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Taiaroa G, Chibo D, Herman S, Taouk ML, Gooey M, D'Costa J, Sameer R, Richards N, Lee E, Macksabo L, Higgins N, Price DJ, Jen Low S, Steinig E, Martin GE, Moso MA, Caly L, Prestedge J, Fairley CK, Chow EP, Chen MY, Duchene S, Hocking JS, Lewin SR, Williamson DA. Characterising HIV-1 transmission in Victoria, Australia: a molecular epidemiological study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2024; 47:101103. [PMID: 38953059 PMCID: PMC11215101 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Background In Australia the incidence of HIV has declined steadily, yet sustained reduction of HIV transmission in this setting requires improved public health responses. As enhanced public health responses and prioritisation of resources may be guided by molecular epidemiological data, here we aimed to assess the applicability of these approaches in Victoria, Australia. Methods A comprehensive collection of HIV-1 pol sequences from individuals diagnosed with HIV in Victoria, Australia, between January 1st 2000 and December 31st 2020 were deidentified and used as the basis of our assessment. These sequences were subtyped and surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRMs) identified, before definition of transmission groups was performed using HIV-TRACE (0.4.4). Phylodynamic methods were applied using BEAST (2.6.6), assessing effective reproductive numbers for large groups, and additional demographic data were integrated to provide a high resolution view of HIV transmission in Victoria on a decadal time scale. Findings Based on standard settings for HIV-TRACE, 70% (2438/3507) of analysed HIV-1 pol sequences were readily assigned to a transmission group. Individuals in transmission groups were more commonly males (aOR 1.50), those born in Australia (aOR 2.13), those with probable place of acquisition as Victoria (aOR 6.73), and/or those reporting injectable drug use (aOR 2.13). SDRMs were identified in 375 patients (10.7%), with sustained transmission of these limited to a subset of smaller groups. Informative patterns of epidemic growth, stabilisation, and decline were observed; many transmission groups showed effective reproductive numbers (R e ) values reaching greater than 4.0, representing considerable epidemic growth, while others maintained low R e values. Interpretation This study provides a high resolution view of HIV transmission in Victoria, Australia, and highlights the potential of molecular epidemiology to guide and enhance public health responses in this setting. This informs ongoing discussions with community groups on the acceptability and place of molecular epidemiological approaches in Australia. Funding National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Taiaroa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Doris Chibo
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sophie Herman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mona L. Taouk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan Gooey
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jodie D'Costa
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rizmina Sameer
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Richards
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elaine Lee
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lydya Macksabo
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nasra Higgins
- Victorian Department of Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J. Price
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Soo Jen Low
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eike Steinig
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Genevieve E. Martin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A. Moso
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leon Caly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Prestedge
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher K. Fairley
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Eric P.F. Chow
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Marcus Y. Chen
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Sebastian Duchene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane S. Hocking
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deborah A. Williamson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Obeng BM, Kelleher AD, Di Giallonardo F. Molecular epidemiology to aid virtual elimination of HIV transmission in Australia. Virus Res 2024; 341:199310. [PMID: 38185332 PMCID: PMC10825322 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The Global UNAIDS 95/95/95 targets aim to increase the percentage of persons who know their HIV status, receive antiretroviral therapy, and have achieved viral suppression. Achieving these targets requires efforts to improve the public health response to increase access to care for those living with HIV, identify those yet undiagnosed with HIV early, and increase access to prevention for those most at risk of HIV acquisition. HIV infections in Australia are among the lowest globally having recorded significant declines in new diagnoses in the last decade. However, the HIV epidemic has changed with an increasing proportion of newly diagnosed infections among those born outside Australia observed in the last five years. Thus, the current prevention efforts are not enough to achieve the UNAIDS targets and virtual elimination across all population groups. We believe both are possible by including molecular epidemiology in the public health response. Molecular epidemiology methods have been crucial in the field of HIV prevention, particularly in demonstrating the efficacy of treatment as prevention. Cluster detection using molecular epidemiology can provide opportunities for the real-time detection of new outbreaks before they grow, and cluster detection programs are now part of the public health response in the USA and Canada. Here, we review what molecular epidemiology has taught us about HIV evolution and spread. We summarize how we can use this knowledge to improve public health measures by presenting case studies from the USA and Canada. We discuss the successes and challenges of current public health programs in Australia, and how we could use cluster detection as an add-on to identify gaps in current prevention measures easier and respond quicker to growing clusters. Lastly, we raise important ethical and legal challenges that need to be addressed when HIV genotypic data is used in combination with personal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billal M Obeng
