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Park Y, Park S, Lee M. Effectiveness of artificial intelligence in detecting and managing depressive disorders: Systematic review. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:445-456. [PMID: 38889858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study underscores the importance of exploring AI's creative applications in treating depressive disorders to revolutionize mental health care. Through innovative integration of AI technologies, the research confirms their positive effects on preventing, diagnosing, and treating depression. The systematic review establishes an evidence base for AI in depression management, offering directions for effective interventions. METHODS This systematic literature review investigates the effectiveness of AI in depression management by analyzing studies from January 1, 2017, to May 31, 2022. Utilizing search engines like IEEE Xplore, PubMed, and Web of Science, the review focused on keywords such as Depression/Mental Health, Machine Learning/Artificial Intelligence, and Prediction/Diagnosis. The analysis of 95 documents involved classification based on use, data type, and algorithm type. RESULTS The study revealed that AI in depression management excelled in accuracy, particularly in monitoring and prediction. Biomarker-derived data demonstrated the highest accuracy, with the CNN algorithm proving most effective. The findings affirm the therapeutic benefits of AI, including treatment, detection, and disease prediction, highlighting its potential in analyzing monitored data for depression management. LIMITATIONS This study exclusively examined the application of AI in individuals with depressive disorders. Interpretation should be cautious due to the limited scope of subjects to this specific population. CONCLUSIONS To introduce digital healthcare and therapies for ongoing depression management, it's crucial to present empirical evidence on the medical fee payment system, safety, and efficacy. These findings support enhanced medical accessibility through digital healthcare, offering personalized disease management for patients seeking non-face-to-face treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonseo Park
- Department of Convergence Healthcare Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Sewon Park
- Department of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Munjae Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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2
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Wang Y, Peng Y, Han M, Liu X, Niu H, Cheng J, Chang S, Liu T. GCTNet: a graph convolutional transformer network for major depressive disorder detection based on EEG signals. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:036042. [PMID: 38788706 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad5048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Objective.Identifying major depressive disorder (MDD) using objective physiological signals has become a pressing challenge.Approach.Hence, this paper proposes a graph convolutional transformer network (GCTNet) for accurate and reliable MDD detection using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The developed framework integrates a residual graph convolutional network block to capture spatial information and a Transformer block to extract global temporal dynamics. Additionally, we introduce the contrastive cross-entropy (CCE) loss that combines contrastive learning to enhance the stability and discriminability of the extracted features, thereby improving classification performance.Main results. The effectiveness of the GCTNet model and CCE loss was assessed using EEG data from 41 MDD patients and 44 normal controls, in addition to a publicly available dataset. Utilizing a subject-independent data partitioning method and 10-fold cross-validation, the proposed method demonstrated significant performance, achieving an average Area Under the Curve of 0.7693 and 0.9755 across both datasets, respectively. Comparative analyses demonstrated the superiority of the GCTNet framework with CCE loss over state-of-the-art algorithms in MDD detection tasks.Significance. The proposed method offers an objective and effective approach to MDD detection, providing valuable support for clinical-assisted diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudan Peng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxiu Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Cheng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suhua Chang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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3
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Mirjebreili SM, Shalbaf R, Shalbaf A. Prediction of treatment response in major depressive disorder using a hybrid of convolutional recurrent deep neural networks and effective connectivity based on EEG signal. Phys Eng Sci Med 2024; 47:633-642. [PMID: 38358619 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-024-01392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we have developed a novel method based on deep learning and brain effective connectivity to classify responders and non-responders to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) antidepressants in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients prior to the treatment using EEG signal. The effective connectivity of 30 MDD patients was determined by analyzing their pretreatment EEG signals, which were then concatenated into delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands and transformed into images. Using these images, we then fine tuned a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network that is enhanced with bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory cells based on transfer learning. The Inception-v3, ResNet18, DenseNet121, and EfficientNet-B0 models are implemented as base models. Finally, the models are followed by BiLSTM and dense layers in order to classify responders and non-responders to SSRI treatment. Results showed that the EfficiencyNet-B0 has the highest accuracy of 98.33, followed by DensNet121, ResNet18 and Inception-v3. Therefore, a new method was proposed in this study that uses deep learning models to extract both spatial and temporal features automatically, which will improve classification results. The proposed method provides accurate identification of MDD patients who are responding, thereby reducing the cost of medical facilities and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Shalbaf
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shalbaf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Zhou Q, Sun S, Wang S, Jiang P. TanhReLU -based convolutional neural networks for MDD classification. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1346838. [PMID: 38881552 PMCID: PMC11176540 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1346838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Major Depression Disorder (MDD), a complex mental health disorder, poses significant challenges in accurate diagnosis. In addressing the issue of gradient vanishing in the classification of MDD using current data-driven electroencephalogram (EEG) data, this study introduces a TanhReLU-based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). By integrating the TanhReLU activation function, which combines the characteristics of the hyperbolic tangent (Tanh) and rectified linear unit (ReLU) activations, the model aims to improve performance in identifying patterns associated with MDD while alleviating the issue of model overfitting and gradient vanishing. Experimental results demonstrate promising outcomes in the task of MDD classification upon the publicly available EEG data, suggesting potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhou
- Computer School (Huangshi Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence), Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- Computer School (Huangshi Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence), Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Electronic information and electrical engineering institute, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Computer School (Huangshi Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence), Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
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5
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He Z, Chen L, Xu J, Lv H, Zhou RN, Hu J, Chen Y, Gao Y. Unified Convolutional Sparse Transformer for Disease Diagnosis, Monitoring, Drug Development, and Therapeutic Effect Prediction from EEG Raw Data. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:203. [PMID: 38666815 PMCID: PMC11048286 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis plays an indispensable role across contemporary medical applications, which encompasses diagnosis, monitoring, drug discovery, and therapeutic assessment. This work puts forth an end-to-end deep learning framework that is uniquely tailored for versatile EEG analysis tasks by directly operating on raw waveform inputs. It aims to address the challenges of manual feature engineering and the neglect of spatial interrelationships in existing methodologies. Specifically, a spatial channel attention module is introduced to emphasize the critical inter-channel dependencies in EEG signals through channel statistics aggregation and multi-layer perceptron operations. Furthermore, a sparse transformer encoder is used to leverage selective sparse attention in order to efficiently process long EEG sequences while reducing computational complexity. Distilling convolutional layers further concatenates the temporal features and retains only the salient patterns. As it was rigorously evaluated on key EEG datasets, our model consistently accomplished a superior performance over the current approaches in detection and classification assignments. By accounting for both spatial and temporal relationships in an end-to-end paradigm, this work facilitates a versatile, automated EEG understanding across diseases, subjects, and objectives through a singular yet customizable architecture. Extensive empirical validation and further architectural refinement may promote broader clinical adoption prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengda He
- The Department of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (L.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Linjie Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (L.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiaying Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (L.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Hao Lv
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (L.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Rui-ning Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (L.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianhua Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (L.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Yadong Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (L.C.); (J.X.)
