1
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Santiago-Olivares C, Martínez-Alvarado E, Rivera-Toledo E. Persistence of RNA Viruses in the Respiratory Tract: An Overview. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:3-12. [PMID: 36367976 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory RNA viruses are a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections and contribute substantially to hospitalization among infants, elderly, and immunocompromised. Complete viral clearance from acute infections is not always achieved, leading to persistence. Certain chronic respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have been associated with persistent infection by human respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus, but it is still not clear whether RNA viruses really establish long-term infections as it has been recognized for DNA viruses as human bocavirus and adenoviruses. Herein, we summarize evidence of RNA virus persistence in the human respiratory tract, as well as in some animal models, to highlight how long-term infections might be related to development and/or maintenance of chronic respiratory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Santiago-Olivares
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Eber Martínez-Alvarado
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Evelyn Rivera-Toledo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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2
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Giardina FAM, Piralla A, Ferrari G, Zavaglio F, Cassaniti I, Baldanti F. Molecular Epidemiology of Rhinovirus/Enterovirus and Their Role on Cause Severe and Prolonged Infection in Hospitalized Patients. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040755. [PMID: 35456806 PMCID: PMC9030097 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus is one of the most common respiratory viruses, causing both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It affects mainly children and could cause prolonged infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. Here we report our data on a 15-month surveillance of Rhinovirus seasonality and circulation in Lombardy Region, Italy. All rhinovirus/enterovirus-positive samples were amplified with RT-PCR for the VP4-VP2 region to assign the correct genotype. The median age of RV/EV-positive patients is 9 years, with a range of 0–96. RV-A and RV-C were detected in the majority of cases, while RV-B accounted for less than 10% of cases. An enterovirus species was detected in 6.45% of the cases. A total of 7% of the patients included in this study had a prolonged infection with a median duration of 62 days. All these patients were immunocompromised and most of them were pediatric with an RV-A infection. Two outbreaks were identified, mainly in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and Oncohematology Department, caused by RV A89 and C43, respectively. Nearly 4.5% of the patients were admitted to the ICU requiring mechanical ventilation; all of which had preexisting comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica A. M. Giardina
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.A.M.G.); (G.F.); (F.Z.); (I.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Antonio Piralla
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.A.M.G.); (G.F.); (F.Z.); (I.C.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-038-250-2420
| | - Guglielmo Ferrari
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.A.M.G.); (G.F.); (F.Z.); (I.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Federica Zavaglio
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.A.M.G.); (G.F.); (F.Z.); (I.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.A.M.G.); (G.F.); (F.Z.); (I.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.A.M.G.); (G.F.); (F.Z.); (I.C.); (F.B.)
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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3
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Shen Y, Freeman JA, Holland J, Solterbeck A, Naidu K, Soosapilla A, Downe P, Tang C, Kerridge I, Wallman L, Van Bilsen N, Milogiannakis V, Akerman A, Martins Costa Gomes G, Sandgren K, Cunningham AL, Turville S, Mulligan SP. COVID‐19 Vaccine Failure in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia and Monoclonal B‐Lymphocytosis; Humoral and Cellular Immunity. Br J Haematol 2021; 197:41-51. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Shen
- Department of Haematology Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards NSW Australia
- Kolling Institute Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards NSW Australia
| | - Jane A. Freeman
- Department of Haematology and Flow Cytometry Laverty Pathology Macquarie Park NSW Australia
- Northern Haematology and Oncology Group Sydney Adventist Hospital Wahroonga NSW Australia
| | - Juliette Holland
- Department of Microbiology Laverty Pathology, Macquarie Park NSW Australia
| | - Ann Solterbeck
- Statistical Revelations Pty Ltd 41 The Parade, Ocean Grove VIC Australia
| | - Kartik Naidu
- Department of Microbiology Laverty Pathology, Macquarie Park NSW Australia
| | - Asha Soosapilla
- Department of Haematology and Flow Cytometry Laverty Pathology Macquarie Park NSW Australia
| | - Paul Downe
- Department of Haematology and Flow Cytometry Laverty Pathology Macquarie Park NSW Australia
| | - Catherine Tang
- Department of Haematology and Flow Cytometry Laverty Pathology Macquarie Park NSW Australia
| | - Ian Kerridge
- Department of Haematology Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards NSW Australia
| | - Lucinda Wallman
- Department of Immunology Laverty Pathology, Macquarie Park NSW Australia
| | - Nenna Van Bilsen
- Department of Haematology and Flow Cytometry Laverty Pathology Macquarie Park NSW Australia
| | | | - Anouschka Akerman
- Kirby Institute University of New South Wales Kensington NSW Australia