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Jenkins F, Le T, Farhat R, Pinto A, Anzari A, Bonsall D, Golubchik T, Bowden R, Lee FJ, van Hal SJ. Validation of an HIV whole genome sequencing method for HIV drug resistance testing in an Australian clinical microbiology laboratory. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29273. [PMID: 38050831 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Detection of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) is vital to successful anti-retroviral therapy (ART). HIVDR testing to determine drug-resistance mutations is routinely performed in Australia to guide ART choice in newly diagnosed people living with HIV or in cases of treatment failure. In 2022, our clinical microbiology laboratory sought to validate a next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based HIVDR assay to replace the previous Sanger-sequencing (SS)-based ViroSeq. NGS solutions for HIVDR offer higher throughput, lower costs and higher sensitivity for variant detection. We sought to validate the previously described low-cost probe-based NGS method (veSEQ-HIV) for whole-genome recovery and HIVDR-testing in a diagnostic setting. veSEQ-HIV displayed 100% and 98% accuracy in major and minor mutation detection, respectively, and 100% accuracy of subtyping (provided > 1000 mapped reads were obtained). Pairwise comparison exhibited low inter-and intrarun variability across the whole-genome (Jaccard index [J] = 0.993; J = 0.972) and the Pol gene (J = 0.999; J = 0.999), respectively. veSEQ-HIV met all our pre-set criteria based on WHO recommendations and successfully replaced ViroSeq in our laboratory. Scaling-down veSEQ-HIV to a limited batch size and sequencing on Illumina iSeq. 100, allowed easy implementation of the assay into the workflow of a small sequencing laboratory with minimal staff and equipment and the ability to meet clinically relevant test turn-around times. As HIVDR-testing moves from SS- to NGS-based methods and new ART drugs come to market (particularly those with targets outside the Pol region), whole-genome recovery using veSEQ-HIV provides a robust, cost-effective and "future-proof" NGS method for HIVDR-testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Jenkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas Le
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rima Farhat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Angie Pinto
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Azim Anzari
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Bonsall
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tanya Golubchik
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rory Bowden
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Advanced Genomics Facility, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frederick J Lee
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sebastiaan J van Hal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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SeyedAlinaghi S, Afsahi AM, Moradi A, Parmoon Z, Habibi P, Mirzapour P, Dashti M, Ghasemzadeh A, Karimi E, Sanaati F, Hamedi Z, Molla A, Mehraeen E, Dadras O. Current ART, determinants for virologic failure and implications for HIV drug resistance: an umbrella review. AIDS Res Ther 2023; 20:74. [PMID: 37884997 PMCID: PMC10604802 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-023-00572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence of determinants for virologic failure and to identify predisposing factors to enhance treatment efficacy. Tackling this global public health issue is the key to reducing the rate of virological failure and increasing the success of treatment for those living with HIV. METHODS This umbrella review delves into various aspects of current anti-retroviral therapy (ART) which is the primary treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Comprehensive searches were conducted in online databases including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, up to May 26, 2023. Following the screening and selection of relevant articles, eligible articles were included in the data extraction. This study adhered to the PRISMA guideline to report the results and employed the NIH quality and bias risk assessment tool to ensure the quality of included studies. RESULTS In total, 40 review studies published from 2015 to 2023 were included. The bulk of these studies concurred on several major factors contributing to HIV drug resistance and virological failure. Key among these were medication adherence, baseline and therapeutic CD4 levels, the presence of co-infections, and the advanced clinical stage of the infection. CONCLUSION The resistance to HIV drugs and instances of determinants for virologic failure have a profound impact on the life quality of those infected with HIV. Primary contributors to this scenario include insufficient adherence to treatment, decreased CD4 T-cell count, elevated viral levels, and certain treatment regimens. Implementing appropriate interventions could address these issues. Sub-Saharan Africa exhibits elevated rates of determinants for virologic failure, attributed to the delay in HIV testing and diagnosis, and late initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). It is essential to undertake further research aimed at enhancing the detection of resistance in HIV patients and mitigating viral failure by addressing these underlying causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Masoud Afsahi
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ali Moradi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohal Parmoon
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pedram Habibi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Mirzapour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Dashti
- Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elaheh Karimi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Foziye Sanaati
- School of Nursing and Allied Medical Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Zahra Hamedi
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayoob Molla
- School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mehraeen
- Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, 5681761351, Iran.
| | - Omid Dadras
- Bergen Addiction Research, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Martín-Roldán DS, Díaz-Calzadilla P, Soto-Zárate A, Calzadilla-Núñez A, Díaz-Narváez VP. [Trends in the incidence of the human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus in Chile, by age and gender 2010-2017]. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 2023; 21:506-512. [PMID: 36753201 DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v21n5.80949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVE To determine the trends in the incidence of contagion by the HIV in Chile, according to age and gender, for the period 2010-2017. METHODS Analysis from the database of confirmed HIV positive diagnosis cases. HIV incidence rates were made from HIV-confirmed cases adjusted for year, age, and sex, with population denominators from the INE. A general and specific trend analysis was performed using regression equations. RESULTS There is a trend to increase in HIV incidence rates in the study period. 36.48% of the reported cases correspond to the male sex between 20-29 years, group with the highest incidence in the period. The estimated regression equations effectively increase more steadily in the male and young population. CONCLUSIONS There are deficit informative and educational factors in HIV prevention in the Chilean population. Despite the strong progression of new cases, the diagnostic gap of people living with HIV who are unaware of their health remains to be consolidated. Gaps were identified between recommendations, public policies and the Chilean results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- David San Martín-Roldán
- DS: Lic. Obstetricia y Puericultura. M. Sc. Salud Pública y Planificación Sanitaria. Profesor auxiliar. Escuela de Obstetricia y Puericultura. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso. Valparaíso, Chile.
| | | | - Anthara Soto-Zárate
- AS: Lic. Obstetricia y Matronería. Hospital Regional de Copiapó San José del Carmen. Copiapó, Chile.
| | - Aracelis Calzadilla-Núñez
- AC: MD. Psiquiatra Infantil y del Adolescente. Facultad de Salud. Universidad Bernardo OHiggins. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma de Chile. Santiago, Chile.
| | - Víctor P Díaz-Narváez
- VD: Lic. Ciencias Biológicas Ph. D. Ciencias Biológicas en Genética Poblacional Humana. Profesor Investigador. Facultad de Odontología. Universidad Andres Bello. Santiago. Chile. ;
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CRF07_BC is associated with slow HIV disease progression in Chinese patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3773. [PMID: 35260599 PMCID: PMC8904811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV subtypes convey important epidemiological information and possibly influence the rate of disease progression. In this study, HIV disease progression in patients infected with CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, and subtype B was compared in the largest HIV molecular epidemiology study ever done in China. A national data set of HIV pol sequences was assembled by pooling sequences from public databases and the Beijing HIV laboratory network. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with the risk of AIDS at diagnosis ([AIDSAD], defined as a CD4 count < 200 cells/µL) in patients with HIV subtype B, CRF01_AE, and CRF07_BC. Of the 20,663 sequences, 9,156 (44.3%) were CRF01_AE. CRF07_BC was responsible for 28.3% of infections, followed by B (13.9%). In multivariable analysis, the risk of AIDSAD differed significantly according to HIV subtype (OR for CRF07_BC vs. B: 0.46, 95% CI 0.39─0.53), age (OR for ≥ 65 years vs. < 18 years: 4.3 95% CI 1.81─11.8), and transmission risk groups (OR for men who have sex with men vs. heterosexuals: 0.67 95% CI 0.6─0.75). These findings suggest that HIV diversity in China is constantly evolving and gaining in complexity. CRF07_BC is less pathogenic than subtype B, while CRF01_AE is as pathogenic as B.
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Gartland M, Arnoult E, Foley BT, Lataillade M, Ackerman P, Llamoso C, Krystal M. Prevalence of gp160 polymorphisms known to be related to decreased susceptibility to temsavir in different subtypes of HIV-1 in the Los Alamos National Laboratory HIV Sequence Database. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:2958-2964. [PMID: 34297843 PMCID: PMC8561262 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fostemsavir, a prodrug of the gp120-directed attachment inhibitor temsavir, is indicated for use in heavily treatment-experienced individuals with MDR HIV-1. Reduced susceptibility to temsavir in the clinic maps to discrete changes at amino acid positions in gp160: S375, M426, M434 and M475. Objectives To query the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) HIV Sequence Database for the prevalence of polymorphisms at gp160 positions of interest. Methods Full-length gp160 sequences (N = 7560) were queried for amino acid polymorphisms relative to the subtype B consensus at positions of interest; frequencies were reported for all sequences and among subtypes/circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) with ≥10 isolates in the database. Results Among 239 subtypes in the database, the 5 most prevalent were B (n = 2651, 35.1%), C (n = 1626, 21.5%), CRF01_AE (n = 674, 8.9%), A1 (n = 273, 3.6%) and CRF02_AG (n = 199, 2.6%). Among all 7560 sequences, the most prevalent amino acids at positions of interest (S375, 73.5%; M426, 82.1%; M434, 88.2%; M475, 89.9%) were the same as the subtype B consensus. Specific polymorphisms with the potential to decrease temsavir susceptibility (S375H/I/M/N/T/Y, M426L/P, M434I/K and M475I) were found in <10% of isolates of subtypes D, G, A6, BC, F1, CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC, 02A, CRF06_cpx, F2, 02G and 02B. S375H and M475I were predominant among CRF01_AE (S375H, 99.3%; M475I, 76.3%; consistent with previously reported low temsavir susceptibility of this CRF) and 01B (S375H, 71.7%; M475I, 49.5%). Conclusions Analysis of the LANL HIV Sequence Database found a low prevalence of gp160 amino acid polymorphisms with the potential to reduce temsavir susceptibility overall and among most of the common subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Gartland
- ViiV Healthcare, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Eric Arnoult
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Brian T Foley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, T-6 Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Mail Stop K710, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Max Lataillade
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | - Peter Ackerman
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | - Cyril Llamoso
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | - Mark Krystal
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA
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The Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Neurocognitive Outcomes Among People Living with HIV in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs): A Systematic Review. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:492-523. [PMID: 32851562 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-03008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Low and middle-income countries (LMICs) are the epicenter of the HIV epidemic. The scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced mortality, but HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (HANI) remains prevalent, which impacts functional performance, medication adherence, and quality of life. We aimed to evaluate the effect of ART on neurocognitive outcomes among people living with HIV/AIDS in LMICs and to identify determinants of these outcomes. We searched electronic databases and reference lists for studies published between 1996 and 2019. Two reviewers screened the primary studies for inclusion and performed the critical appraisal. Results were synthesized using the 'Synthesis without meta-analysis' approach through simple vote counting. We identified 31 studies conducted across four regions (Africa, Asia, South America, and Eastern Europe). Nine studies were cross-sectional, 15 were prospective, and seven were randomized controlled trials. The majority of the articles showed improved neurocognitive performance with ART use but found no association with treatment duration, regimen, central penetrating effectiveness, and conventional biomarkers. Despite the lack of appropriate norms and not accounting for practice effect in most studies, the evidence suggests ART is useful in the treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (HANI) but limited in addressing legacy effects, and peripheral, and central viral reservoirs. Improved early ART treatment programs, viral reservoir eradication strategies, and identification of novel biomarkers will be critical in efforts to minimize HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020152908.
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Di Giallonardo F, Pinto AN, Keen P, Shaik A, Carrera A, Salem H, Selvey C, Nigro SJ, Fraser N, Price K, Holden J, Lee FJ, Dwyer DE, Bavinton BR, Geoghegan JL, Grulich AE, Kelleher AD. Subtype-specific differences in transmission cluster dynamics of HIV-1 B and CRF01_AE in New South Wales, Australia. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24:e25655. [PMID: 33474833 PMCID: PMC7817915 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) pandemic is characterized by numerous distinct sub-epidemics (clusters) that continually fuel local transmission. The aims of this study were to identify active growing clusters, to understand which factors most influence the transmission dynamics, how these vary between different subtypes and how this information might contribute to effective public health responses. METHODS We used HIV-1 genomic sequence data linked to demographic factors that accounted for approximately 70% of all new HIV-1 notifications in New South Wales (NSW). We assessed differences in transmission cluster dynamics between subtype B and circulating recombinant form 01_AE (CRF01_AE). Separate phylogenetic trees were estimated using 2919 subtype B and 473 CRF01_AE sequences sampled between 2004 and 2018 in combination with global sequence data and NSW-specific clades were classified as clusters, pairs or singletons. Significant differences in demographics between subtypes were assessed with Chi-Square statistics. RESULTS We identified 104 subtype B and 11 CRF01_AE growing clusters containing a maximum of 29 and 11 sequences for subtype B and CRF01_AE respectively. We observed a > 2-fold increase in the number of NSW-specific CRF01_AE clades over time. Subtype B clusters were associated with individuals reporting men who have sex with men (MSM) as their transmission risk factor, being born in Australia, and being diagnosed during the early stage of infection (p < 0.01). CRF01_AE infections clusters were associated with infections among individuals diagnosed during the early stage of infection (p < 0.05) and CRF01_AE singletons were more likely to be from infections among individuals reporting heterosexual transmission (p < 0.05). We found six subtype B clusters with an above-average growth rate (>1.5 sequences / 6-months) and which consisted of a majority of infections among MSM. We also found four active growing CRF01_AE clusters containing only infections among MSM. Finally, we found 47 subtype B and seven CRF01_AE clusters that contained a large gap in time (>1 year) between infections and may be indicative of intermediate transmissions via undiagnosed individuals. CONCLUSIONS The large number of active and growing clusters among MSM are the driving force of the ongoing epidemic in NSW for subtype B and CRF01_AE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angie N Pinto
- The Kirby InstituteThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- Royal Prince Alfred HospitalSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Phillip Keen
- The Kirby InstituteThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Ansari Shaik
- The Kirby InstituteThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | | | - Hanan Salem
- New South Wales Health Pathology‐RPARoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNSWAustralia
| | | | | | - Neil Fraser
- Positive Life New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | | | | | - Frederick J Lee
- New South Wales Health Pathology‐RPARoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNSWAustralia
- Sydney Medical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Dominic E Dwyer
- New South Wales Health Pathology‐ICPMRWestmead HospitalWestmeadNSWAustralia
| | | | - Jemma L Geoghegan
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and ResearchWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Andrew E Grulich
- The Kirby InstituteThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
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10
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Di Giallonardo F, Pinto AN, Keen P, Shaik A, Carrera A, Salem H, Selvey C, Nigro SJ, Fraser N, Price K, Holden J, Lee FJ, Dwyer DE, Bavinton BR, Grulich AE, Kelleher AD, On Behalf Of The Nsw Hiv Prevention Partnership Project. Increased HIV Subtype Diversity Reflecting Demographic Changes in the HIV Epidemic in New South Wales, Australia. Viruses 2020; 12:E1402. [PMID: 33291330 PMCID: PMC7762219 DOI: 10.3390/v12121402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes over time in HIV-1 subtype diversity within a population reflect changes in factors influencing the development of local epidemics. Here we report on the genetic diversity of 2364 reverse transcriptase sequences from people living with HIV-1 in New South Wales (NSW) notified between 2004 and 2018. These data represent >70% of all new HIV-1 notifications in the state over this period. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to identify subtype-specific transmission clusters. Subtype B and non-B infections differed across all demographics analysed (p < 0.001). We found a strong positive association for infections among females, individuals not born in Australia or reporting heterosexual transmission being of non-B origin. Further, we found an overall increase in non-B infections among men who have sex with men from 50 to 79% in the last 10 years. However, we also found differences between non-B subtypes; heterosexual transmission was positively associated with subtype C only. In addition, the majority of subtype B infections were associated with clusters, while the majority of non-B infections were singletons. However, we found seven non-B clusters (≥5 sequences) indicative of local ongoing transmission. In conclusion, we present how the HIV-1 epidemic has changed over time in NSW, becoming more heterogeneous with distinct subtype-specific demographic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angie N Pinto
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney 2050, Australia
| | - Phillip Keen
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Ansari Shaik
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Alex Carrera
- HIV Reference Laboratory, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Hanan Salem
- New South Wales Health Pathology-RPA, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | | | | | - Neil Fraser
- Positive Life New South Wales, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Karen Price
- AIDS Council of NSW (ACON), Sydney 2010, Australia
| | | | - Frederick J Lee
- New South Wales Health Pathology-RPA, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
| | - Dominic E Dwyer
- New South Wales Health Pathology-ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead 2145, Australia
| | - Benjamin R Bavinton
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew E Grulich
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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11
