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Wolszky V, Zablotski Y, Fischer A, Lauer S. Balance Assessment on a Modified Posturomed Platform in Healthy Dogs. Vet Sci 2024; 11:498. [PMID: 39453089 PMCID: PMC11512307 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Reliable, standardized balance tests for dogs are not available yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of static and dynamic posturography in healthy dogs. Healthy dogs (n = 20) were positioned with four paws longitudinally and with the forepaws only transversely on a modified pressure-sensitive balance platform (Posturomed-FDM-JS, Zebris, Isny, Germany). Three static and dynamic posturographic trials were recorded (recording duration: 20 s) and repeated after 7-14 days. Center of pressure (COP) parameters COP-path-length (PL; mm), 95% COP-confidence-ellipse-area (CEA; mm2), and COP-average-velocity (AV; mm/s) were calculated for the first steady-state 5 s intervals of each trial. The reliability of COP parameters was assessed with robust linear mixed effects models with nested random effects of patient and trial. The training effect was analyzed using Cohen's d. For static posturography, PL, CEA, and AV did not differ significantly between time points; CEA had the highest reliability (p = 0.92). For dynamic posturography, AV and PL differed significantly between time points (AV: p ≤ 0.043; PL: p ≤ 0.045). Slight training effects were observed for transverse positioning (Cohen's d: PL 0.65; AV 0.267) and moderate training effects for longitudinal positioning (Cohen's d: PL: 0.772; AV: 0.783). This study showed that static posturography on a modified Posturomed-balance platform was reliable in healthy dogs but indicated training effects during dynamic posturography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Wolszky
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany (Y.Z.)
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany (Y.Z.)
| | - Andrea Fischer
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany (Y.Z.)
| | - Susanne Lauer
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany (Y.Z.)
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Rodriguez O, Regueiro-Purriños M, Figueirinhas P, Gonzalo-Orden JM, Prada I, Vilar JM, Millán L, Rodríguez-Altónaga J. Dynamic and Postural Changes in Forelimb Amputee Dogs: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1960. [PMID: 38998072 PMCID: PMC11240608 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The amputation of a limb in quadrupeds can overload the remaining limbs, especially the contralateral one. The compensatory effort is especially high if it is a forelimb. It is, therefore, important to objectively know the changes in weight redistribution that occur in the animal while walking and standing still. With this objective, static (postural) and dynamic kinetic examinations were carried out on five French bulldogs with an amputated forelimb and five intact French bulldogs. For this examination, force and pressure platforms were used. The results were statistically compared using the student t-test. The parameters derived from the ground reaction forces were significantly higher in the amputee group. Surprisingly, postural examination showed that amputated dogs reached the same stability as healthy ones. Tripedal support in dogs does not objectively imply a loss of balance in quantitative terms; although the increase in force used by the remaining limb, as well as its altered cranial disposition during the support phase, may potentially predispose the animal to additional injuries in the future due to an overuse of different musculoskeletal units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Rodriguez
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña S/N, 35416 Arucas, Spain
| | - Marta Regueiro-Purriños
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Pedro Figueirinhas
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña S/N, 35416 Arucas, Spain
| | - José Manuel Gonzalo-Orden
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Iván Prada
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - José Manuel Vilar
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña S/N, 35416 Arucas, Spain
| | - Lorena Millán
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - José Rodríguez-Altónaga
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
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Michael HE, McGowan CM, Hyytiäinen HK. Posture and postural dysfunction in dogs: Implications for veterinary physiotherapy. Vet J 2024; 305:106107. [PMID: 38575053 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Postural assessment is an important part of the veterinary evaluation of a dog's neuromusculoskeletal function. It forms an important part of the clinical examination by physiotherapists and specialists in veterinary rehabilitation and sports medicine and is well researched in humans, which has allowed treatment approaches to be developed and validated. This narrative review aims to complement the veterinary literature, which largely quantifies the impact of various conditions on posture, by synthesising the physiotherapy literature, to help translate the use of postural assessment as a basis for the development and validation of treatment techniques to improve outcomes in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine M McGowan