| | | | - Kerrie Sandgren
- Centre for Virology Research Westmead Institute Sydney Infectious Diseases University of Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virology Research Westmead Institute Sydney Infectious Diseases University of Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- Kirby Institute University of New South Wales Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Stephen P. Mulligan
- Department of Haematology Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards NSW Australia
- Kolling Institute Royal North Shore Hospital St Leonards NSW Australia
- Department of Haematology and Flow Cytometry Laverty Pathology Macquarie Park NSW Australia
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4
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Jakiela B, Rebane A, Soja J, Bazan-Socha S, Laanesoo A, Plutecka H, Surmiak M, Sanak M, Sladek K, Bochenek G. Remodeling of bronchial epithelium caused by asthmatic inflammation affects its response to rhinovirus infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12821. [PMID: 34140575 PMCID: PMC8211645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are frequent cause of asthma exacerbations, however the influence of airway inflammation on the severity of viral infection is poorly understood. Here, we investigated how cytokine-induced remodeling of airway epithelium modulates antiviral response. We analyzed gene expression response in in vitro differentiated bronchial epithelium exposed to cytokines and next infected with HRV16. IL-13-induced mucous cell metaplasia (MCM) was associated with impaired ciliogenesis and induction of antiviral genes, resulting in lower susceptibility to HRV. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition caused by TGF-β was associated with increased virus replication and boosted innate response. Moreover, HRV infection per se caused transient upregulation of MCM markers and growth factors, followed by low-level virus replication and shedding. Our data suggest that the outcome of HRV infection depends on the type of lower airway inflammation and the extent of epithelial damage. Type-2 inflammation (eosinophilic asthma) may induce antiviral state of epithelium and decrease virus sensitivity, while growth factor exposure during epithelial repair may facilitate virus replication and inflammatory response. Additionally, responses to HRV were similar in cells obtained from asthma patients and control subjects, which implicates that antiviral mechanisms are not intrinsically impaired in asthma, but may develop in the presence of uncontrolled airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Jakiela
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ana Rebane
- grid.10939.320000 0001 0943 7661Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jerzy Soja
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Stanislawa Bazan-Socha
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anet Laanesoo
- grid.10939.320000 0001 0943 7661Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hanna Plutecka
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Sanak
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sladek
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grazyna Bochenek
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
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5
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Ruiz-Gómez X, Vázquez-Pérez JA, Flores-Herrera O, Esparza-Perusquía M, Santiago-Olivares C, Gaona-Bernal J, Gómez B, Mejía-Nepomuceno F, Méndez C, Rivera-Toledo E. Steady-state persistence of respiratory syncytial virus in a macrophage-like cell line and sequence analysis of the persistent viral genome. Virus Res 2021; 297:198367. [PMID: 33684421 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-term infection by human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) has been reported in immunocompromised patients. Cell lines are valuable in vitro model systems to study mechanisms associated with viral persistence. Persistent infections in cell cultures have been categorized at least as in "carrier-state", where there exist a low proportion of cells infected by a lytic virus, and as in "steady-state", where most of cells are infected, but in absence of cytophatic effect. Here, we showed that hRSV maintained a steady-state persistence in a macrophage-like cell line after 120 passages, since the viral genome was detected in all of the cells analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization, whereas only defective viruses were identified by sucrose gradients and titration assay. Interestingly, eight percent of cells harboring the hRSV genome revealed undetectable expression of the viral nucleoprotein N; however, when this cell population was sorted by flow cytometry and independently cultured, viral protein expression was induced at detectable levels since the first post-sorting passage, supporting that sorted cells harbored the viral genome. Sequencing of the persistent hRSV genome obtained from virus collected from cell-culture supernatants, allowed assembling of a complete genome that displayed 24 synonymous and 38 nonsynonymous substitutions in coding regions, whereas extragenic and intergenic regions displayed 12 substitutions, two insertions and one deletion. Previous reports characterizing mutations in extragenic regulatory sequences of hRSV, suggested that some mutations localized at the 3' leader region of our persistent virus might alter viral transcription and replication, as well as assembly of viral nucleocapsids. Besides, substitutions in P, F and G proteins might contribute to altered viral assembly, budding and membrane fusion, reducing the cytopathic effect and in consequence, contributing to host-cell survival. Full-length mutant genomes might be part of the repertoire of defective viral genomes formed during hRSV infections, contributing to the establishment and maintenance of virus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Ruiz-Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Oscar Flores-Herrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Mercedes Esparza-Perusquía