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Liu M, Han X, Zhao B, An M, He W, Wang Z, Qiu Y, Ding H, Shang H. Dynamics of HIV-1 Molecular Networks Reveal Effective Control of Large Transmission Clusters in an Area Affected by an Epidemic of Multiple HIV Subtypes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:604993. [PMID: 33281803 PMCID: PMC7691493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.604993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reconstructed molecular networks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission history in an area affected by an epidemic of multiple HIV-1 subtypes and assessed the efficacy of strengthened early antiretroviral therapy (ART) and regular interventions in preventing HIV spread. We collected demographic and clinical data of 2221 treatment-naïve HIV-1–infected patients in a long-term cohort in Shenyang, Northeast China, between 2008 and 2016. HIV pol gene sequencing was performed and molecular networks of CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, and subtype B were inferred using HIV-TRACE with separate optimized genetic distance threshold. We identified 168 clusters containing ≥ 2 cases among CRF01_AE-, CRF07_BC-, and subtype B-infected cases, including 13 large clusters (≥ 10 cases). Individuals in large clusters were characterized by younger age, homosexual behavior, more recent infection, higher CD4 counts, and delayed/no ART (P < 0.001). The dynamics of large clusters were estimated by proportional detection rate (PDR), cluster growth predictor, and effective reproductive number (Re). Most large clusters showed decreased or stable during the study period, indicating that expansion was slowing. The proportion of newly diagnosed cases in large clusters declined from 30 to 8% between 2008 and 2016, coinciding with an increase in early ART within 6 months after diagnosis from 24 to 79%, supporting the effectiveness of strengthened early ART and continuous regular interventions. In conclusion, molecular network analyses can thus be useful for evaluating the efficacy of interventions in epidemics with a complex HIV profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minghui An
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei He
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Units of Medical Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Sacks-Davis R, Chibo D, Peach E, Aleksic E, Crowe SM, El Hayek C, Marukutira T, Higgins N, Stoove M, Hellard M. Phylogenetic clustering networks among heterosexual migrants with new HIV diagnoses post-migration in Australia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237469. [PMID: 32870911 PMCID: PMC7462279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It is estimated that approximately half of new HIV diagnoses among heterosexual migrants in Victoria, Australia, were acquired post-migration. We investigated the characteristics of phylogenetic clusters in notified cases of HIV among heterosexual migrants. Methods Partial HIV pol sequences obtained from routine clinical genotype tests were linked to Victorian HIV notifications with the following exposures listed on the notification form: heterosexual sexual contact, injecting drug use, bisexual sexual contact, male-to male sexual contact or heterosexual sexual contact in combination with injecting drug use, unknown exposure. Those with heterosexual sexual contact as the only exposure were the focus of this study, with the other exposures included to better understand transmission networks. Additional reference sequences were extracted from the Los Alamos database. Maximum likelihood methods were used to infer the phylogeny and the robustness of the resulting tree was assessed using bootstrap analysis. Phylogenetic clusters were defined on the basis of bootstrap and genetic distance. Results HIV pol sequences were available for 332 of 445 HIV notifications attributed to only heterosexual sexual contact in Victoria from 2005–2014. Forty-three phylogenetic clusters containing at least one heterosexual migrant were detected, 30 (70%) of which were pairs. The characteristics of these phylogenetic clusters varied considerably by cluster size. Pairs were more likely to be composed of people living with HIV from a single country of birth (p = 0.032). Larger clusters (n≥3) were more likely to contain people born in Australian/New Zealand (p = 0.002), migrants from more than one country of birth (p = 0.013) and viral subtype-B, the most common subtype in Australia (p = 0.006). Pairs were significantly more likely to contain females (p = 0.037) and less likely to include HIV diagnoses with male-to-male sexual contact reported as a possible exposure (p<0.001) compared to larger clusters (n≥3). Conclusion Migrants appear to be at elevated risk of HIV acquisition, in part due to intimate relationships between migrants from the same country of origin, and in part due to risks associated with the broader Australian HIV epidemic. However, there was no evidence of large transmission clusters driven by heterosexual transmission between migrants. A multipronged approach to prevention of HIV among migrants is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sacks-Davis
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Doris Chibo
- Victorian Infectious Disease Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Eman Aleksic
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne M. Crowe
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carol El Hayek
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tafireyi Marukutira
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nasra Higgins
- Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Stoove
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Margaret Hellard
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Hepatitis Services, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide a summary of the current data on the global HIV subtype diversity and distribution by region. HIV is one of the most genetically diverse pathogens due to its high-mutation and recombination rates, large population size and rapid replication rate. This rapid evolutionary process has resulted in several HIV subtypes that are heterogeneously globally distributed. RECENT FINDINGS Subtype A remains the most prevalent strain in parts of East Africa, Russia and former Soviet Union countries; subtype B in Europe, Americas and Oceania; subtype C in Southern Africa and India; CRF01_AE in Asia and CRF02_AG in Western Africa. Recent studies based on near full-length genome sequencing highlighted the growing importance of recombinant variants and subtype C viruses. SUMMARY The dynamic change in HIV subtype distribution presents future challenges for diagnosis, treatment and vaccine design and development. An increase in recombinant viruses suggests that coinfection and superinfection by divergent HIV strains has become more common necessitating continuous surveillance to keep track of the viral diversity. Cheaper near full-length genome sequencing approaches are critical in improving HIV subtype estimations. However, missing subtype data and low sequence sampling levels are still a challenge in some geographical regions. VIDEO ABSTRACT: http://links.lww.com/COHA/A14.
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14
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The Impact of Human Mobility on Regional and Global Efforts to Control HIV Transmission. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010067. [PMID: 31935811 PMCID: PMC7019949 DOI: 10.3390/v12010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV prevention and control methods are implemented on different scales to reduce the spread of the virus amongst populations. However, despite such efforts, HIV continues to persist in populations with a global incidence rate of 1.8 million in 2017 alone. The introduction of new infections into susceptible regional populations promotes the spread of HIV, indicating a crucial need to study the impact of migration and mobility on regional and global efforts to prevent HIV transmission. Here we reviewed studies that assess the impact of human mobility on HIV transmission and spread. We found an important role for both travel and migration in driving the spread of HIV across regional and national borders. Combined, our results indicate that even in the presence of control and preventive efforts, if migration and travel are occurring, public health efforts will need to remain persistent to ensure that new infections do not grow into outbreaks.
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15
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Medland NA, Chibo D, Chow EPF, Guy RJ, Fairley CK. Is differential access to prevention distorting HIV epidemiology in Australia? Lancet HIV 2019; 6:e492. [PMID: 31371093 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Medland
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, VIC, Australia; Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Doris Chibo
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric P F Chow
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, VIC, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Guy
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher K Fairley
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, VIC, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, VIC, Australia
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16
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Blackshaw LCD, Chow EPF, Varma R, Healey L, Templeton DJ, Basu A, Turner D, Medland NA, Rix S, Fairley CK, Chen MY. Characteristics of recently arrived Asian men who have sex with men diagnosed with HIV through sexual health services in Melbourne and Sydney. Aust N Z J Public Health 2019; 43:424-428. [PMID: 31287941 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Asian men who have sex with men (MSM) who have recently arrived in Australia are an emergent risk group for HIV; however, little is known about how they compare to Australian MSM diagnosed with HIV. This study compared the characteristics of these two groups. METHODS A retrospective, cross-sectional study of MSM diagnosed with HIV between January 2014 and October 2017 in Melbourne and Sydney public sexual health clinics. Asian MSM were those who had arrived in Australia within 4 years of diagnosis. RESULTS Among 111 Asian men, 75% spoke a language other than English, 88% did not have Medicare and 61% were international students. Compared with Australian men (n=209), Asian men reported fewer male sexual partners within 12 months (median 4 versus 10, p<0.001), were less likely to have tested for HIV previously (71% versus 89%, p<0.001) and had a lower median CD4 count (326 versus 520, p<0.001). Among Asian men, HIV subtype CRF01-AE was more common (55% versus 16%, p<0.001) and subtype B less common (29% versus 73%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Asian MSM diagnosed with HIV reported lower risk and had more advanced HIV. Implications for public health: HIV testing and preventative interventions supporting international students are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda C D Blackshaw
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Victoria.,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria
| | - Eric P F Chow
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Victoria.,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria
| | - Rick Varma
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales.,Sydney Sexual Health Centre, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales
| | - Loretta Healey
- RPA Sexual Health, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales
| | - David J Templeton
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales.,RPA Sexual Health, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Ashna Basu
- Sydney Sexual Health Centre, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales
| | - Dane Turner
- RPA Sexual Health, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Nick A Medland
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Victoria.,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria
| | - Suzanne Rix
- Sydney Sexual Health Centre, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales
| | - Christopher K Fairley
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Victoria.,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria
| | - Marcus Y Chen
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Victoria.,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria
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17
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Zhang W, Zhang H, Li Y, Liu J, Long Q, Cheng B, Liang Q, Kong Y, Huang L, Wu L. Genomic Characterization of a New HIV-1 CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC Recombinant Virus Form in Guizhou in Southwest China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:684-688. [PMID: 30924681 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel HIV-1 second-generation recombinant form (CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC) was isolated from an HIV-positive subject among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Guizhou province in Southwest China. Recombinant analyses of the near full-length genome suggested that the strain was composed of CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC with one region of CRF07-BC inserted into a CRF01-AE backbone. Further analysis indicated that the CRF01_AE regions of the recombinant were highly clustered together with a subcluster 4 lineage of CRF01_AE, which is exclusively circulating among MSM in China. The CRF07_BC region of the recombinant was clustered with the CRF07_BC cluster, which was identified among MSM. The emergence of the novel HIV-1 recombinant may be a harbinger of more novel intersubtypes recombinants occurring in Guizhou province in Southwest China, and was of great important in understanding the dynamics and complexity of the HIV-1 epidemic in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangming Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Jiangkou County, Tongren, Guizhou, China
| | - Jinhe Liu
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qingyuan Long
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, Guizhou, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiulin Liang
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yihua Kong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, Guizhou, China
| | - Ling Huang
- People's Hospital of Zunyi City Bo Zhou District, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Li Wu
- People's Hospital of Zunyi City Bo Zhou District, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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18
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Di Giallonardo F, Pinto AN, Keen P, Shaik A, Carrera A, Salem H, Telfer B, Cooper C, Price K, Selvey C, Holden J, Bachmann N, Lee FJ, Dwyer DE, Duchêne S, Holmes EC, Grulich AE, Kelleher AD. Limited Sustained Local Transmission of HIV-1 CRF01_AE in New South Wales, Australia. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050482. [PMID: 31137836 PMCID: PMC6563510 DOI: 10.3390/v11050482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Australia’s response to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pandemic led to effective control of HIV transmission and one of the world’s lowest HIV incidence rates—0.14%. Although there has been a recent decline in new HIV diagnoses in New South Wales (NSW), the most populous state in Australia, there has been a concomitant increase with non-B subtype infections, particularly for the HIV-1 circulating recombinant form CRF01_AE. This aforementioned CRF01_AE sampled in NSW, were combined with those sampled globally to identify NSW-specific viral clades. The population growth of these clades was assessed in two-year period intervals from 2009 to 2017. Overall, 109 NSW-specific clades were identified, most comprising pairs of sequences; however, five large clades comprising ≥10 sequences were also found. Forty-four clades grew over time with one or two sequences added to each in different two-year periods. Importantly, while 10 of these clades have seemingly discontinued, the remaining 34 were still active in 2016/2017. Seven such clades each comprised ≥10 sequences, and are representative of individual sub-epidemics in NSW. Thus, although the majority of new CRF01_AE infections were associated with small clades that rarely establish ongoing chains of local transmission, individual sub-epidemics are present and should be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Giallonardo
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Angie N Pinto
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.
| | - Phillip Keen
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Ansari Shaik
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Alex Carrera
- New South Wales State Reference Laboratory for HIV/AIDS, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.
| | - Hanan Salem
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.
| | - Barbara Telfer
- Health Protection New South Wales, New South Wales Health, NSW, North Sydne, New South Wales 2060, Australia.
| | - Craig Cooper
- Positive Life New South Wales, Surry Hills, New South Wales 2010, Australia.
| | - Karen Price
- ACON Health Ltd., Surry Hills, New South Wales 2010, Australia.
| | - Christine Selvey
- Health Protection New South Wales, New South Wales Health, NSW, North Sydne, New South Wales 2060, Australia.
| | - Joanne Holden
- Centre for Population Health, New South Wales Ministry of Health, North Sydney, New South Wales 2059, Australia.
| | - Nadine Bachmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Frederick J Lee
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - Dominic E Dwyer
- New South Wales Health Pathology-Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.
| | - Sebastián Duchêne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - Andrew E Grulich
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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19
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Characterization of a large cluster of HIV-1 A1 infections detected in Portugal and connected to several Western European countries. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7223. [PMID: 31076722 PMCID: PMC6510806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43420-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 subtypes associate with differences in transmission and disease progression. Thus, the existence of geographic hotspots of subtype diversity deepens the complexity of HIV-1/AIDS control. The already high subtype diversity in Portugal seems to be increasing due to infections with sub-subtype A1 virus. We performed phylogenetic analysis of 65 A1 sequences newly obtained from 14 Portuguese hospitals and 425 closely related database sequences. 80% of the A1 Portuguese isolates gathered in a main phylogenetic clade (MA1). Six transmission clusters were identified in MA1, encompassing isolates from Portugal, Spain, France, and United Kingdom. The most common transmission route identified was men who have sex with men. The origin of the MA1 was linked to Greece, with the first introduction to Portugal dating back to 1996 (95% HPD: 1993.6–1999.2). Individuals infected with MA1 virus revealed lower viral loads and higher CD4+ T-cell counts in comparison with those infected by subtype B. The expanding A1 clusters in Portugal are connected to other European countries and share a recent common ancestor with the Greek A1 outbreak. The recent expansion of this HIV-1 subtype might be related to a slower disease progression leading to a population level delay in its diagnostic.
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Pasechnik OA, Blokh AI. THE PREVALENCE OF HIV RECOMBINANT FORMS IN RUSSIA AND COUNTRIES OF THE CIS: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND METAANALYSIS. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2018. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2018-2-127-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review was to aimed to access the prevalence of HIV recombinant forms in Russia and countries of the CIS, which have close social and economic ties. We conducted a search in Russian Science Citation Index and PubMed for a depth of 8 years. We included 22 articles, which contained the results of 35 independent cross-sectional studies, in our review. Meta-analysis of HIV recombinant forms prevalence was conducted in Open Meta-analyst with the use of Der Simonian Laird method, arcsin transformation and correction factor for zero values. Subgroup analysis was used along with meta-regression (by date of collection). Pooled prevalence of HIV recombinant forms was 21.3% (95% CI 16.2–26.5) and was highly heterogeneous. Blood samples from 3,494 HIV patients living in various regions of the Russian Federation and CIS countries — Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Armenia, Georgia — were examined. Among subtypes of HIV-1, the main share was occupied by subtype A — 75.6% (n = 2643), subtype B — 5.5% (n = 193), C — 0.8% (n = 31), G — 0.2% (n = 7), F — 0.14% (n = 5). Among the recombinant forms (n = 616), the fraction of CRF02_ AG was 39.6% (n = 244), CRF02_AG/A was 32.9% (n = 203), CRF63_02A1 was 15.9% (n = 98), CRF03_AB — 5.2% (n = 32), CRF06_cpx — 2.1% (n = 13). Unique recombinant forms were 2.7% (n = 17), including URF63_A1 (2.5%). In Russia, the highest prevalence of recombinant forms of HIV-1 was registered in the Siberian Federal District (33.2% (95% CI 12.2– 54.1), the lowest in the Northwest Federal District — 1.6% (95% CI 0.9–2.3). In the CIS countries, the highest prevalence of recombinant forms of HIV-1 is found in a subgroup of the Central Asian republics — Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan — 51.7% (95% CI 38.5–64.9). The significant upward trend was shown with a meta-regression. Our review is the first such research in Russia and thus is of significant interest, but the result should be applied with caution due to high risk of publication bias as well as significant heterogeneity of our results.
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Pinto AN, Hawke K, Castley A, Chibo D, Giallonardo FD, Cooper C, Sawleshwarkar S, Kelleher A, Dwyer DE. HIV-1 subtype diversity, transmitted drug resistance and phylogenetics in Australia. Future Virol 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Australia has maintained a low prevalence of HIV, with a mainly concentrated epidemic and successful public health response. With the widespread availability of HIV genotyping for resistance testing, and development of phylogenetic methodologies, the field of molecular epidemiology has evolved a deeper understanding of diversity and transmission dynamics of HIV. Studies combining HIV genotype with epidemiological data have allowed insights to be gained into the changing subtype diversity, rates of transmitted drug resistance and transmission networks of HIV in Australia. This review provides an overview of HIV molecular epidemiology studies in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie N Pinto
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen Hawke
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Allison Castley
- PathWest, Clinical Immunology, Department of Health, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Doris Chibo
- HIV Characterization Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Craig Cooper
- Positive Life NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shailendra Sawleshwarkar
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine & Health, Westmead Clinical School, Western Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony Kelleher
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Dominic E Dwyer
- NSWHP-ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
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Cho YK, Kim JE, Lee SH, Foley BT, Choi BS. Impact of HIV-1 subtype and Korean Red Ginseng on AIDS progression: comparison of subtype B and subtype D. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:312-318. [PMID: 30976169 PMCID: PMC6437552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To date, no study has described disease progression in Asian patients infected with HIV-1 subtype D. Methods To determine whether the disease progression differs in patients infected with subtypes D and B prior to starting combination antiretroviral therapy, the annual decline (AD) in CD4+ T cell counts over 96 ± 59 months was retrospectively analyzed in 163 patients and compared in subtypes D and B based on the nef gene. Results CD4+ T cell AD was significantly higher in the six subtype D–infected patients than in the 157 subtype B–infected patients irrespective of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) treatment (p < 0.001). Of these, two subtype D–infected patients and 116 subtype B–infected patients had taken KRG. AD was significantly lower in patient in the KRG-treated group than in those in the KRG-naïve group irrespective of subtype (p < 0.05). To control for the effect of KRG, patients not treated with KRG were analyzed, with AD found to be significantly greater in subtype D–infected patients than in subtype B–infected patients (p < 0.01). KRG treatment had a greater effect on AD in subtype D–infected patients than in subtype B–infected patients (4.5-fold vs. 1.6-fold). Mortality rates were significantly higher in both the 45 KRG-naïve (p < 0.001) and all 163 (p < 0.01) patients infected with subtype D than subtype B. Conclusion Subtype D infection is associated with a >2-fold higher risk of death and a 2.9-fold greater rate of progression than subtype B, regardless of KRG treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Keol Cho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Brian T. Foley
- HIV Databases, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Byeong-Sun Choi
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Chung-buk, Republic of Korea
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