- Department of Equine Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Heli K Hyytiäinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Aghapour M, Affenzeller N, Lutonsky C, Peham C, Tichy A, Bockstahler B. A validation study to analyze the reliability of center of pressure data in static posturography in dogs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1353824. [PMID: 38560629 PMCID: PMC10979645 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1353824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Center of pressure (COP) parameters are frequently assessed to analyze movement disorders in humans and animals. Methodological discrepancies are a major concern when evaluating conflicting study results. This study aimed to assess the inter-observer reliability and test-retest reliability of body COP parameters including mediolateral and craniocaudal sway, total length, average speed and support surface in healthy dogs during quiet standing on a pressure plate. Additionally, it sought to determine the minimum number of trials and the shortest duration necessary for accurate COP assessment. Materials and methods Twelve clinically healthy dogs underwent three repeated trials, which were analyzed by three independent observers to evaluate inter-observer reliability. Test-retest reliability was assessed across the three trials per dog, each lasting 20 seconds (s). Selected 20 s measurements were analyzed in six different ways: 1 × 20 s, 1 × 15 s, 2 × 10 s, 4 × 5 s, 10 × 2 s, and 20 × 1 s. Results Results demonstrated excellent inter-observer reliability (ICC ≥ 0.93) for all COP parameters. However, only 5 s, 10 s, and 15 s measurements achieved the reliability threshold (ICC ≥ 0.60) for all evaluated parameters. Discussion The shortest repeatable durations were obtained from either two 5 s measurements or a single 10 s measurement. Most importantly, statistically significant differences were observed between the different measurement durations, which underlines the need to standardize measurement times in COP analysis. The results of this study aid scientists in implementing standardized methods, thereby easing comparisons across studies and enhancing the reliability and validity of research findings in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Aghapour
- Section of Physical Therapy, Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadja Affenzeller
- Section of Physical Therapy, Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Lutonsky
- Section of Physical Therapy, Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Peham
- Movement Science Group, Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Platform Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department for Biomedical Services, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bockstahler
- Section of Physical Therapy, Small Animal Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Lutonsky C, Peham C, Mucha M, Reicher B, Gaspar R, Tichy A, Bockstahler B. External mechanical perturbations challenge postural stability in dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1249951. [PMID: 37789869 PMCID: PMC10544342 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1249951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effect of external mechanical perturbations on postural stability (PS) in dogs using the body center of pressure (COP). Thirteen sound adult dogs were included in this study. PS was tested during quiet standing on a pressure measurement plate. The conditions included a standard standing measurement and external mechanical perturbations conducted using six settings on a motorized training platform with different intensities of speed and amplitude. Measurement conditions were compared using linear mixed-effects models, followed by multiple comparisons using Sidak's alpha correction procedure. Compared with the standing measurement, external mechanical perturbations resulted in a significant increase in almost all COP parameters, indicating a challenge for the PS. Furthermore, an increase in amplitude had a greater effect than an increase in speed, whereas the combination of the highest intensities of amplitude and speed was not well tolerated by the dogs. The mediolateral COP displacement was significantly greater than the craniocaudal COP displacement during standing measurement and conditions with a small amplitude, whereas no significant difference was observed during settings with an increased amplitude. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the effects of a balance training device in dogs. Therefore, the intensity of the training programs on motorized platforms or similar devices can be controlled by the wobbling amplitude of the platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Lutonsky
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Small Animal Surgery, Section of Physical Therapy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Peham
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Horses, Movement Science Group, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Mucha
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Small Animal Surgery, Section of Physical Therapy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bianca Reicher
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Small Animal Surgery, Section of Physical Therapy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rita Gaspar
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Small Animal Surgery, Section of Physical Therapy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Platform, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bockstahler