| | - Yang Gao
- The Department of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
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6
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Ebrahimzadeh E, Dehghani A, Asgarinejad M, Soltanian-Zadeh H. Non-linear processing and reinforcement learning to predict rTMS treatment response in depression. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2024; 337:111764. [PMID: 38043370 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forecasting the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) therapy can lead to substantial time and cost savings by preventing futile treatments. To achieve this objective, we've formulated a machine learning approach aimed at categorizing patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) into two groups: individuals who respond (R) positively to rTMS treatment and those who do not respond (NR). METHODS Preceding the commencement of treatment, we obtained resting-state EEG data from 106 patients diagnosed with MDD, employing 32 electrodes for data collection. These patients then underwent a 7-week course of rTMS therapy, and 54 of them exhibited positive responses to the treatment. Employing Independent Component Analysis (ICA) on the EEG data, we successfully pinpointed relevant brain sources that could potentially serve as markers of neural activity within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). These identified sources were further scrutinized to estimate the sources of activity within the sensor domain. Then, we integrated supplementary physiological data and implemented specific criteria to yield more realistic estimations when compared to conventional EEG analysis. In the end, we selected components corresponding to the DLPFC region within the sensor domain. Features were derived from the time-series data of these relevant independent components. To identify the most significant features, we used Reinforcement Learning (RL). In categorizing patients into two groups - R and NR to rTMS treatment - we utilized three distinct classification algorithms including K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). We assessed the performance of these classifiers through a ten-fold cross-validation method. Additionally, we conducted a statistical test to evaluate the discriminative capacity of these features between responders and non-responders, opening the door for further exploration in this field. RESULTS We identified EEG features that can anticipate the response to rTMS treatment. The most robust discriminators included EEG beta power, the sum of bispectrum diagonal elements in the delta and beta frequency bands. When these features were combined into a single vector, the classification of responders and non-responders achieved impressive performance, with an accuracy of 95.28 %, specificity at 94.23 %, sensitivity reaching 96.29 %, and precision standing at 94.54 %, all achieved using SVM. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the proposed approach, utilizing power, non-linear, and bispectral features extracted from relevant independent component time-series, has the capability to forecast the treatment outcome of rTMS for MDD patients based solely on a single pre-treatment EEG recording session. The achieved findings demonstrate the superior performance of our method compared to previous techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Ebrahimzadeh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amin Dehghani
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
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7
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Schwartzmann B, Dhami P, Uher R, Lam RW, Frey BN, Milev R, Müller DJ, Blier P, Soares CN, Parikh SV, Turecki G, Foster JA, Rotzinger S, Kennedy SH, Farzan F. Developing an Electroencephalography-Based Model for Predicting Response to Antidepressant Medication. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2336094. [PMID: 37768659 PMCID: PMC10539986 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.36094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Untreated depression is a growing public health concern, with patients often facing a prolonged trial-and-error process in search of effective treatment. Developing a predictive model for treatment response in clinical practice remains challenging. Objective To establish a model based on electroencephalography (EEG) to predict response to 2 distinct selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medications. Design, Setting, and Participants This prognostic study developed a predictive model using EEG data collected between 2011 and 2017 from 2 independent cohorts of participants with depression: 1 from the first Canadian Biomarker Integration Network in Depression (CAN-BIND) group and the other from the Establishing Moderators and Biosignatures of Antidepressant Response for Clinical Care (EMBARC) consortium. Eligible participants included those aged 18 to 65 years who had a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Data were analyzed from January to December 2022. Exposures In an open-label trial, CAN-BIND participants received an 8-week treatment regimen of escitalopram treatment (10-20 mg), and EMBARC participants were randomized in a double-blind trial to receive an 8-week sertraline (50-200 mg) treatment or placebo treatment. Main Outcomes and Measures The model's performance was estimated using balanced accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity metrics. The model used data from the CAN-BIND cohort for internal validation, and data from the treatment group of the EMBARC cohort for external validation. At week 8, response to treatment was defined as a 50% or greater reduction in the primary, clinician-rated scale of depression severity. Results The CAN-BIND cohort included 125 participants (mean [SD] age, 36.4 [13.0] years; 78 [62.4%] women), and the EMBARC sertraline treatment group included 105 participants (mean [SD] age, 38.4 [13.8] years; 72 [68.6%] women). The model achieved a balanced accuracy of 64.2% (95% CI, 55.8%-72.6%), sensitivity of 66.1% (95% CI, 53.7%-78.5%), and specificity of 62.3% (95% CI, 50.1%-73.8%) during internal validation with CAN-BIND. During external validation with EMBARC, the model achieved a balanced accuracy of 63.7% (95% CI, 54.5%-72.8%), sensitivity of 58.8% (95% CI, 45.3%-72.3%), and specificity of 68.5% (95% CI, 56.1%-80.9%). Additionally, the balanced accuracy for the EMBARC placebo group (118 participants) was 48.7% (95% CI, 39.3%-58.0%), the sensitivity was 50.0% (95% CI, 35.2%-64.8%), and the specificity was 47.3% (95% CI, 35.9%-58.7%), suggesting the model's specificity in predicting SSRIs treatment response. Conclusions and Relevance In this prognostic study, an EEG-based model was developed and validated in 2 independent cohorts. The model showed promising accuracy in predicting treatment response to 2 distinct SSRIs, suggesting potential applications for personalized depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schwartzmann
- eBrain Lab, School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Prabhjot Dhami
- eBrain Lab, School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rudolf Uher
- Department of Psyciatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Raymond W Lam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benicio N Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roumen Milev
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Providence Care, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Providence Care, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre Blier
- Mood Disorders Research Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudio N Soares
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Providence Care, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Providence Care, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Gustavo Turecki
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jane A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Depression Research and Clinical Care, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Susan Rotzinger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sidney H Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faranak Farzan
- eBrain Lab, School of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Chen W, Cai Y, Li A, Su Y, Jiang K. EEG feature selection method based on maximum information coefficient and quantum particle swarm. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14515. [PMID: 37666919 PMCID: PMC10477332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce the dimensionality of EEG features and improve classification accuracy, we propose an improved hybrid feature selection method for EEG feature selection. First, MIC is used to remove irrelevant features and redundant features to reduce the search space of the second stage. QPSO is then used to optimize the feature in the second stage to obtain the optimal feature subset. Considering that both dimensionality and classification accuracy affect the performance of feature subsets, we design a new fitness function. Moreover, we optimize the parameters of the classifier while optimizing the feature subset to improve the classification accuracy and reduce the running time of the algorithm. Finally, experiments were performed on EEG and UCI datasets and compared with five existing feature selection methods. The results show that the feature subsets obtained by the proposed method have low dimensionality, high classification accuracy, and low computational complexity, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Chen
- Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi'an, 710025, China
| | - Yanping Cai
- Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi'an, 710025, China.
| | - Aihua Li
- Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi'an, 710025, China
| | - Yanzhao Su
- Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi'an, 710025, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi'an, 710025, China
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9
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Ghaderi AH, Brown EC, Clark DL, Ramasubbu R, Kiss ZHT, Protzner AB. Functional brain network features specify DBS outcome for patients with treatment resistant depression. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3888-3899. [PMID: 37474591 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has shown therapeutic benefits for treatment resistant depression (TRD). Stimulation of the subcallosal cingulate gyrus (SCG) aims to alter dysregulation between subcortical and cortex. However, the 50% response rates for SCG-DBS indicates that selection of appropriate patients is challenging. Since stimulation influences large-scale network function, we hypothesized that network features can be used as biomarkers to inform outcome. In this pilot project, we used resting-state EEG recorded longitudinally from 10 TRD patients with SCG-DBS (11 at baseline). EEGs were recorded before DBS-surgery, 1-3 months, and 6 months post surgery. We used graph theoretical analysis to calculate clustering coefficient, global efficiency, eigenvector centrality, energy, and entropy of source-localized EEG networks to determine their topological/dynamical features. Patients were classified as responders based on achieving a 50% or greater reduction in Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) scores from baseline to 12 months post surgery. In the delta band, false discovery rate analysis revealed that global brain network features (segregation, integration, synchronization, and complexity) were significantly lower and centrality of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was higher in responders than in non-responders. Accordingly, longitudinal analysis showed SCG-DBS increased global network features and decreased centrality of subgenual ACC. Similarly, a clustering method separated two groups by network features and significant correlations were identified longitudinally between network changes and depression symptoms. Despite recent speculation that certain subtypes of TRD are more likely to respond to DBS, in the SCG it seems that underlying brain network features are associated with ability to respond to DBS. SCG-DBS increased segregation, integration, and synchronizability of brain networks, suggesting that information processing became faster and more efficient, in those patients in whom it was lower at baseline. Centrality results suggest these changes may occur via altered connectivity in specific brain regions especially ACC. We highlight potential mechanisms of therapeutic effect for SCG-DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Ghaderi
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Elliot C Brown
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Arden University Berlin, 10963, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Darren Laree Clark
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rajamannar Ramasubbu
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Zelma H T Kiss
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Andrea B Protzner
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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10
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Zhou DD, Peng XY, Zhao L, Ma LL, Hu JH, Jiang ZH, He XQ, Wang W, Chen R, Kuang L. Neurophysiological biomarkers for depression classification: Utilizing microstate k-mers and a bag-of-words model. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 165:197-204. [PMID: 37517240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Microstates are analogous to characters in a language, and short fragments consisting of several microstates (k-mers) are analogous to words. We aimed to investigate whether microstate k-mers could be used as neurophysiological biomarkers to differentiate between depressed patients and normal controls. We utilized a bag-of-words model to process microstate sequences, using k-mers with a k range of 1-10 as terms, and the term frequency (TF) with or without inverse-document-frequency (IDF) as features. We performed nested cross-validation on Dataset 1 (27 patients and 26 controls) and Dataset 2 (34 patients and 30 controls) separately and then trained on one dataset and tested on the other. The best area under the curve (AUC) of 81.5% was achieved for the model with L1 regularization using the TF of 4-mers as features in Dataset 1, and the best AUC of 88.9% was achieved for the model with L1 regularization using the TF of 9-mers as features in Dataset 2. When Dataset 1 was used as the training set, the best AUC of predicting Dataset 2 was 74.1% for the model with L2 regularization using the TF-IDF of 9-mers as features, while the best AUC of predicting Dataset 1 was 70.2% for the model with L1 regularization using the TF of 8-mers as features. Our study provided novel insights into the potential of microstate k-mers as neurophysiological biomarkers for individual-level classification of depression. These may facilitate further exploration of microstate sequences using natural language processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Zhou
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Yu Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling-Li Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Hui Hu
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng-Hao Jiang
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Qing He
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wo Wang
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Li Kuang
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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11
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Ma Y, Shen J, Zhao Z, Liang H, Tan Y, Liu Z, Qian K, Yang M, Hu B. What Can Facial Movements Reveal? Depression Recognition and Analysis Based on Optical Flow Using Bayesian Networks. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2023; 31:3459-3468. [PMID: 37581961 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2023.3305351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence have demonstrated that facial expressions could be a valid and important aspect for depression recognition. Although various works have been achieved in automatic depression recognition, it is a challenge to explore the inherent nuances of facial expressions that might reveal the underlying differences between depressed patients and healthy subjects under different stimuli. There is a lack of an undisturbed system that monitors depressive patients' mental states in various free-living scenarios, so this paper steps towards building a classification model where data collection, feature extraction, depression recognition and facial actions analysis are conducted to infer the differences of facial movements between depressive patients and healthy subjects. In this study, we firstly present a plan of dividing facial regions of interest to extract optical flow features of facial expressions for depression recognition. We then propose facial movements coefficients utilising discrete wavelet transformation. Specifically, Bayesian Networks equipped with construction of Pearson Correlation Coefficients based on discrete wavelet transformation is learnt, which allows for analysing movements of different facial regions. We evaluate our method on a clinically validated dataset of 30 depressed patients and 30 healthy control subjects, and experiments results obtained the accuracy and recall of 81.7%, 96.7%, respectively, outperforming other features for comparison. Most importantly, the Bayesian Networks we built on the coefficients under different stimuli may reveal some facial action patterns of depressed subjects, which have a potential to assist the automatic diagnosis of depression.
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12
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Pacia SV. Sub-Scalp Implantable Telemetric EEG (SITE) for the Management of Neurological and Behavioral Disorders beyond Epilepsy. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1176. [PMID: 37626532 PMCID: PMC10452821 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13081176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sub-scalp Implantable Telemetric EEG (SITE) devices are under development for the treatment of epilepsy. However, beyond epilepsy, continuous EEG analysis could revolutionize the management of patients suffering from all types of brain disorders. This article reviews decades of foundational EEG research, collected from short-term routine EEG studies of common neurological and behavioral disorders, that may guide future SITE management and research. Established quantitative EEG methods, like spectral EEG power density calculation combined with state-of-the-art machine learning techniques applied to SITE data, can identify new EEG biomarkers of neurological disease. From distinguishing syncopal events from seizures to predicting the risk of dementia, SITE-derived EEG biomarkers can provide clinicians with real-time information about diagnosis, treatment response, and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Pacia
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Neurology Northwell Health, 611 Northern Blvd, Great Neck, New York, NY 11021, USA
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13
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Soni S, Seal A, Mohanty SK, Sakurai K. Electroencephalography signals-based sparse networks integration using a fuzzy ensemble technique for depression detection. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2023.104873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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14
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Khadidos AO, Alyoubi KH, Mahato S, Khadidos AO, Nandan Mohanty S. Machine Learning and Electroencephalogram Signal based Diagnosis of Dipression. Neurosci Lett 2023; 809:137313. [PMID: 37257682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a psychological condition which hampers day to day activity (Thinking, Feeling or Action). The early detection of this illness will help to save many lives because it is now recognized as a global problem which could even lead to suicide. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals can be used to diagnose depression using machine learning techniques. The dataset studied is public dataset which consists of 30 healthy people and 34 depression patients. The methods used for detection of depression are Decision Tree, Random Forest, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Bidirectional Long-Short Term Memory (Bi-LSTM), Gradient Boosting, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) along with band power. Among Deep Learning techniques, CNN model got the highest accuracy with 98.13%, specificity of 99%, and sensitivity of 97% using band power features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil O Khadidos
- Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khaled H Alyoubi
- Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shalini Mahato
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Alaa O Khadidos
- Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sachi Nandan Mohanty
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Vardhaman College of Engineering(Autonomous), Hyderabad, India.
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15
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Yu HS, Meng XF. Characteristic analysis of epileptic brain network based on attention mechanism. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10742. [PMID: 37400535 PMCID: PMC10317957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Constructing an efficient and accurate epilepsy detection system is an urgent research task. In this paper, we developed an EEG-based multi-frequency multilayer brain network (MMBN) and an attentional mechanism based convolutional neural network (AM-CNN) model to study epilepsy detection. Specifically, based on the multi-frequency characteristics of the brain, we first use wavelet packet decomposition and reconstruction methods to divide the original EEG signals into eight frequency bands, and then construct MMBN through correlation analysis between brain regions, where each layer corresponds to a specific frequency band. The time, frequency and channel related information of EEG signals are mapped into the multilayer network topology. On this basis, a multi-branch AM-CNN model is designed, which completely matches the multilayer structure of the proposed brain network. The experimental results on public CHB-MIT datasets show that eight frequency bands divided in this work are all helpful for epilepsy detection, and the fusion of multi-frequency information can effectively decode the epileptic brain state, achieving accurate detection of epilepsy with an average accuracy of 99.75%, sensitivity of 99.43%, and specificity of 99.83%. All of these provide reliable technical solutions for EEG-based neurological disease detection, especially for epilepsy detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Shi Yu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao, 125105, China.
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Big Data Intelligent Application, Huludao, 125105, China.
| | - Xiang-Fu Meng
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao, 125105, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Big Data Intelligent Application, Huludao, 125105, China
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16
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Yang C, Sun Z, Zhang F, Shu H, Li J, Xiang W. TSUnet-CC: Temporal Spectrogram Unet embedding Cross Channel-wise attention mechanism for MDD identification. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-4. [PMID: 38083642 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Automatic detection of major depressive disorder (MDD) with multiple-channel electroencephalography (EEG) signals is of great significance for treatment of the mental diseases. In a U-net network, clear EEG signals are fed to obtain temporal feature tensor through encoder and decoder networks with several convolution operations. Moreover, the clear EEG signals can be converted into multi-scale spectrogram to obtain the rich saliency information and then the spectrogram feature tensor can be extracted by another symmetrical U-net. The temporal and spectrogram feature tensors can provide more comprehensive information, but may also contain redundant information, which may affect the detection of MDD. To deal with such issue, this paper proposed a novel Temporal Spectrogram Unet (TSUnet-CC), which embeds the cross channel-wise attention mechanism for multiple-channel EEGbased MDD identification. We make three novel contributions: 1) multi-scale saliency-encoded spectrogram using Fourierbased approach to capture rich saliency information under different scales, 2) TSUnet network using a symmetrical twostream U-net architecture that learns multiple temporal and spectrogram feature tensors in time and frequency domains, and 3) cross channel-wise block enabling the larger weights of key feature channels that contain MDD information. The leaveone-subject-out experiments show that our proposed TSUnetCC gains high performance with a classification accuracy up to 98.55% and 99.22% in eyes closed and eyes open datasets, which outperformed some state-of-the-art methods and revealed its clinical potential.
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17
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Sakib N, Islam MK, Faruk T. Machine Learning Model for Computer-Aided Depression Screening among Young Adults Using Wireless EEG Headset. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2023:1701429. [PMID: 37293375 PMCID: PMC10247322 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1701429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a disorder that if not treated can hamper the quality of life. EEG has shown great promise in detecting depressed individuals from depression control individuals. It overcomes the limitations of traditional questionnaire-based methods. In this study, a machine learning-based method for detecting depression among young adults using EEG data recorded by the wireless headset is proposed. For this reason, EEG data has been recorded using an Emotiv Epoc+ headset. A total of 32 young adults participated and the PHQ9 screening tool was used to identify depressed participants. Features such as skewness, kurtosis, variance, Hjorth parameters, Shannon entropy, and Log energy entropy from 1 to 5 sec data filtered at different band frequencies were applied to KNN and SVM classifiers with different kernels. At AB band (8-30 Hz) frequency, 98.43 ± 0.15% accuracy was achieved by extracting Hjorth parameters, Shannon entropy, and Log energy entropy from 5 sec samples with a 5-fold CV using a KNN classifier. And with the same features and classifier overall accuracy = 98.10 ± 0.11, NPV = 0.977, precision = 0.984, sensitivity = 0.984, specificity = 0.976, and F1 score = 0.984 was achieved after splitting the data to 70/30 ratio for training and testing with 5-fold CV. From the findings, it can be concluded that EEG data from an Emotiv headset can be used to detect depression with the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmus Sakib
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Independent University Bangladesh (IUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Biomedical Instrumentation and Signal Processing Lab (BISPL), Independent University Bangladesh (IUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kafiul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Independent University Bangladesh (IUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Biomedical Instrumentation and Signal Processing Lab (BISPL), Independent University Bangladesh (IUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnuva Faruk
- Biomedical Instrumentation and Signal Processing Lab (BISPL), Independent University Bangladesh (IUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health, Independent University Bangladesh (IUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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18
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Yang J, Zhang Z, Fu Z, Li B, Xiong P, Liu X. Cross-subject classification of depression by using multiparadigm EEG feature fusion. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 233:107360. [PMID: 36944276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to solve the non-stationarity and complexity characteristics and huge individual differences in the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals for depression classification. METHODS To address those problems, the Lempel-Ziv complexity feature matrices were extracted from the EEG signals under the two paradigms of eyes open and eyes closed in the resting state. Topographical map of brain and statistical analysis were introduced to investigate the significance of eyes open and eyes closed EEG for depression classification. To promote the classification accuracy, feature matrices from the two paradigms were fused. And linear combination and concatenation fusion methods were proposed to further reveal the underlying mechanism of improving classification accuracy. Support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbor, and decision tree classifiers were employed and compared to classify depression under the eyes open, eyes closed and fused paradigm. RESULTS The classification results of 10-fold cross-validation showed that the highest average accuracy (86.58%) under a single paradigm was achieved in the eyes-open state. The multiparadigm fusion method of concatenation was better than the linear combination. The best classification result was obtained using multiparadigm feature concatenation under the SVM classifier, yielding an accuracy of 94.03%. CONCLUSION The multiparadigm feature fusion method proposed in this paper can effectively improve the accuracy of depression classification. It was proved that eyes open and eyes closed EEG have complementary information, which was benefit for the cross-subject classification of depression. It provides new ideas for depression classification in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Yang
- College of Electronic Information and Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Heibei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Electronic Information and Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhiyu Fu
- College of Electronic Information and Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Bing Li
- Hebei Mental Health Center, Baoding 071000, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Mental and Behavioral Disorders Research, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Peng Xiong
- College of Electronic Information and Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Heibei Province, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Xiuling Liu
- College of Electronic Information and Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Heibei Province, Baoding 071002, China.
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19
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Squires M, Tao X, Elangovan S, Gururajan R, Zhou X, Acharya UR, Li Y. Deep learning and machine learning in psychiatry: a survey of current progress in depression detection, diagnosis and treatment. Brain Inform 2023; 10:10. [PMID: 37093301 PMCID: PMC10123592 DOI: 10.1186/s40708-023-00188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Informatics paradigms for brain and mental health research have seen significant advances in recent years. These developments can largely be attributed to the emergence of new technologies such as machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence. Data-driven methods have the potential to support mental health care by providing more precise and personalised approaches to detection, diagnosis, and treatment of depression. In particular, precision psychiatry is an emerging field that utilises advanced computational techniques to achieve a more individualised approach to mental health care. This survey provides an overview of the ways in which artificial intelligence is currently being used to support precision psychiatry. Advanced algorithms are being used to support all phases of the treatment cycle. These systems have the potential to identify individuals suffering from mental health conditions, allowing them to receive the care they need and tailor treatments to individual patients who are mostly to benefit. Additionally, unsupervised learning techniques are breaking down existing discrete diagnostic categories and highlighting the vast disease heterogeneity observed within depression diagnoses. Artificial intelligence also provides the opportunity to shift towards evidence-based treatment prescription, moving away from existing methods based on group averages. However, our analysis suggests there are several limitations currently inhibiting the progress of data-driven paradigms in care. Significantly, none of the surveyed articles demonstrate empirically improved patient outcomes over existing methods. Furthermore, greater consideration needs to be given to uncertainty quantification, model validation, constructing interdisciplinary teams of researchers, improved access to diverse data and standardised definitions within the field. Empirical validation of computer algorithms via randomised control trials which demonstrate measurable improvement to patient outcomes are the next step in progressing models to clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Squires
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia.
| | - Xiaohui Tao
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Raj Gururajan
- School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD, Australia
| | - Xujuan Zhou
- School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD, Australia
| | - U Rajendra Acharya
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Yuefeng Li
- School of Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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20
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Ebrahimzadeh E, Fayaz F, Rajabion L, Seraji M, Aflaki F, Hammoud A, Taghizadeh Z, Asgarinejad M, Soltanian-Zadeh H. Machine learning approaches and non-linear processing of extracted components in frontal region to predict rTMS treatment response in major depressive disorder. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:919977. [PMID: 36968455 PMCID: PMC10034109 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.919977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting the therapeutic result of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment could save time and costs as ineffective treatment can be avoided. To this end, we presented a machine-learning-based strategy for classifying patients with major depression disorder (MDD) into responders (R) and nonresponders (NR) to rTMS treatment. Resting state EEG data were recorded using 32 electrodes from 88 MDD patients before treatment. Then, patients underwent 7 weeks of rTMS, and 46 of them responded to treatment. By applying Independent Component Analysis (ICA) on EEG, we identified the relevant brain sources as possible indicators of neural activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). This was served through estimating the generators of activity in the sensor domain. Subsequently, we added physiological information and placed certain terms and conditions to offer a far more realistic estimation than the classic EEG. Ultimately, those components mapped in accordance with the region of the DLPFC in the sensor domain were chosen. Features extracted from the relevant ICs time series included permutation entropy (PE), fractal dimension (FD), Lempel-Ziv Complexity (LZC), power spectral density, correlation dimension (CD), features based on bispectrum, frontal and prefrontal cordance, and a combination of them. The most relevant features were selected by a Genetic Algorithm (GA). For classifying two groups of R and NR, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) were applied to predict rTMS treatment response. To evaluate the performance of classifiers, a 10-fold cross-validation method was employed. A statistical test was used to assess the capability of features in differentiating R and NR for further research. EEG characteristics that can predict rTMS treatment response were discovered. The strongest discriminative indicators were EEG beta power, the sum of bispectrum diagonal elements in delta and beta bands, and CD. The Combined feature vector classified R and NR with a high performance of 94.31% accuracy, 92.85% specificity, 95.65% sensitivity, and 92.85% precision using SVM. This result indicates that our proposed method with power and nonlinear and bispectral features from relevant ICs time-series can predict the treatment outcome of rTMS for MDD patients only by one session pretreatment EEG recording. The obtained results show that the proposed method outperforms previous methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Ebrahimzadeh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Elias Ebrahimzadeh
| | - Farahnaz Fayaz
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Payame Noor University of North Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lila Rajabion
- School of Graduate Studies, SUNY Empire State College, Manhattan, NY, United States
| | - Masoud Seraji
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Fatemeh Aflaki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hammoud
- Department of Medical and Technical Information Technology, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zahra Taghizadeh
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Mostafa Asgarinejad
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
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21
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Nobakhsh B, Shalbaf A, Rostami R, Kazemi R, Rezaei E, Shalbaf R. An effective brain connectivity technique to predict repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation outcome for major depressive disorder patients using EEG signals. Phys Eng Sci Med 2023; 46:67-81. [PMID: 36445618 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-022-01198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the most effective treatments for drug-resistant Major depressive disorder (MDD) patients is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). To improve treatment efficacy and reduce health care costs, it is necessary to predict the treatment response. In this study, we intend to predict the rTMS treatment response in MDD patients from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals before starting the treatment using machine learning approaches. Effective brain connectivity of 19-channel EEG data of MDD patients was calculated by the direct directed transfer function (dDTF) method. Then, using three feature selection methods, the best features were selected and patients were classified as responders or non-responders to rTMS treatment by using the support vector machine (SVM). Results on the 34 MDD patients indicated that the Fp2 region in the delta and theta frequency bands has a significant difference between the two groups and can be used as a significant brain biomarker to assess the rTMS treatment response. Also, the highest accuracy (89.6%) using the SVM classifier for the best features of the dDTF method based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) criteria was obtained by combining the delta and theta frequency bands. Consequently, the proposed method can accurately detect the rTMS treatment response in MDD patients before starting treatment on the EEG signal to avoid financial and time costs to patients and medical centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Nobakhsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shalbaf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Rostami
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Kazemi
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Rezaei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Shalbaf
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Zolezzi DM, Alonso-Valerdi LM, Ibarra-Zarate DI. EEG frequency band analysis in chronic neuropathic pain: A linear and nonlinear approach to classify pain severity. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 230:107349. [PMID: 36689806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Chronic neuropathic pain (NP) is a chronic pain condition that severely impacts a patient's life. Pain management has proved to be inefficient due to a lack of a simple clinical tool that may identify and monitor NP. A low-cost, noninvasive tool that provides relevant information on NP is the electroencephalogram (EEG). However, the commonly used linear EEG features have proved to be limited in characterizing NP pathophysiology. This study sought to determine whether nonlinear EEG features such as approximate entropy (ApEn) would better differentiate pain severity than absolute band power. METHODS A non-parametric statistical approach based on the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), along with linear and nonlinear EEG features, is proposed in this study. For this purpose, thirty-six chronic NP patients were recruited, and 22 channels were registered. Additionally, a control database of 13 participants with no NP was used as a reference, where 19 channels were registered. For both groups, EEG was recorded for 10 min in a resting state: 5 min with eyes open (EO) and 5 min with eyes closed (EC). Absolute band power and ApEn EEG features in the five clinical frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma) were estimated for all channels in both groups. As a result, 220-dimensional and 190-dimensional feature vectors were obtained for experimental and control classes respectively. For the experimental class, NP patients were grouped according to their BPI evaluation in three groups: low, moderate, and high pain. Finally, feature vectors were compared between groups using Kruskal Wallis and post-hoc Dunn's tests. RESULTS ApEn revealed significant statistical difference (p <=0.0001) in most frequency bands and conditions among the groups. In contrast, power had less significant differences between groups, particularly with EO. Furthermore, NP groups were notably clustered using only ApEn in theta, alpha, and beta bands. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that ApEn effectively characterizes the different severities of chronic NP rather than the commonly used linear features. ApEn and other nonlinear techniques (e.g., spectral entropy, Shannon entropy) might be a more suitable methodology to monitor chronic NP experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Zolezzi
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64849, Mexico; Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers Vej 7A 2-207, Aalborg East 9220, Denmark.
| | | | - David I Ibarra-Zarate
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Vía Atlixcáyotl 2301, Puebla 72453, Mexico
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23
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Emre İE, Erol Ç, Taş C, Tarhan N. Multi-class classification model for psychiatric disorder discrimination. Int J Med Inform 2023; 170:104926. [PMID: 36442444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physicians follow-up a symptom-based approach in the diagnosis of psychiatric diseases. According to this approach, a process based on internationally valid diagnostic tools such as The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or International Classification of Diseases (ICD), patient reports and the observation and experience of the physician is monitored. As in other fields of medicine, the search for biomarkers that can be used in processes related to diseases continues in psychiatry and various researches are carried out in this field. OBJECTIVES Within the scope of this study, a dataset containing electroencephalogram (EEG) measurements of individuals diagnosed with different psychiatric diseases were analyzed by machine learning methods and the diseases were differentiated/classified with the models obtained. Thus, it was investigated whether EEG data could be a biomarker for psychiatric diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the dataset analyzed within the scope of the study, for 550 patients (81 bipolar disorder, 95 attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder - ADHD, 67 depression, 34 obsessive compulsive disorder - OCD, 75 opioid, 146 posttraumatic stress disorder - PTSD, 52 schizophrenia) and 84 healthy individuals, there are 634 samples (rows), 77 variables (columns) in total. 76 of the variables consist of absolute power values belonging to 4 frequency bands (alpha, beta, delta, theta) collected from 19 different electrodes. 80 % of the dataset was used for training the models and 20 % of the data was used for testing the performance of the models. The 5-fold cross validation (CV) method, which repeats 3 times in the training dataset, was used and with this method, the hyperparameters used in the models were also optimized. Different models have been established with the selected hyperparameters and the performance of these models has been tested with the test dataset. C5.0, random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to build the models. RESULTS Within the scope of the study, the absolute power values obtained from EEG measurements performed using 19 electrodes were analyzed by machine learning methods. It was concluded that classification between disease groups was feasible with a high accuracy (C5.0-0.841, SVM_radial - 0.841, RF - 0.762). It was observed that ADHD, depression and schizophrenia diseases can be differentiated better (F-score = 1, balanced accuracy = 1) once the results were evaluated on a class category basis according to the F- measure and balanced accuracy values. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Through the medium of the analyzes made within the scope of this study, it was investigated whether EEG data could be used as a biomarker for the detection and diagnosis of psychiatric diseases. The findings obtained from this study revealed that by using EEG data as a biomarker, it can be highly predicted whether a person has a psychiatric disease or not. Once evaluated with broad strokes, it is feasible to assert that it is possible to analyze whether the person who consults a physician with a complaint is ranked among the psychiatric disease class with EEG measurement. When trying to differentiate between numerous and diverse disease categories, it may be claimed that some diseases (ADHD, depression, schizophrenia) can be distinguished better by coming to the fore on a model basis. Considering the findings, it is anticipated that the analyzes obtained as a result of this study will contribute to the studies to be conducted using machine learning in the field of psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlkim Ecem Emre
- Marmara University, Faculty of Business Administration, Department of Management Information Systems, İstanbul, Turkey; İstanbul University, Institute of Graduate Studies in Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Çiğdem Erol
- İstanbul University, Department of Informatics and Science Faculty Biology Department, Turkey.
| | - Cumhur Taş
- Üsküdar University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Turkey.
| | - Nevzat Tarhan
- Üsküdar University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Turkey.
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Cohen SE, Zantvoord JB, Wezenberg BN, Daams JG, Bockting CLH, Denys D, van Wingen GA. Electroencephalography for predicting antidepressant treatment success: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2023; 321:201-207. [PMID: 36341804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) regularly experience non-response to treatment for their depressive episode. Personalized clinical decision making could shorten depressive episodes and reduce patient suffering. Although no clinical tools are currently available, machine learning analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) shows promise in treatment response prediction. METHODS With a systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluated the accuracy of EEG for individual patient response prediction. Importantly, we included only prediction studies that used cross-validation. We used a bivariate model to calculate prediction success, as expressed by area-under the curve, sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, we analyzed prediction success for separate antidepressant interventions. RESULTS 15 studies with 12 individual patient samples and a total of 479 patients were included. Research methods varied considerably between studies. Meta-analysis of results from this heterogeneous set of studies resulted in an area under the curve of 0.91, a sensitivity of 83 % (95 % CI 74-89 %), and a specificity of 86 % (95 % CI 81-90 %). Classification performance did not significantly differ between treatments. Although studies were all internally validated, no externally validated studies have been reported. We found substantial risk of bias caused by methodological shortcomings such as non-independent feature selection, though performance of non-biased studies was comparable. LIMITATIONS Sample sizes were relatively small and no study used external validation, increasing the risk of overestimation of accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Electroencephalography can predict the response to antidepressant treatment with high accuracy. However, future studies with more rigorous validation are needed to produce a clinical tool to guide interventions in MDD. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021268169.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Cohen
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J B Zantvoord
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B N Wezenberg
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J G Daams
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C L H Bockting
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Denys
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G A van Wingen
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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25
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Yang B, Huang Y, Li Z, Hu X. Management of Post-stroke Depression (PSD) by Electroencephalography for Effective Rehabilitation. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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26
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Wu X, Yang J. The superiority verification of morphological features in the EEG-based assessment of depression. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 381:109690. [PMID: 36007848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Shunde Graduate School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Guangdong 528399, China.
| | - Jianhong Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Shunde Graduate School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Guangdong 528399, China; Technical Support Center for Prevention and Control of Disastrous Accidents in Metal Smelting, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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27
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Wang WK, Chen I, Hershkovich L, Yang J, Shetty A, Singh G, Jiang Y, Kotla A, Shang JZ, Yerrabelli R, Roghanizad AR, Shandhi MMH, Dunn J. A Systematic Review of Time Series Classification Techniques Used in Biomedical Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22208016. [PMID: 36298367 PMCID: PMC9611376 DOI: 10.3390/s22208016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Digital clinical measures collected via various digital sensing technologies such as smartphones, smartwatches, wearables, and ingestible and implantable sensors are increasingly used by individuals and clinicians to capture the health outcomes or behavioral and physiological characteristics of individuals. Time series classification (TSC) is very commonly used for modeling digital clinical measures. While deep learning models for TSC are very common and powerful, there exist some fundamental challenges. This review presents the non-deep learning models that are commonly used for time series classification in biomedical applications that can achieve high performance. Objective: We performed a systematic review to characterize the techniques that are used in time series classification of digital clinical measures throughout all the stages of data processing and model building. Methods: We conducted a literature search on PubMed, as well as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases using a range of search terms to retrieve peer-reviewed articles that report on the academic research about digital clinical measures from a five-year period between June 2016 and June 2021. We identified and categorized the research studies based on the types of classification algorithms and sensor input types. Results: We found 452 papers in total from four different databases: PubMed, IEEE, Web of Science Database, and SCOPUS. After removing duplicates and irrelevant papers, 135 articles remained for detailed review and data extraction. Among these, engineered features using time series methods that were subsequently fed into widely used machine learning classifiers were the most commonly used technique, and also most frequently achieved the best performance metrics (77 out of 135 articles). Statistical modeling (24 out of 135 articles) algorithms were the second most common and also the second-best classification technique. Conclusions: In this review paper, summaries of the time series classification models and interpretation methods for biomedical applications are summarized and categorized. While high time series classification performance has been achieved in digital clinical, physiological, or biomedical measures, no standard benchmark datasets, modeling methods, or reporting methodology exist. There is no single widely used method for time series model development or feature interpretation, however many different methods have proven successful.
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Karvelis P, Charlton CE, Allohverdi SG, Bedford P, Hauke DJ, Diaconescu AO. Computational approaches to treatment response prediction in major depression using brain activity and behavioral data: A systematic review. Netw Neurosci 2022; 6:1066-1103. [PMID: 38800454 PMCID: PMC11117101 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a heterogeneous diagnostic category with multiple available treatments. With the goal of optimizing treatment selection, researchers are developing computational models that attempt to predict treatment response based on various pretreatment measures. In this paper, we review studies that use brain activity data to predict treatment response. Our aim is to highlight and clarify important methodological differences between various studies that relate to the incorporation of domain knowledge, specifically within two approaches delineated as data-driven and theory-driven. We argue that theory-driven generative modeling, which explicitly models information processing in the brain and thus can capture disease mechanisms, is a promising emerging approach that is only beginning to be utilized in treatment response prediction. The predictors extracted via such models could improve interpretability, which is critical for clinical decision-making. We also identify several methodological limitations across the reviewed studies and provide suggestions for addressing them. Namely, we consider problems with dichotomizing treatment outcomes, the importance of investigating more than one treatment in a given study for differential treatment response predictions, the need for a patient-centered approach for defining treatment outcomes, and finally, the use of internal and external validation methods for improving model generalizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Povilas Karvelis
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Colleen E. Charlton
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shona G. Allohverdi
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Bedford
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Hauke
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreea O. Diaconescu
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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29
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Watts D, Pulice RF, Reilly J, Brunoni AR, Kapczinski F, Passos IC. Predicting treatment response using EEG in major depressive disorder: A machine-learning meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:332. [PMID: 35961967 PMCID: PMC9374666 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Selecting a course of treatment in psychiatry remains a trial-and-error process, and this long-standing clinical challenge has prompted an increased focus on predictive models of treatment response using machine learning techniques. Electroencephalography (EEG) represents a cost-effective and scalable potential measure to predict treatment response to major depressive disorder. We performed separate meta-analyses to determine the ability of models to distinguish between responders and non-responders using EEG across treatments, as well as a performed subgroup analysis of response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and antidepressants (Registration Number: CRD42021257477) in Major Depressive Disorder by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published between January 1960 and February 2022. We included 15 studies that predicted treatment responses among patients with major depressive disorder using machine-learning techniques. Within a random-effects model with a restricted maximum likelihood estimator comprising 758 patients, the pooled accuracy across studies was 83.93% (95% CI: 78.90-89.29), with an Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC) of 0.850 (95% CI: 0.747-0.890), and partial AUC of 0.779. The average sensitivity and specificity across models were 77.96% (95% CI: 60.05-88.70), and 84.60% (95% CI: 67.89-92.39), respectively. In a subgroup analysis, greater performance was observed in predicting response to rTMS (Pooled accuracy: 85.70% (95% CI: 77.45-94.83), Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC): 0.928, partial AUC: 0.844), relative to antidepressants (Pooled accuracy: 81.41% (95% CI: 77.45-94.83, AUC: 0.895, pAUC: 0.821). Furthermore, across all meta-analyses, the specificity (true negatives) of EEG models was greater than the sensitivity (true positives), suggesting that EEG models thus far better identify non-responders than responders to treatment in MDD. Studies varied widely in important features across models, although relevant features included absolute and relative power in frontal and temporal electrodes, measures of connectivity, and asymmetry across hemispheres. Predictive models of treatment response using EEG hold promise in major depressive disorder, although there is a need for prospective model validation in independent datasets, and a greater emphasis on replicating physiological markers. Crucially, standardization in cut-off values and clinical scales for defining clinical response and non-response will aid in the reproducibility of findings and the clinical utility of predictive models. Furthermore, several models thus far have used data from open-label trials with small sample sizes and evaluated performance in the absence of training and testing sets, which increases the risk of statistical overfitting. Large consortium studies are required to establish predictive signatures of treatment response using EEG, and better elucidate the replicability of specific markers. Additionally, it is speculated that greater performance was observed in rTMS models, since EEG is assessing neural networks more likely to be directly targeted by rTMS, comprising electrical activity primarily near the surface of the cortex. Prospectively, there is a need for models that examine the comparative effectiveness of multiple treatments across the same patients. However, this will require a thoughtful consideration towards cumulative treatment effects, and whether washout periods between treatments should be utilised. Regardless, longitudinal cross-over trials comparing multiple treatments across the same group of patients will be an important prerequisite step to both facilitate precision psychiatry and identify generalizable physiological predictors of response between and across treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Watts
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Rafaela Fernandes Pulice
- grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brasil ,grid.414449.80000 0001 0125 3761Laboratório de Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS Brasil
| | - Jim Reilly
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Andre R. Brunoni
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil ,grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da USP, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Flávio Kapczinski
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ,grid.414449.80000 0001 0125 3761Laboratório de Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS Brasil ,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS Brasil ,grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Ives Cavalcante Passos
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. .,Laboratório de Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
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Deng X, Fan X, Lv X, Sun K. SparNet: A Convolutional Neural Network for EEG Space-Frequency Feature Learning and Depression Discrimination. Front Neuroinform 2022; 16:914823. [PMID: 35722169 PMCID: PMC9201718 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2022.914823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression affects many people around the world today and is considered a global problem. Electroencephalogram (EEG) measurement is an appropriate way to understand the underlying mechanisms of major depressive disorder (MDD) to distinguish depression from normal control. With the development of deep learning methods, many researchers have adopted deep learning models to improve the classification accuracy of depression recognition. However, there are few studies on designing convolution filters for spatial and frequency domain feature learning in different brain regions. In this study, SparNet, a convolutional neural network composed of five parallel convolutional filters and the SENet, is proposed to learn EEG space-frequency domain characteristics and distinguish between depressive and normal control. The model is trained and tested by the cross-validation method of subject division. The results show that SparNet achieves a sensitivity of 95.07%, a specificity of 93.66%, and an accuracy of 94.37% in classification. Therefore, our results can conclude that the proposed SparNet model is effective in detecting depression using EEG signals. It also indicates that the combination of spatial information and frequency domain information is an effective way to identify patients with depression.
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31
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A major depressive disorder diagnosis approach based on EEG signals using dictionary learning and functional connectivity features. Phys Eng Sci Med 2022; 45:705-719. [DOI: 10.1007/s13246-022-01135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Liu S, Liu X, Yan D, Chen S, Liu Y, Hao X, Ou W, Huang Z, Su F, He F, Ming D. Alterations in patients with first-episode depression in the eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions: A resting-state EEG study. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:1019-1029. [PMID: 35412986 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3166824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Altered resting-state EEG activity has been repeatedly reported in major depressive disorder (MDD), but no robust biomarkers have been identified until now. The poor consistency of EEG alterations may be due to inconsistent resting conditions; that is, the eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) conditions. Here, we explored the effect of the EO and EC conditions on EEG biomarkers for discriminating MDD subjects and healthy control (HC) subjects. EEG data were recorded from 30 first-episode MDD and 26 HC subjects during an 8-min resting-state session. The features were extracted using spectral power, Lempel-Ziv complexity, and detrended fluctuation analysis. Significant features were further selected via the sequential backward feature selection algorithm. Support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression, and linear discriminate analysis were used to determine a better resting condition to provide more reliable estimates for identifying MDD. Compared with the HC group, we found that the MDD group exhibited widespread increased β and γ powers (p < 0.01) in both conditions. In the EO condition, the MDD group showed increased complexity and scaling exponents in the α band relative to HC subjects (p < 0.05). The best classification performance of the combined feature sets was found in the EO condition, with the leave-one-out classification accuracy of 89.29%, sensitivity of 90.00%, and specificity of 88.46% using SVM with the linear kernel classifier when the threshold was set to 0.7, followed by the β and γ spectral features with an average accuracy of 83.93%. Overall, EO and EC conditions indeed affected the between-group variance, and the EO condition is suggested as the more separable resting condition to identify depression. Specially, the β and γ powers are suggested as potential biomarkers for first-episode MDD.
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Theory of Lehmer transform and its applications in identifying the electroencephalographic signature of major depressive disorder. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3663. [PMID: 35256640 PMCID: PMC8901916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a novel transformation called Lehmer transform and establish a theoretical framework used to compress and characterize large volumes of highly volatile time series data. The proposed method is a powerful data-driven approach for analyzing extreme events in non-stationary and highly oscillatory stochastic processes like biological signals. The proposed Lehmer transform decomposes the information contained in a function of the data sample into a domain of some statistical moments. The mentioned statistical moments, referred to as suddencies, can be perceived as the moments that generate all possible statistics when used as inputs of the transformation. Besides, the appealing analytical properties of Lehmer transform makes it a natural candidate to take on the role of a statistic-generating function, a notion that we define in this work for the first time. Possible connections of the proposed transformation to the frequency domain will be briefly discussed, while we extensively study various aspects of developing methodologies based on the time-suddency decomposition framework. In particular, we demonstrate several superior features of the Lehmer transform over the traditional time-frequency methods such as Fourier and Wavelet transforms by analyzing the challenging electroencephalogram signals of the patients suffering from the major depressive disorder. It is shown that our proposed transformation can successfully lead to more robust and accurate classifiers developed for discerning patients from healthy controls.
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Tian Y, Komolafe TE, Chen T, Zhou B, Yang X. Prediction of TACE Treatment Response in a Preoperative MRI via Analysis of Integrating Deep Learning and Radiomics Features. J Med Biol Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-022-00692-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of EEG Features in Female College Students with Subclinical Depression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031778. [PMID: 35162800 PMCID: PMC8835158 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synchronization of the dynamic processes in structural networks connect the brain across a wide range of temporal and spatial scales, creating a dynamic and complex functional network. Microstate and omega complexity are two reference-free electroencephalography (EEG) measures that can represent the temporal and spatial complexities of EEG data. Few studies have focused on potential brain spatiotemporal dynamics in the early stages of depression to use as an early screening feature for depression. Thus, this study aimed to explore large-scale brain network dynamics of individuals both with and without subclinical depression, from the perspective of temporal and spatial dimensions and to input them as features into a machine learning framework for the automatic diagnosis of early-stage depression. To achieve this, spatio–temporal dynamics of rest-state EEG signals in female college students (n = 40) with and without (n = 38) subclinical depression were analyzed using EEG microstate and omega complexity analysis. Then, based on differential features of EEGs between the two groups, a support vector machine was utilized to compare performances of spatio–temporal features and single features in the classification of early depression. Microstate results showed that the occurrence rate of microstate class B was significantly higher in the group with subclinical depression when compared with the group without. Moreover, the duration and contribution of microstate class C in the subclinical group were both significantly lower than in the group without subclinical depression. Omega complexity results showed that the global omega complexity of β-2 and γ band was significantly lower for the subclinical depression group compared with the other group (p < 0.05). In addition, the anterior and posterior regional omega complexities were lower for the subclinical depression group compared to the comparison group in α-1, β-2 and γ bands. It was found that AUC of 81% for the differential indicators of EEG microstates and omega complexity was deemed better than a single index for predicting subclinical depression. Thus, since temporal and spatial complexity of EEG signals were manifestly altered in female college students with subclinical depression, it is possible that this characteristic could be adopted as an early auxiliary diagnostic indicator of depression.
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Ke H, Cai C, Wang F, Hu F, Tang J, Shi Y. Interpretation of Frequency Channel-Based CNN on Depression Identification. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 15:773147. [PMID: 35027888 PMCID: PMC8750060 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2021.773147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Online end-to-end electroencephalogram (EEG) classification with high performance can assess the brain status of patients with Major Depression Disabled (MDD) and track their development status in time with minimizing the risk of falling into danger and suicide. However, it remains a grand research challenge due to (1) the embedded intensive noises and the intrinsic non-stationarity determined by the evolution of brain states, (2) the lack of effective decoupling of the complex relationship between neural network and brain state during the attack of brain diseases. This study designs a Frequency Channel-based convolutional neural network (CNN), namely FCCNN, to accurately and quickly identify depression, which fuses the brain rhythm to the attention mechanism of the classifier with aiming at focusing the most important parts of data and improving the classification performance. Furthermore, to understand the complexity of the classifier, this study proposes a calculation method of information entropy based on the affinity propagation (AP) clustering partition to measure the complexity of the classifier acting on each channel or brain region. We perform experiments on depression evaluation to identify healthy and MDD. Results report that the proposed solution can identify MDD with an accuracy of 99±0.08%, the sensitivity of 99.07±0.05%, and specificity of 98.90±0.14%. Furthermore, the experiments on the quantitative interpretation of FCCNN illustrate significant differences between the frontal, left, and right temporal lobes of depression patients and the healthy control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengjin Ke
- Computer School, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Cang Cai
- Faculty of Artificial Intelligence Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengqin Wang
- College of Physics and Electronics Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Fang Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huangshi Central Hospital, Edong Healthcare Group (Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University), Huangshi, China
| | - Jiawei Tang
- Computer School, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
| | - Yuxin Shi
- Computer School, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, China
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37
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Galkin S, Ivanova S, Bokhan N. Current methods for predicting therapeutic response in patients with depressive disorders. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:15-21. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212202115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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Automated diagnosis of depression from EEG signals using traditional and deep learning approaches: A comparative analysis. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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Hornstein S, Forman-Hoffman V, Nazander A, Ranta K, Hilbert K. Predicting therapy outcome in a digital mental health intervention for depression and anxiety: A machine learning approach. Digit Health 2021; 7:20552076211060659. [PMID: 34868624 PMCID: PMC8637697 DOI: 10.1177/20552076211060659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Predicting the outcomes of individual participants for treatment interventions appears central to making mental healthcare more tailored and effective. However, little work has been done to investigate the performance of machine learning-based predictions within digital mental health interventions. Therefore, this study evaluates the performance of machine learning in predicting treatment response in a digital mental health intervention designed for treating depression and anxiety. Methods Several algorithms were trained based on the data of 970 participants to predict a significant reduction in depression and anxiety symptoms using clinical and sociodemographic variables. As a random forest classifier performed best over cross-validation, it was used to predict the outcomes of 279 new participants. Results The random forest achieved an accuracy of 0.71 for the test set (base rate: 0.67, area under curve (AUC): 0.60, p = 0.001, balanced accuracy: 0.60). Additionally, predicted non-responders showed less average reduction of their Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (-2.7, p = 0.004) and General Anxiety Disorder Screener-7 values (-3.7, p < 0.001) compared to responders. Besides pre-treatment Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and General Anxiety Disorder Screener-7 values, the self-reported motivation, type of referral into the programme (self vs. healthcare provider) as well as Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire items contributed most to the predictions. Conclusions This study provides evidence that social-demographic and clinical variables can be used for machine learning to predict therapy outcomes within the context of a therapist-supported digital mental health intervention. Despite the overall moderate performance, this appears promising as these predictions can potentially improve the outcomes of non-responders by monitoring their progress or by offering alternative or additional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvan Hornstein
- Meru Health Inc, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Hilbert
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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40
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Wu CT, Huang HC, Huang S, Chen IM, Liao SC, Chen CK, Lin C, Lee SH, Chen MH, Tsai CF, Weng CH, Ko LW, Jung TP, Liu YH. Resting-State EEG Signal for Major Depressive Disorder Detection: A Systematic Validation on a Large and Diverse Dataset. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:499. [PMID: 34940256 PMCID: PMC8699348 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global healthcare issue and one of the leading causes of disability. Machine learning combined with non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG) has recently been shown to have the potential to diagnose MDD. However, most of these studies analyzed small samples of participants recruited from a single source, raising serious concerns about the generalizability of these results in clinical practice. Thus, it has become critical to re-evaluate the efficacy of various common EEG features for MDD detection across large and diverse datasets. To address this issue, we collected resting-state EEG data from 400 participants across four medical centers and tested classification performance of four common EEG features: band power (BP), coherence, Higuchi's fractal dimension, and Katz's fractal dimension. Then, a sequential backward selection (SBS) method was used to determine the optimal subset. To overcome the large data variability due to an increased data size and multi-site EEG recordings, we introduced the conformal kernel (CK) transformation to further improve the MDD as compared with the healthy control (HC) classification performance of support vector machine (SVM). The results show that (1) coherence features account for 98% of the optimal feature subset; (2) the CK-SVM outperforms other classifiers such as K-nearest neighbors (K-NN), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and SVM; (3) the combination of the optimal feature subset and CK-SVM achieves a high five-fold cross-validation accuracy of 91.07% on the training set (140 MDD and 140 HC) and 84.16% on the independent test set (60 MDD and 60 HC). The current results suggest that the coherence-based connectivity is a more reliable feature for achieving high and generalizable MDD detection performance in real-life clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Te Wu
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
| | - Hao-Chuan Huang
- Hipposcreen Neurotech Corp. (HNC), Taipei 114, Taiwan; (H.-C.H.); (S.H.); (C.-H.W.)
| | - Shiuan Huang
- Hipposcreen Neurotech Corp. (HNC), Taipei 114, Taiwan; (H.-C.H.); (S.H.); (C.-H.W.)
| | - I-Ming Chen
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100229, Taiwan; (I.-M.C.); (S.-C.L.)
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Cheng Liao
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100229, Taiwan; (I.-M.C.); (S.-C.L.)
| | - Chih-Ken Chen
- Department of Psychiatry & Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-K.C.); (C.L.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Chemin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry & Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-K.C.); (C.L.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Shwu-Hua Lee
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (M.-H.C.); (C.-F.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; (M.-H.C.); (C.-F.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsin Weng
- Hipposcreen Neurotech Corp. (HNC), Taipei 114, Taiwan; (H.-C.H.); (S.H.); (C.-H.W.)
| | - Li-Wei Ko
- Department of Bio Science & Tech., National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan;
| | - Tzyy-Ping Jung
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
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41
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Tian Y, Komolafe TE, Zheng J, Zhou G, Chen T, Zhou B, Yang X. Assessing PD-L1 Expression Level via Preoperative MRI in HCC Based on Integrating Deep Learning and Radiomics Features. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1875. [PMID: 34679573 PMCID: PMC8534850 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess if quantitative integrated deep learning and radiomics features can predict the PD-L1 expression level in preoperative MRI of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. The data in this study consist of 103 hepatocellular carcinoma patients who received immunotherapy in a single center. These patients were divided into a high PD-L1 expression group (30 patients) and a low PD-L1 expression group (73 patients). Both radiomics and deep learning features were extracted from their MRI sequence of T2-WI, which were merged into an integrative feature space for machine learning for the prediction of PD-L1 expression. The five-fold cross-validation was adopted to validate the performance of the model, while the AUC was used to assess the predictive ability of the model. Based on the five-fold cross-validation, the integrated model achieved the best prediction performance, with an AUC score of 0.897 ± 0.084, followed by the deep learning-based model with an AUC of 0.852 ± 0.043 then the radiomics-based model with AUC of 0.794 ± 0.035. The feature set integrating radiomics and deep learning features is more effective in predicting PD-L1 expression level than only one feature type. The integrated model can achieve fast and accurate prediction of PD-L1 expression status in preoperative MRI of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Tian
- Academy of Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | | | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Medical Imaging, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China;
| | - Guofeng Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Academy of Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
- Department of Medical Imaging, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China;
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42
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Aydemir E, Tuncer T, Dogan S, Gururajan R, Acharya UR. Automated major depressive disorder detection using melamine pattern with EEG signals. APPL INTELL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10489-021-02426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Prediction of drug response in major depressive disorder using ensemble of transfer learning with convolutional neural network based on EEG. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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44
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Chekroud AM, Bondar J, Delgadillo J, