes in the ion channel organization occur and may help to restore impulse conduction after demyelination. On the other hand, changes in ion channel distribution may increase the energy demand of axons, thereby increasing the probability of axonal degeneration. Many attempts have been made or discussed in recent years to increase remyelination of affected axons in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. These approaches range from pharmacological treatments that reduce inflammatory processes or block ion channels to the modulation of neuronal activity through electrical cortical stimulation. However, these treatments either affect the entire organism (pharmacological) or exert a very local effect (electrodes). Current results show that neuronal activity is a strong regulator of oligodendroglial development. To bridge the gap between global and very local treatments, non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation could be considered. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is externally applied to brain areas and experiments with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation show that the neuronal activity can be modulated depending on the stimulation parameters in both humans and animals. In this review, we discuss the possibilities of influencing ion channel distribution and increasing neuronal activity by transcranial magnetic stimulation as well as the effect of this modulation on oligodendroglial cells and their capacity to remyelinate previously demyelinated axons. Although the physiological mechanisms underlying the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation clearly need further investigations, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation may be a promising approach for non-invasive neuronal modulation aiming at enhancing remyelination and thus reducing neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Pfeiffer
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alia Benali
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN); Section for Computational Sensomotorics, Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Moretti J, Poh EZ, Rodger J. rTMS-Induced Changes in Glutamatergic and Dopaminergic Systems: Relevance to Cocaine and Methamphetamine Use Disorders. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:137. [PMID: 32210744 PMCID: PMC7068681 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder and methamphetamine use disorder are chronic, relapsing disorders with no US Food and Drug Administration-approved interventions. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation tool that has been increasingly investigated as a possible therapeutic intervention for substance use disorders. rTMS may have the ability to induce beneficial neuroplasticity in abnormal circuits and networks in individuals with addiction. The aim of this review is to highlight the rationale and potential for rTMS to treat cocaine and methamphetamine dependence: we synthesize the outcomes of studies in healthy humans and animal models to identify and understand the neurobiological mechanisms of rTMS that seem most involved in addiction, focusing on the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems. rTMS-induced changes to neurotransmitter systems include alterations to striatal dopamine release and metabolite levels, as well as to glutamate transporter and receptor expression, which may be relevant for ameliorating the aberrant plasticity observed in individuals with substance use disorders. We also discuss the clinical studies that have used rTMS in humans with cocaine and methamphetamine use disorders. Many such studies suggest changes in network connectivity following acute rTMS, which may underpin reduced craving following chronic rTMS. We suggest several possible future directions for research relating to the therapeutic potential of rTMS in addiction that would help fill current gaps in the literature. Such research would apply rTMS to animal models of addiction, developing a translational pipeline that would guide evidence-based rTMS treatment of cocaine and methamphetamine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Moretti
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Eugenia Z Poh
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Weiler M, Stieger KC, Long JM, Rapp PR. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Alzheimer's Disease: Are We Ready? eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0235-19.2019. [PMID: 31848209 PMCID: PMC6948923 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0235-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is among a growing family of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques being developed to treat multiple neurocognitive disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although small clinical trials in AD have reported positive effects on cognitive outcome measures, significant knowledge gaps remain, and little attention has been directed at examining the potential influence of TMS on AD pathogenesis. Our review briefly outlines some of the proposed neurobiological mechanisms of TMS benefits in AD, with particular emphasis on the modulatory effects on excitatory/inhibitory balance. On the basis of converging evidence from multiple fields, we caution that TMS therapeutic protocols established in young adults may have unexpected detrimental effects in older individuals or in the brain compromised by AD pathology. Our review surveys clinical studies of TMS in AD alongside basic research as a guide for moving this important area of work forward toward effective treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Weiler
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Kevin C Stieger
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Jeffrey M Long
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Peter R Rapp
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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Chen J, Zhou XJ, Sun RB. Effect of the combination of high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation and neurotropin on injured sciatic nerve regeneration in rats. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:145-151. [PMID: 31535663 PMCID: PMC6862395 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.264461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive magnetic stimulation is effective for treating posttraumatic neuropathies following spinal or axonal injury. Neurotropin is a potential treatment for nerve injuries like demyelinating diseases. This study sought to observe the effects of high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation, neurotropin and their combined use in the treatment of peripheral nerve injury in 32 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. To create a sciatic nerve injury model, a 10 mm-nerve segment of the left sciatic nerve was cut and rotated through 180° and each end restored continuously with interrupted sutures. The rats were randomly divided into four groups. The control group received only a reversed autograft in the left sciatic nerve with no treatment. In the high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation group, peripheral high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation treatment (20 Hz, 20 min/d) was delivered for 10 consecutive days after auto-grafting. In the neurotropin group, neurotropin therapy (0.96 NU/kg per day) was administrated for 10 consecutive days after surgery. In the combined group, the combination of peripheral high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation (20 Hz, 20 min/d) and neurotropin (0.96 NU/kg per day) was given for 10 consecutive days after the operation. The Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale was used to assess the behavioral recovery of the injured nerve. The sciatic functional index was used to evaluate the recovery of motor functions. Toluidine blue staining was performed to determine the number of myelinated fibers in the distal and proximal grafts. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to detect the length of axons marked by neurofilament 200. Our results reveal that the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores, sciatic functional index, the number of myelinated fibers in distal and proximal grafts were higher and axon lengths were longer in the high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation, neurotropin and combined groups compared with the control group. These measures were not significantly different among the high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation, neurotropin and combined groups. Therefore, our results suggest that peripheral high-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulation or neurotropin can promote the repair of injured sciatic nerves, but their combined use seems to offer no significant advantage. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China on December 23, 2014 (approval No. 2014keyan002-01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xian-Ju Zhou
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province; Department of Neurology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rong-Bin Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Simultaneous quantification of dopamine, serotonin, their metabolites and amino acids by LC-MS/MS in mouse brain following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhu H, Xu G, Fu L, Li Y, Fu R, Zhao D, Ding C. The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the cognition and neuronal excitability of mice. Electromagn Biol Med 2019; 39:9-19. [DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2019.1696358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Guizhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingdi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Rui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongshuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Chong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
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Bertucci C, Koppes R, Dumont C, Koppes A. Neural responses to electrical stimulation in 2D and 3D in vitro environments. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:265-284. [PMID: 31323281 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation (ES) to manipulate the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) has been explored for decades, recently gaining momentum as bioelectronic medicine advances. The application of ES in vitro to modulate a variety of cellular functions, including regenerative potential, migration, and stem cell fate, are being explored to aid neural degeneration, dysfunction, and injury. This review describes the materials and approaches for the application of ES to the PNS and CNS microenvironments, towards an improved understanding of how ES can be harnessed for beneficial clinical applications. Emphasized are some recent advances in ES, including conductive polymers, methods of charge transfer, impact on neural cells, and a brief overview of alternative methodologies for cellular targeting including magneto, ultrasonic, and optogenetic stimulation. This review will examine how heterogenous cell populations, including neurons, glia, and neural stem cells respond to a wide range of conductive 2D and 3D substrates, stimulation regimes, known mechanisms of response, and how cellular sources impact the response to ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bertucci
- Northeastern University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
| | - Ryan Koppes
- Northeastern University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
| | - Courtney Dumont
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, United States.
| | - Abigail Koppes
- Northeastern University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Boston, MA, 02115, United States; Department of Biology, Boston, 02115, MA, United States.
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Frequency-specific effects of low-intensity rTMS can persist for up to 2 weeks post-stimulation: A longitudinal rs-fMRI/MRS study in rats. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:1526-1536. [PMID: 31296402 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive neuromodulation technique, alters resting brain activity. Despite anecdotal evidence that rTMS effects wear off, there are no reports of longitudinal studies, even in humans, mapping the therapeutic duration of rTMS effects. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated the longitudinal effects of repeated low-intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS) on healthy rodent resting-state networks (RSNs) using resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) and on sensorimotor cortical neurometabolite levels using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats received 10 min LI-rTMS daily for 15 days (10 Hz or 1 Hz stimulation, n = 9 per group). MRI data were acquired at baseline, after seven days and after 14 days of daily stimulation and at two more timepoints up to three weeks post-cessation of daily stimulation. RESULTS 10 Hz stimulation increased RSN connectivity and GABA, glutamine, and glutamate levels. 1 Hz stimulation had opposite but subtler effects, resulting in decreased RSN connectivity and glutamine levels. The induced changes decreased to baseline levels within seven days following stimulation cessation in the 10 Hz group but were sustained for at least 14 days in the 1 Hz group. CONCLUSION Overall, our study provides evidence of long-term frequency-specific effects of LI-rTMS. Additionally, the transient connectivity changes following 10 Hz stimulation suggest that current treatment protocols involving this frequency may require ongoing "top-up" stimulation sessions to maintain therapeutic effects.