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Small Animal Surgery, Section of Physical Therapy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Shaheen AF, Lins D, Toledo T, Gómez Álvarez CB. Postural stability measures in healthy miniature Dachshunds obtained using a pressure mat and a force platform: a validity and reliability study. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:79. [PMID: 37365660 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miniature Dachshunds have a high prevalence of neurological and musculoskeletal diseases potentially affecting their balance. The postural stability of dogs in quiet standing is an indicator of postural control and can aid in diagnosing and monitoring lameness and other pathologies affecting balance. Measures of centre of pressure (CoP) can be obtained from force and pressure platform systems to evaluate postural stability, however the two systems have not been compared and the latter has not been validated in dogs. The aims of this study were to assess the validity and reliability of using a pressure mat compared to a force platform and report normative values of CoP measures in healthy miniature Dachshunds. Forty two healthy miniature Dachshunds of smooth, long and wire-haired breed types stood still on a pressure mat (Tekscan MatScan®) placed on a force platform and the two systems were synchronised. Maximum anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) ranges, sway path and 95% area of a best-fit ellipse were computed. Bland-Altman plots and coefficients of correlation assessed validity; intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) assessed inter-test reliability for both systems. Non-linear regression analyses were used to describe the relationship between CoP and demographic measures. RESULTS Strong correlations for AP range, ML range and 95% ellipse area and moderate correlation for sway path were found between the two devices. ICC showed good reliability (0.75-0.90) for AP range and moderate (0.5-0.75) for ML range and the 95% ellipse area for both devices. Sway path reliability was excellent (> 0.90) with the force platform but moderate with the pressure mat. Age was positively correlated with balance (inversely correlated with all measures except sway path), while weight explained 94% (force platform) and 27% (pressure mat) of the variance in sway path. CONCLUSIONS Pressure mats can be used to obtain valid and reliable measures of CoP and replace use of force platforms. Older (non-senior) and heavier (non-obese) dogs show better postural stability. Clinical examinations should include the use of a range of CoP measures when assessing postural balance, while accounting for the effects of age and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliah F Shaheen
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| | - Daniela Lins
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Thais Toledo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Constanza B Gómez Álvarez
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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7
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Charalambous D, Lutonsky C, Keider S, Tichy A, Bockstahler B. Vertical ground reaction forces, paw pressure distribution, and center of pressure during heelwork in working dogs competing in obedience. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1106170. [PMID: 36846253 PMCID: PMC9950403 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1106170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Heelwork walking is a command that competitive obedience and working dogs are trained to perform. Unlike other canine sports, the research for competitive obedience sport is limited and no research regarding biomechanical gait adaptions during heelwork walking has been published. The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in vertical ground reaction forces, paw pressure distribution (PPD), and center of pressure (COP) of Belgian Malinois during heelwork walking. Ten healthy Belgian Malinois were included in the study. The dogs walked first without heeling (normal walk) and then while heeling on a pressure platform. The comparison between normal and heelwork walking was performed using mixed-effects models. Post-hoc analyses were performed using Sidak's alpha correction procedure. During heelwork walking, a significant decrease in the vertical impulse and stance phase duration (SPD) and a significant increase in the craniocaudal index and speed of COP was observed in the forelimbs compared to normal walking. At the hindlimbs, a significant increase in vertical impulse and SPD was observed during heelwork walking. Regarding PPD, a significant decrease of vertical impulse was observed at the cranial quadrants of the right forelimb and craniolateral quadrant of the left forelimb during heelwork. The area was significantly decreased at the craniolateral quadrant of the left forelimb and the time for the peak vertical force was prolonged significantly at the caudal quadrants of the right forelimb during heelwork walking. The vertical impulse was significantly increased in all quadrants of the hindlimbs except the craniolateral quadrant of the left hindlimb. The effect of these changes on the musculoskeletal system of working dogs should be investigated in further studies, using electromyography and kinematic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Charalambous
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Small Animal Surgery, Section of Physical Therapy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Danae Charalambous ✉
| | - Christiane Lutonsky
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Small Animal Surgery, Section of Physical Therapy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Keider
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Small Animal Surgery, Section of Physical Therapy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Platform of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bockstahler
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Small Animal Surgery, Section of Physical Therapy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Bieber B, Reicher B, Tichy A, Bockstahler B. Changes in Ground Reaction Forces and Center of Pressure Parameters of Paws When Wearing Dog Boots in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:906277. [PMID: 35903138 PMCID: PMC9323085 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.906277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog boots are commonly used as protective footwear against snow, ice, hot sand, road salt, and paw injury. Only a few studies exist in veterinary medicine that capture the impact of dog boot replacements, such as bandages, on ground reaction forces (GRF) in dogs. To our knowledge, no studies have investigated the effect of dog boots on the center of pressure (COP) in dogs. This study investigated changes in the GRF of the whole limb and selected COP parameters of the paws while wearing dog boots in five Labrador Retrievers. After habituation, data were collected by walking and trotting dogs over a pressure platform without boots (control measurement) and under five different test conditions (wearing boots on all limbs, boots on both front limbs, boots on both hind limbs, one boot on the left front limb, and one boot on the right hind limb). The most prominent change was detectable when one boot was worn on the left front limb, with a decrease of peak vertical force (PFz%) in the left front limb at trot which led to a significant difference between both front limbs and a significant increase of PFz (%) in the right hind limb. Additionally, in both tempi, the vertical impulse (IFz%) showed significant differences between the front limbs; in trot, there was also an increase in the right front limb compared with the control. Furthermore, some significant changes in COP parameters were detected; for instance, all test conditions showed a significant increase in COP area (%) at the right front limb during walking compared to the control. Therefore, our results show that wearing the tested dog boots in different constellations seems to have an impact on GRF and some COP parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Bieber
- Section of Physical Therapy, Small Animal Surgery, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bianca Reicher
- Section of Physical Therapy, Small Animal Surgery, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Platform, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bockstahler
- Section of Physical Therapy, Small Animal Surgery, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Barbara Bockstahler
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Izawa K, Fukunaga K, Hirota Y, Orito K. Displacement of center of mass in dogs in response to foot sensory stimulation. Vet Surg 2021; 50:1304-1315. [PMID: 34038003 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate center of mass (CoM) displacement values during four-limb and three-limb standing with limb suspension in dogs before and after applying sensory stimulation to a forelimb or hindlimb. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. ANIMALS Six clinically normal beagles. METHODS A four force-plate apparatus was built to assess static weight distribution. Dogs stood on the device with one limb in contact with each force plate. We created a plastic device to induce sensory stimulation so that lameness could not be detected visually when stimulating the paw. Experimenters confirmed the degree of lameness by walking before and after measurement. Body-weight shifts were induced via suspension of each limb and transient sensory stimulation to the right forelimb or left hindlimb. CoMs of five postures were compared, with and without transient sensory stimulation. RESULTS The four-limb CoM was located cranial to the center of the X- and Y-axis coordinates (X: -0.82 ± 9.12, Y: 61.00 ± 5.82). During three-limb standing with suspension of either forelimb, CoM shifted backward toward the contralateral side compared to four-limb standing. During hindlimb suspension, CoM shifted to the contralateral side. With right forelimb sensory stimulation, there were large CoM changes for both four-limb and three-limb standing (X: -34.53 ± 9.09, Y: 52.21 ± 6.88). CoM changes were small with left hindlimb sensory stimulation (X: 6.47 ± 13.86, Y: 69.41 ± 5.55). CONCLUSION CoMs during four-limb and three-limb standing were influenced by sensory stimulation of a forelimb and, to a lesser extent, of a hindlimb. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Static evaluation of CoM may aid clinicians in the diagnosis and recovery of forelimb lameness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Izawa
- Laboratory of Physiology II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.,ONE for Animals, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koya Fukunaga
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Hirota
- Laboratory of Basic Education, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kensuke Orito
- Laboratory of Physiology II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Reicher B, Tichy A, Bockstahler B. Center of Pressure in the Paws of Clinically Sound Dogs in Comparison with Orthopedically Diseased Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081366. [PMID: 32781721 PMCID: PMC7459534 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The analysis of the center of pressure is an important tool that allows conclusions to be drawn about the body balance of a patient. This balance can be altered by orthopedic or neurological diseases. To date, there are few data on the center of pressure in the paws of walking dogs. This study aimed to show the compensatory changes in the center of pressure parameters within the paw during stance-phase in the walking dog, with data being collected non-invasively by walking dogs with osteoarthritis and healthy dogs (control group) over a pressure platform. Differences in the center of pressure parameters were found between the affected and non-affected limbs of the diseased dogs, but also in comparison to the corresponding limbs of sound dogs. It was shown that dogs with osteoarthritis show different compensatory changes in the center of pressure parameters depending on whether a front or a hind limb are affected. This can reflect a compensatory redistribution of the body mass as well as compensatory changes of body balance. Based on these observations, a deeper investigation of the center of pressure within the paws of dogs would be of interest and a diagnostic application could become possible in the future. Abstract The center of pressure (COP) is recognized as a valuable tool for the assessment of orthopedic and neurologic disorders in humans. Relatively few studies are available in veterinary medicine, particularly concerning the COP in the individual paw. This study assessed the dynamic paw COP parameters during the stance phase of dogs with cox- or cubarthrosis (20 dogs each), as well as of 20 sound dogs. Data were obtained by walking over a pressure platform and analyzed within the diseased groups in comparison to the control group. Both diseased groups showed significant differences between the affected and non-affected limbs, but also in comparison to the reference limbs of sound animals. For coxathrosis, the primary increase was in the medio-lateral COP displacement and the COP area in both hind limbs. For cubarthrosis, the most prominent changes were an increase in the medio-lateral COP displacement in the ipsilateral hind limb and in the cranio-caudal COP displacement in the lame limb. Additionally, the COP area increased in both hind limbs. This can reflect a compensatory redistribution of the body mass as well as compensatory changes of body balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Reicher
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Small Animal Surgery, Section of Physical Therapy, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Platform of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Barbara Bockstahler
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Small Animal Surgery, Section of Physical Therapy, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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11
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Comparison of the Vertical Force Distribution in the Paws of Dogs with Coxarthrosis and Sound Dogs Walking over a Pressure Plate. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060986. [PMID: 32517105 PMCID: PMC7341499 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The study of biomechanics for dogs with coxarthrosis is an important tool for diagnosis and treatment evaluation. Seeking a better view of the load distribution during the gait in dogs with coxarthrosis, we used a pressure plate to measure the vertical forces in the paws. The results suggested that walking dogs with coxarthrosis redistributed the load mainly to the caudal quadrants of the paws of the unaffected limbs. The performed methodology is another new possibility for the evaluation and clarification of biomechanical events in the course of coxarthrosis. Abstract In the present study, we used a pressure plate to investigate the ground reaction forces of limbs and the vertical force distribution (VFD) within the paws of dogs with coxarthrosis. We included 23 sound dogs (GSou) and 23 dogs with hip osteoarthrosis (GCox). The dogs walked over a pressure plate and the peak vertical force (PFz), vertical impulse (IFz) as the percentage of the total force, and time of occurrence of PFz as a percent of the stance phase duration (TPFz%) were evaluated, as well for the entire limb as in the paws (where the paws were divided into four quadrants). The GCox presented a lower PFz% in the lame hind limb than in others and transferred the weight to the caudal quadrants of the front limbs. IFz% was lower in the lame limb and was counterbalanced through higher loading of the caudal quadrants in all unaffected limbs. TPFz% was reached later in the lame limb than in the contralateral limb and the GSou, specifically in the caudomedial quadrant. In conclusion, we found complex compensatory effects of lameness in the hind limb, and this methodology was useful to define the VFD within the paws of dogs.
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Gündemir O, Duro S, Aydın Kaya D, Zenginler Yazgan Y. Temporo-spatial and kinetic gait parameters in English setter dogs. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:763-769. [PMID: 32462778 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Walking analysis systems have begun to be used in veterinary medicine in recent years. The pressure-sensitive walkway is one of the systems through which we can obtain temporo-spatial and kinetic variables of walking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the walking characteristics of English Setter dogs using a pressure-sensitive system. Twenty-five English Setter dogs were included in the study. Temporo-spatial and kinetic gait parameters were obtained with the pressure-sensitive walkway system. Centre of pressure values were taken separately for the forelimbs and hindlimbs and were statistically analysed. The force values in the forelimb were found to be greater than in the hindlimb during walking. According to the results of dynamic pedobarographic evaluation, the highest-pressure values were found at the 2nd and 3rd digital pads for the forelimbs and on the 3rd and 4th digital pads for the hindlimbs. During the stance, 64.58% of the weight was found to be on the forelimbs. No difference was found between the forelimbs and the hindlimbs in centre of pressure analysis. As conclusion, the gait data obtained from the English Setter dogs can be used in future research to identify animals that may have neurological or orthopaedic problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Gündemir
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sokol Duro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Didar Aydın Kaya
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yonca Zenginler Yazgan
- Division of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Comparison of vertical force redistribution in the pads of dogs with elbow osteoarthritis and healthy dogs. Vet J 2019; 250:79-85. [PMID: 31383424 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic analyses are becoming increasingly important for biomechanical research in veterinary medicine and as a diagnostic tool for orthopaedic examinations in dogs. Such analysis enables accurate evaluation of the vertical force distribution (VFD) in canine paw pads. The aim of this study was to assess peak vertical force (PFz) as a percent of total force (%TF), vertical impulse (IFz, %TF) and time of occurrence of PFz (TPFz) as a percent of the stance phase (%SP) in the pads of all four limbs in 23 dogs with osteoarthritis in the elbow joint and 22 healthy dogs. Dogs walked over a pressure plate, and the pads were divided into four quadrants for VFD analysis. For statistical analysis, a general linear model was used to examine the difference in VFD between both groups, between fore- and hindlimbs, between body sides, and between medial/lateral and cranial/caudal quadrants. Lame dogs had lower PFz in the lame forelimb than in other limbs and transferred their weight to the caudal quadrants of the contralateral forelimb and the caudomedial quadrant of both hindlimbs. IFz was also lower in the affected forelimb and was compensated through higher loading of the caudal quadrants of the contralateral forelimb, the caudomedial quadrants of both hindlimbs and the caudolateral quadrant of the contralateral hindlimb. TPFz (%SP) occurred later in both forelimbs of the lame dogs than in those of healthy dogs. The analysis of force distribution over the paw quadrants can be used for further biomechanical studies of dogs with orthopaedic and neurological diseases.
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López S, Vilar JM, Rubio M, Sopena JJ, Santana A, Rodríguez O, Rodríguez-Altonaga JA, Carrillo JM. Pedobarography: a novel approach to test the efficacy of treatments for lameness; an experience with mavacoxib in dogs with elbow osteoarthritis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:193. [PMID: 31186043 PMCID: PMC6560748 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1946-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pedobarographic analyses detect pressure redistribution among limbs and within limbs in humans, equids and dogs. The main objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of a set of pedobarographic parameters for the detection of lameness, as well as for its suitability for assessing the effects of therapies against osteoarthritis in dogs. With this purpose, eleven large-breed lame dogs with unilateral osteoarthritis due to elbow dysplasia were evaluated using a pressure platform prior to (D0) and after 3 months (D90) of treatment with mavacoxib, a COX-2 selective NSAID. The obtained parameters were: pressure distribution between lame and sound limbs, as well as paw area, mean pressure, and peak pressure of both lame and sound limbs. Results The results showed statistical differences in all these parameters between lame and sound limbs at D0; however, at D90, differences were significantly decreased as result of the treatment, indicating a substantial functional recovery under the study design conditions. Conclusions The provided data prove the suitability of this novel technique in canine models for the quantitative and objective assessment of lameness, but also for the evaluation of treatments for lameness caused by articular pain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1946-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio López
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - José M Vilar
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain. .,Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain.
| | - Mónica Rubio
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín J Sopena
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angelo Santana
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Oliver Rodríguez
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | | | - José M Carrillo
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
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López S, Vilar JM, Rubio M, Sopena JJ, Damiá E, Chicharro D, Santana A, Carrillo JM. Center of pressure limb path differences for the detection of lameness in dogs: a preliminary study. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:138. [PMID: 31068192 PMCID: PMC6506948 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1881-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The limb center of pressure (COP) path measures and quantifies the load distribution within a limb in a still or moving subject. Under this premise, the aim of this study was to test whether data derived from this parameter could detect the differences between sound and lame limbs in unilaterally lame dogs with elbow dysplasia. To accomplish this purpose, ten unilaterally lame dogs of similar conformation were walked over a pressure platform. Next, the COP path, in relation to the position of sound and lame limbs, was measured in a coordinate system over a standard paw template obtained by pedobarography during the whole support phase. To compare variables, force platform data (peak vertical force and vertical impulse) from the same animals were obtained. Sound and lame limb statokinesiograms were also obtained while the animals stood still. Results The statistical analysis clearly showed that COP in lame limbs start cranially and were shorter than sound limbs. In addition, the value of the COP excursion index was lower in lame limbs. Finally, the area of statokinesiograms was greater in lame limbs. Conclusion This methodology based in limb COP characteristics serves to discriminate between sound and lame limbs in dogs with elbow dysplasia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1881-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio López
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - José M Vilar
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain. .,Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain.
| | - Mónica Rubio
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquin J Sopena
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Damiá
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Déborah Chicharro
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angelo Santana
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - José M Carrillo
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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Pitti L, Oosterlinck M, Díaz-Bertrana ML, Carrillo JM, Rubio M, Sopena J, Santana A, Vilar JM. Assessment of static posturography and pedobarography for the detection of unilateral forelimb lameness in ponies. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:151. [PMID: 29716596 PMCID: PMC5930758 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Static posturography and pedobarography are based on the detection of postural imbalance and, consequently, the pressure redistribution between limbs in lame subjects. These techniques have proven to be useful for the detection of lameness in humans and dogs. The main objective of this study was to test the suitability of static posturography and pedobarography in diagnosing lameness in ponies. A pressure platform was used to obtain postural data (statokinesiograms, mean X and Y, length, LFS ratio, and mean velocity) from 10 sound ponies and 7 ponies with unilateral forelimb lameness. Static pedobarographic data (pressure distribution, mean pressure, and peak pressure) were also collected and compared with force plate data (peak vertical force and vertical impulse) obtained from the same animals at the walk. RESULTS Significant differences were seen between lame and sound ponies for almost all evaluated parameters. With this sample size, differences between lame and sound limbs/groups were detected with a statistical power of 90%, except for mean X and Y. CONCLUSIONS Static posturography and pedobarography provide a complementary approach for lameness detection in equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Pitti
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Maarten Oosterlinck
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria L Díaz-Bertrana
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José M Carrillo
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Rubio
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquin Sopena
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angelo Santana
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - José M Vilar
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas Y Sanitarias, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain.
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Carrillo JM, Manera ME, Rubio M, Sopena J, Santana A, Vilar JM. Posturography and dynamic pedobarography in lame dogs with elbow dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament rupture. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:108. [PMID: 29573740 PMCID: PMC5866518 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The usefulness of studying posture and its modifications due to locomotor deficiencies of multiple origins has been widely proven in humans. To assess its suitability in the canine species, static posturography and dynamic pedobarography were performed on lame dogs affected with unilateral elbow dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament rupture by using a pressure platform. With this objective, statokinesiograms and stabilograms, the percentage of pressure distribution between limbs, paw area, mean pressure, and peak pressure, were obtained from lame and sound dogs. These data were compared with Peak Vertical Force values originated from a force platform in the same recording sessions. RESULTS Significant differences were found in the parameters mentioned above between sound and lame dogs and limbs. CONCLUSIONS Posturography and pedobarography are useful and reliable for the monitoring of fore and hindlimb lameness in dogs, providing a new set of parameters for lameness detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Carrillo
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria E Manera
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Mónica Rubio
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquin Sopena
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Cátedra García Cugat, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angelo Santana
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - José M Vilar
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain.
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