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Santiago-Olivares
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Gaona-Bernal
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Beatriz Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Carmen Méndez
- Departamento de Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Evelyn Rivera-Toledo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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6
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Reckziegel M, Weber-Osel C, Egerer R, Gruhn B, Kubek F, Walther M, Wilhelm S, Zell R, Krumbholz A. Viruses and atypical bacteria in the respiratory tract of immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients with airway infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1581-1592. [PMID: 32462500 PMCID: PMC7253234 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTI) can take a serious course under immunosuppression. Data on the impact of the underlying pathogens are still controversial. Samples from the upper (n = 322) and lower RT (n = 169) were collected from 136 children and 355 adults; 225 among them have been immunocompromised patients. Exclusion criteria were presence of relevant cultivable microorganisms, C-reactive protein > 20 mg/dl, or procalcitonin > 2.0 ng/ml. Samples were tested by PCR for the presence of herpesviruses (HSV-1/-2; VZV; CMV; HHV6; EBV), adenoviruses, bocaviruses, entero-/rhinoviruses (HRV), parechoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza viruses (IV), parainfluenza viruses as well as for pneumoviruses (HMPV and RSV), and atypical bacteria (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M.p.; Chlamydia pneumoniae, C.p.). Viral/bacterial genome equivalents were detected in more than two-thirds of specimens. Under immunosuppression, herpesviruses (EBV 30.9%/14.6%, p < 0.001; CMV 19.6%/7.9%, p < 0.001; HSV-1: 14.2%/7.1%, p = 0.012) were frequently observed, mainly through their reactivation in adults. Immunocompromised adults tended to present a higher RSV prevalence (6.4%/2.4%, p = 0.078). Immunocompetent patients were more frequently tested positive for IV (15.0%/5.8%, p = 0.001) and M.p. (6.4%/0.4%, p < 0.001), probably biased due to the influenza pandemic of 2009 and an M.p. epidemic in 2011. About 41.8% of samples were positive for a single pathogen, and among them EBV (19.9%) was most prevalent followed by HRV (18.2%) and IV (16.6%). HSV-2 and C.p. were not found. Marked seasonal effects were observed for HRV, IV, and RSV. Differences in pathogen prevalence were demonstrated between immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. The exact contribution of some herpesviruses to the development of RTI remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Reckziegel
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Hematology/Oncology, Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Weber-Osel
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Medicine II, Catholic Hospital 'St. Johann Nepomuk', Erfurt, Germany
| | - Renate Egerer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernd Gruhn
- Department of Pediatrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Kubek
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mario Walther
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Jena University of Applied Sciences, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Wilhelm
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Zell
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute of Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
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7
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Weinkove R, McQuilten ZK, Adler J, Agar MR, Blyth E, Cheng AC, Conyers R, Haeusler GM, Hardie C, Jackson C, Lane SW, Middlemiss T, Mollee P, Mulligan SP, Ritchie D, Ruka M, Solomon B, Szer J, Thursky KA, Wood EM, Worth LJ, Yong MK, Slavin MA, Teh BW. Managing haematology and oncology patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: interim consensus guidance. Med J Aust 2020; 212:481-489. [PMID: 32401360 PMCID: PMC7273031 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction A pandemic coronavirus, SARS‐CoV‐2, causes COVID‐19, a potentially life‐threatening respiratory disease. Patients with cancer may have compromised immunity due to their malignancy and/or treatment, and may be at elevated risk of severe COVID‐19. Community transmission of COVID‐19 could overwhelm health care services, compromising delivery of cancer care. This interim consensus guidance provides advice for clinicians managing patients with cancer during the pandemic. Main recommendations During the COVID‐19 pandemic: In patients with cancer with fever and/or respiratory symptoms, consider causes in addition to COVID‐19, including other infections and therapy‐related pneumonitis. For suspected or confirmed COVID‐19, discuss temporary cessation of cancer therapy with a relevant specialist. Provide information on COVID‐19 for patients and carers. Adopt measures within cancer centres to reduce risk of nosocomial SARS‐CoV‐2 acquisition; support population‐wide social distancing; reduce demand on acute services; ensure adequate staffing; and provide culturally safe care. Measures should be equitable, transparent and proportionate to the COVID‐19 threat. Consider the risks and benefits of modifying cancer therapies due to COVID‐19. Communicate treatment modifications, and review once health service capacity allows. Consider potential impacts of COVID‐19 on the blood supply and availability of stem cell donors. Discuss and document goals of care, and involve palliative care services in contingency planning.
