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Steinbach A, Kun J, Urbán P, Palkovics T, Polgár B, Schneider G. Molecular Responses of the Eukaryotic Cell Line INT407 on the Internalized Campylobacter jejuni-The Other Side of the Coin. Pathogens 2024; 13:386. [PMID: 38787238 PMCID: PMC11124400 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic bacterium with the capacity to invade the epithelial cells during the pathogenic process. Several bacterial factors have been identified to contribute to this process, but our knowledge is still very limited about the response of the host. To reveal the major routes of this response, a whole-transcriptome analysis (WTA) was performed where gene expressions were compared between the 1st and the 3rd hours of internalization in INT407 epithelial cells. From the 41,769 human genes tested, altogether, 19,060 genes were shown through WTA to be influenced to different extents. The genes and regulation factors of transcription (296/1052; 28%), signal transduction (215/1052; 21%), apoptosis (153/1052; 15%), immune responses (97/1052; 9%), transmembrane transport (64/1052; 6%), cell-cell signaling (32/1052; 3%), cell-cell adhesions (29/1052; 3%), and carbohydrate metabolism (28/1052; 3%) were the most affected biological functions. A striking feature of the gene expression of this stage of the internalization process is the activation of both immune functions and apoptosis, which convincingly outlines that the invaded cell faces a choice between death and survival. The seemingly balanced status quo between the invader and the host is the result of a complex process that also affects genes known to be associated with postinfectious pathological conditions. The upregulation of TLR3 (3.79×) and CD36 (2.73×), two general tumor markers, and SERPINEB9 (11.37×), FNDC1 (7.58×), and TACR2 (8.84×), three factors of tumorigenesis, confirms the wider pathological significance of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Steinbach
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.S.); (T.P.); (B.P.)
| | - József Kun
- Hungarian Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (J.K.); (P.U.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Urbán
- Hungarian Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (J.K.); (P.U.)
| | - Tamás Palkovics
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.S.); (T.P.); (B.P.)
| | - Beáta Polgár
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.S.); (T.P.); (B.P.)
| | - György Schneider
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (A.S.); (T.P.); (B.P.)
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Sajid M, Sharma P, Srivastava S, Hariprasad R, Singh H, Bharadwaj M. Alteration of oral bacteriome of smokeless tobacco users and their association with oral cancer. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12534-z. [PMID: 37154908 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12534-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is certainly one of the major risk factors associated with oral cancer. Disruption of oral microbiota-host homeostasis contributes to the progression of oral cancer. Here, we profiled SLT users' oral bacterial composition and inferred their functions by sequencing 16S rDNA V3-V4 region and PICRUSt2, respectively. Oral bacteriome of SLT users (with or without oral premalignant lesions), SLT with alcohol co-users, and non-SLT consumers were compared. Oral bacteriome is shaped primarily by SLT use and the incidence of oral premalignant lesions (OPL). A significantly increased bacterial α-diversity was monitored in SLT users with OPL compared to in SLT users without OPL and non-users, whereas β-diversity was significantly explained by OPL status. Overrepresented genera were Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Veillonella, Haemophilus, Capnocytophaga, and Leptotrichia in SLT users having OPL. LEfSe analysis identified 16 genera as a biomarker that were differentially abundant in SLT users having OPL. The functional prediction of genes significantly increased for several metabolic pathways, more importantly, were nitrogen metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, energy metabolism, and biosynthesis/biodegradation of secondary metabolites in SLT users having OPL. Furthermore, HPV-16 and EBV, but not HPV-18, were considerably connected with the SLT users having OPL. Overall, this study provides evidence that SLT utilization and OPL development are associated with oral bacteriome dysbiosis indicating the enrichment of bacterial species known for their contribution to oral carcinogenesis. Therefore, delineating the cancer-inducing bacterial population in SLT users will facilitate the future development of microbiome-targeted therapies. KEY POINTS: • SLT consumption significantly elevates oral bacterial diversity. • Prevalent significant genera are Prevotella, Veillonella, and Haemophilus in SLT users with OPL. • SLT promotes the occurrence of the cancer-inducing bacterial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sajid
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Pragya Sharma
- Molecular Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Roopa Hariprasad
- Division of Clinical Oncology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Mausumi Bharadwaj
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.
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Weber A, Schwiebs A, Solhaug H, Stenvik J, Nilsen AM, Wagner M, Relja B, Radeke HH. Nanoplastics affect the inflammatory cytokine release by primary human monocytes and dendritic cells. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107173. [PMID: 35303527 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
So far, the human health impacts of nano- and microplastics are poorly understood. Thus, we investigated whether nanoplastics exposure induces inflammatory processes in primary human monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. We exposed these cells in vitro to nanoplastics of different shapes (irregular vs. spherical), sizes (50-310 nm and polydisperse mixtures) and polymer types (polystyrene; polymethyl methacrylate; polyvinyl chloride, PVC) using concentrations of 30-300 particles cell-1. Our results show that irregular PVC particles induce the strongest cytokine release of these nanoplastics. Irregular polystyrene triggered a significantly higher pro-inflammatory response compared to spherical nanoplastics. The contribution of chemicals leaching from the particles was minor. The effects were concentration-dependent but varied markedly between cell donors. We conclude that nanoplastics exposure can provoke human immune cells to secrete cytokines as key initiators of inflammation. This response is specific to certain polymers (PVC) and particle shapes (fragments). Accordingly, nanoplastics cannot be considered one homogenous entity when assessing their health implications and the use of spherical polystyrene nanoplastics may underestimate their inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annkatrin Weber
- Goethe University, Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Schwiebs
- Goethe University Hospital, Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, pharmazentrum frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7/75, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Helene Solhaug
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Erling Skjalgssons gate 1, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Stenvik
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Erling Skjalgssons gate 1, Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Olav Kyrres gate 17, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Asbjørn M Nilsen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Erling Skjalgssons gate 1, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Wagner
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Borna Relja
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Experimental Radiology, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Heinfried H Radeke
- Goethe University Hospital, Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, pharmazentrum frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7/75, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Sayehmiri F, Samadian M, Mohamadkhani A, Tafakhori A, Haghighat S, Rahmatian A, Mohammadkhani MA, Fazli HR, Rezaei Tavirani M. Gut Microbiota Modification via Glucagon-like Peptide-1 with Beneficial Neuroprotective Effects. Middle East J Dig Dis 2022; 14:235-243. [PMID: 36619150 PMCID: PMC9489313 DOI: 10.34172/mejdd.2022.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In recent decades, it has been shown that the association between intestinal bacterial imbalance (dysbiosis) and various diseases such as type 2 diabetes can play a role in the development of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In this study, the beneficial effects of intestinal microbiota glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in cognitive disorders were investigated. METHODS: PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched to identify experimental studies based on the bacterial strains along with GLP-1 1 expression in preventing or reducing cognitive impairment. Of the 233 studies, six were eligible for inclusion, and the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) risk of bias tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias in individual studies. RESULTS: The results showed that intestinal expression of GLP-1 1 could reduce the intestinal pathogenic genus such as Enterobacteriaceae and was obviously associated with a greater number of beneficial genera such as Lactobacillus and Akkermansia. Also, the neuroprotective effects of Clostridium butyricum with GLP-1 1 in a mice were approved. Therefore, the modulation of the intestinal microbiota, mediated by an increase in the intestinal GLP-1 1 level, consequently improved cognitive function. CONCLUSION: In this review, we have indicated that the gut microbiota, by stimulating the expression of the intestinal hormones like GLP-1 1, and also with a beneficial effect in inhibiting some involved genes in inflammation, can declined the development of cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Samadian
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Mohamadkhani
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Tafakhori
- Associate Professor of Neurology, Iranian Center of Neurological Science; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Haghighat
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Aryoobarzan Rahmatian
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of neurology, Ilam University of medical science, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Reza Fazli
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author: Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani, Ph.D Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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The Host Cellular Immune Response to Infection by Campylobacter Spp. and Its Role in Disease. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0011621. [PMID: 34031129 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00116-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are the leading cause of bacterium-derived gastroenteritis worldwide, impacting 96 million individuals annually. Unlike other bacterial pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract, Campylobacter spp. lack many of the classical virulence factors that are often associated with the ability to induce disease in humans, including an array of canonical secretion systems and toxins. Consequently, the clinical manifestations of human campylobacteriosis and its resulting gastrointestinal pathology are believed to be primarily due to the host immune response toward the bacterium. Further, while gastrointestinal infection is usually self-limiting, numerous postinfectious disorders can occur, including the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome, reactive arthritis, and irritable bowel syndrome. Because gastrointestinal disease likely results from the host immune response, the development of these postinfectious disorders may be due to dysregulation or misdirection of the same inflammatory response. As a result, it is becoming increasingly important to the Campylobacter field, and human health, that the cellular immune responses toward Campylobacter be better understood, including which immunological events are critical to the development of disease and the postinfectious disorders mentioned above. In this review, we collectively cover the cellular immune responses across susceptible hosts to Campylobacter jejuni infection, along with the tissue pathology and postinfectious disorders which may develop.
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Gomes CN, Campioni F, Vilela FP, Duque SS, Falcão JP. Campylobacter coli strains from Brazil can invade phagocytic and epithelial cells and induce IL-8 secretion. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:859-867. [PMID: 33590448 PMCID: PMC8105435 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. have been a predominant cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide, causing substantial costs to public healthcare systems. This study aimed to assess the invasion and pro-inflammatory cytokine production capacity of Campylobacter coli strains isolated in Brazil. A total of 50 C. coli isolated from different sources in Brazil were analyzed for their capacity of invasion in Caco-2 and U-937 cell lines. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was quantitatively measured in response to C. coli. All the strains studied showed invasion percentage ≥ 40% in polarized Caco-2 cells. In U-937 cells assay, 35 of 50 C. coli strains studied showed invasion percentage ≥ 50%. A significant increase in IL-8 production by infected U-937 cells was observed for 17.5% of the C. coli isolates. The high percentages of invasion in Caco-2 and U-937 cells observed for all studied strains, plus the increased production of IL-8 by U-937 cells against some strains, highlighted the pathogenic potential of the C. coli studied and bring extremely relevant data since it has never been reported for strains isolated in Brazil and there are a few data for C. coli in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina N Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Fábio Campioni
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Felipe P Vilela
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Sheila S Duque
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-IOC, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, sala 516, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Falcão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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Silvan JM, Pinto-Bustillos MA, Vásquez-Ponce P, Prodanov M, Martinez-Rodriguez AJ. Olive mill wastewater as a potential source of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory compounds against the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Al-Banna NA, Cyprian F, Albert MJ. Cytokine responses in campylobacteriosis: Linking pathogenesis to immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 41:75-87. [PMID: 29550265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is an important enteric pathogen that causes diarrheas of different degrees of severity and several extra-intestinal manifestations, including Guillain-Barre syndrome. The variability of disease outcomes is thought to be linked to the immune response induced by C. jejuni. The virulence factors of C. jejuni induce a pro-inflammatory response, that is initiated by the intestinal epithelial cells, propagated by innate immune cells and modulated by the cells of the adaptive immune response. This review focuses on cytokines, that are reported to orchestrate the induction and propagation of pro-inflammatory immune response, and also those that are involved in control and resolution of inflammation. We describe the functional roles of a number of cytokines in modulating anti-Campylobacter immune responses: 1. cytokines of innate immunity (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8) as initiators of inflammatory response, 2. cytokines of antigen-presenting cells (IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-23) as promoters of pro-inflammatory response, 3. cytokines produced by T cells (IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-22) as activators of T cells, and 4. anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) as inhibitors of pro-inflammatory responses. We highlight the roles of cytokines as potential therapeutic agents that are under investigation. In the end, we pose several questions that remain unanswered in our quest to understand Campylobacter immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Al-Banna
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health Cluster, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Farhan Cyprian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health Cluster, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - M John Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait.
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Bonfili L, Cecarini V, Berardi S, Scarpona S, Suchodolski JS, Nasuti C, Fiorini D, Boarelli MC, Rossi G, Eleuteri AM. Microbiota modulation counteracts Alzheimer's disease progression influencing neuronal proteolysis and gut hormones plasma levels. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2426. [PMID: 28546539 PMCID: PMC5445077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has a proven role in regulating multiple neuro-chemical pathways through the highly interconnected gut-brain axis. Oral bacteriotherapy thus has potential in the treatment of central nervous system-related pathologies, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Current AD treatments aim to prevent onset, delay progression and ameliorate symptoms. In this work, 3xTg-AD mice in the early stage of AD were treated with SLAB51 probiotic formulation, thereby affecting the composition of gut microbiota and its metabolites. This influenced plasma concentration of inflammatory cytokines and key metabolic hormones considered therapeutic targets in neurodegeneration. Treated mice showed partial restoration of two impaired neuronal proteolytic pathways (the ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy). Their cognitive decline was decreased compared with controls, due to a reduction in brain damage and reduced accumulation of amyloid beta aggregates. Collectively, our results clearly prove that modulation of the microbiota induces positive effects on neuronal pathways that are able to slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bonfili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, (MC), Italy.
| | - Valentina Cecarini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, (MC), Italy
| | - Sara Berardi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, (MC), Italy
| | - Silvia Scarpona
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, (MC), Italy
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Cinzia Nasuti
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032, Camerino, (MC), Italy
| | - Dennis Fiorini
- Division of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, I-62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Boarelli
- Division of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, I-62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, (MC), Italy
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, (MC), Italy
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