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Duret G, Polali S, Anderson ED, Bell AM, Tzouanas CN, Avants BW, Robinson JT. Magnetic Entropy as a Proposed Gating Mechanism for Magnetogenetic Ion Channels. Biophys J 2019; 116:454-468. [PMID: 30665695 PMCID: PMC6369444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetically sensitive ion channels would allow researchers to better study how specific brain cells affect behavior in freely moving animals; however, recent reports of "magnetogenetic" ion channels based on biogenic ferritin nanoparticles have been questioned because known biophysical mechanisms cannot explain experimental observations. Here, we reproduce a weak magnetically mediated calcium response in HEK cells expressing a previously published TRPV4-ferritin fusion protein. We find that this magnetic sensitivity is attenuated when we reduce the temperature sensitivity of the channel but not when we reduce the mechanical sensitivity of the channel, suggesting that the magnetic sensitivity of this channel is thermally mediated. As a potential mechanism for this thermally mediated magnetic response, we propose that changes in the magnetic entropy of the ferritin particle can generate heat via the magnetocaloric effect and consequently gate the associated temperature-sensitive ion channel. Unlike other forms of magnetic heating, the magnetocaloric mechanism can cool magnetic particles during demagnetization. To test this prediction, we constructed a magnetogenetic channel based on the cold-sensitive TRPM8 channel. Our observation of a magnetic response in cold-gated channels is consistent with the magnetocaloric hypothesis. Together, these new data and our proposed mechanism of action provide additional resources for understanding how ion channels could be activated by low-frequency magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Duret
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Sruthi Polali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas; Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Erin D Anderson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - A Martin Bell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas; Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Benjamin W Avants
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Jacob T Robinson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas; Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, Texas; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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Wang Y, Fang K, He S, Fan Y, Yu J, Zhang X. Effects of repetitive magnetic stimulation on the growth of primarily cultured hippocampus neurons in vitro and their expression of iron-containing enzymes. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:927-934. [PMID: 31114204 PMCID: PMC6489628 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s199328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mechanism of action of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) involves the generation of neuronal and action potentials utilizing induced currents in time-varying magnetic fields. However, the long-lasting and effective biological impact of magnetic stimulation does not appear to be completely explained by the transient magnetic field pulses. In this context, we hypothesized magnetic stimulation may affect the expression of iron-containing enzymes in neurons, mediating the long-lasting biological effects associated with this stimulus. Methods: Primarily cultured hippocampus neurons from SD rats were used as the cell model in this study. These were randomly divided into control, sham, and magnetic stimulation groups to probe into the effect of the magnetic field directly. The latter group received 40%, 60%, and 100% maximal stimulator output Tesla (1.68, 2.52, and 4.2 T) with low-frequency rTMS (1 Hz). The expression of iron-containing enzymes (catalase and aconitase) and non-ferrous enzymes (protein kinase A) was measured with Western blotting and ELISA. Results: The survival rates of neurons in the 40%T and 60%T groups were significantly increased in comparison to the controls (P<0.05), while those in the 100%T group showed cell damage, with slightly disturbed neurite connections and decreased survival rate. Furthermore, catalase and aconitase expression was higher in all of the stimulated groups in comparison to controls (P<0.05). On the other hand, the expression of the iron-containing enzymes decreased in the 100%T group in comparison with the 40%T and 60%T groups (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the expression of protein kinase A was not significantly increased in the groups which underwent magnetic stimulation. Conclusion: rTMS may increase the expression of ferrous enzymes but does not have a strong effect on non-ferrous enzymes. Excessive intensity of magnetic stimulation may reduce neuronal survival rate and affect the expression of iron-containing enzymes. The mechanism underlying the lasting effect of rTMS may be related to the increase of ferriferous expression induced by magnetic stimulation, with a clear correlation with stimulation intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewei Fang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijia He
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Fan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juming Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Prefrontal cortex rTMS reverses behavioral impairments and differentially activates c-Fos in a mouse model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:87-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Shin SS, Krishnan V, Stokes W, Robertson C, Celnik P, Chen Y, Song X, Lu H, Liu P, Pelled G. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and environmental enrichment enhances cortical excitability and functional outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Brain Stimul 2018; 11:1306-1313. [PMID: 30082198 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic strategies for traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the last three decades have failed to show significant benefit in large scale studies. Given the multitude of pathological mechanisms involved in TBI, strategies focusing on multimodality regimen have gained interest as promising future interventions. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that combining noninvasive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with rehabilitative training in an environmental enrichment (EE) can facilitate post-TBI recovery in rats via cortical excitability and reorganization. METHODS We subjected rats to controlled cortical impact, and then assigned them to one of four groups: 1. No treatments (TBI), 2. EE after injury (TBI + EE), 3. TMS for one week (TBI + TMS), and 4. TMS for one week combined with EE (TBI + TMS/EE). For TMS, a 10 Hz repetitive TMS protocol was used. RESULTS At 7 days, TBI + TMS and TBI + TMS/EE groups had significantly increased primary somatosensory cortex local field potential (LFP) compared to TBI and TBI + EE groups (P < 0.05). Also, TBI + TMS/EE group had significantly improved performance on beam walk test compared to TBI group (P < 0.005). At 6 weeks, there was significantly higher response in TBI + TMS/EE group compared to TBI + TMS for somatosensory cortex LFP (P < 0.05), bicep motor evoked potentials (MEP) (P < 0.05), challenge ladder test performance (P < 0.01), and fMRI responses to tactile forepaw stimulation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate here for the first time the mechanism by which combined therapy using TMS and EE after TBI leads to functional improvement, possibly via cortical excitability and reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Shin
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vijai Krishnan
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; The Institute of Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - William Stokes
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Courtney Robertson
- Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pablo Celnik
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yanrong Chen
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaolei Song
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peiying Liu
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Galit Pelled
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; The Institute of Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Diana M, Raij T, Melis M, Nummenmaa A, Leggio L, Bonci A. Rehabilitating the addicted brain with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:685-693. [PMID: 28951609 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In spite of considerable advances in understanding the neural underpinnings of SUDs, therapeutic options remain limited. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as an innovative, safe and cost-effective treatment for some SUDs. Repetitive TMS (rTMS) influences neural activity in the short and long term by mechanisms involving neuroplasticity both locally, under the stimulating coil, and at the network level, throughout the brain. The long-term neurophysiological changes induced by rTMS have the potential to affect behaviours relating to drug craving, intake and relapse. Here, we review TMS mechanisms and evidence that rTMS is opening new avenues in addiction treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Diana
- 'G. Minardi' Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Tommi Raij
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Center for Brain Stimulation, the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and the Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Miriam Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Aapo Nummenmaa
- Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)/Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)/Harvard Medical School (HMS) Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research (NIAAA DICBR) and US National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program (NIDA IRP), NIH (National Institutes of Health), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; and at the Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Antonello Bonci
- US National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program (NIDA IRP); and at the Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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50
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Soundara Rajan T, Ghilardi MFM, Wang HY, Mazzon E, Bramanti P, Restivo D, Quartarone A. Mechanism of Action for rTMS: A Working Hypothesis Based on Animal Studies. Front Physiol 2017; 8:457. [PMID: 28713286 PMCID: PMC5491851 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments in rodents have elucidated some of the molecular mechanisms underlying repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). These studies may be useful in a translational perspective so that future TMS studies in rodents can closely match human TMS protocols designed for therapeutic purposes. In the present work we will review the effects of rTMS on glutamate neurotransmission which in turn induce persistent changes in synaptic activity. In particular, we will focus on the role of NMDA and non-NMDA transmission and on the permissive role of BDNF-TrKB interaction in the rTMS induced after-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavelu Soundara Rajan
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo (IRCCS)Messina, Italy
| | - Maria F M Ghilardi
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Sophie Davis School for Biomedical Education at City College of New York, City University of New YorkNew York, NY, United States.,The Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, NYU Langone Medical CenterNew York, NY, United States
| | - Hoau-Yan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Sophie Davis School for Biomedical Education at City College of New York, City University of New YorkNew York, NY, United States
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo (IRCCS)Messina, Italy
| | - Placido Bramanti
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo (IRCCS)Messina, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Quartarone
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo (IRCCS)Messina, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
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