Changes in management as a result of this statement This interim consensus guidance provides a framework for clinicians managing patients with cancer during the COVID‐19 pandemic. In view of the rapidly changing situation, clinicians must also monitor national, state, local and institutional policies, which will take precedence. Endorsed by Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group; Australasian Lung Cancer Trials Group; Australian and New Zealand Children's Haematology/Oncology Group; Australia and New Zealand Society of Palliative Medicine; Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases; Bone Marrow Transplantation Society of Australia and New Zealand; Cancer Council Australia; Cancer Nurses Society of Australia; Cancer Society of New Zealand; Clinical Oncology Society of Australia; Haematology Society of Australia and New Zealand; National Centre for Infections in Cancer; New Zealand Cancer Control Agency; New Zealand Society for Oncology; and Palliative Care Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Weinkove
- Wellington Blood and Cancer Centre, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, NZ.,Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, NZ
| | - Zoe K McQuilten
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC.,Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Jonathan Adler
- Wellington Regional Hospital, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, NZ
| | - Meera R Agar
- Improving Palliative, Aged and Chronic Care through Clinical Research and Translation, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW
| | - Emily Blyth
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW
| | | | - Rachel Conyers
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Gabrielle M Haeusler
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC.,Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Claire Hardie
- MidCentral District Health Board, Palmerston North, NZ
| | - Christopher Jackson
- Cancer Society of New Zealand, Wellington, NZ.,University of Otago, Dunedin, NZ
| | | | | | - Peter Mollee
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD.,University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
| | | | | | - Myra Ruka
- Waikato District Health Board, Hamilton, NZ.,University of Auckland, Auckland, NZ
| | | | - Jeffrey Szer
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC.,Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Karin A Thursky
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Erica M Wood
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC.,Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Leon J Worth
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Michelle K Yong
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Monica A Slavin
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Benjamin W Teh
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
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8
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Persistent Infection and Transmission of Senecavirus A from Carrier Sows to Contact Piglets. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00819-19. [PMID: 31434730 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00819-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a picornavirus that causes acute vesicular disease (VD), that is clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), in pigs. Notably, SVA RNA has been detected in lymphoid tissues of infected animals several weeks following resolution of the clinical disease, suggesting that the virus may persist in select host tissues. Here, we investigated the occurrence of persistent SVA infection and the contribution of stressors (transportation, immunosuppression, or parturition) to acute disease and recrudescence from persistent SVA infection. Our results show that transportation stress leads to a slight increase in disease severity following infection. During persistence, transportation, immunosuppression, and parturition stressors did not lead to overt/recrudescent clinical disease, but intermittent viremia and virus shedding were detected up to day 60 postinfection (p.i.) in all treatment groups following stress stimulation. Notably, real-time PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) assays confirmed that the tonsil harbors SVA RNA during the persistent phase of infection. Immunofluorescence assays (IFA) specific for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) demonstrated the presence of double-stranded viral RNA in tonsillar cells. Most importantly, infectious SVA was isolated from the tonsil of two animals on day 60 p.i., confirming the occurrence of carrier animals following SVA infection. These findings were supported by the fact that contact piglets (11/44) born to persistently infected sows were infected by SVA, demonstrating successful transmission of the virus from carrier sows to contact piglets. Results here confirm the establishment of persistent infection by SVA and demonstrate successful transmission of the virus from persistently infected animals.IMPORTANCE Persistent viral infections have significant implications for disease control strategies. Previous studies demonstrated the persistence of SVA RNA in the tonsil of experimentally or naturally infected animals long after resolution of the clinical disease. Here, we showed that SVA establishes persistent infection in SVA-infected animals, with the tonsil serving as one of the sites of virus persistence. Importantly, persistently infected carrier animals shedding SVA in oral and nasal secretions or feces can serve as sources of infection to other susceptible animals, as evidenced by successful transmission of SVA from persistently infected sows to contact piglets. These findings unveil an important aspect of SVA infection biology, suggesting that persistently infected pigs may function as reservoirs for SVA.
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9
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Correction: In Vivo Persistence of Human Rhinoviruses in Immunosuppressed Patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181296. [PMID: 28704567 PMCID: PMC5509319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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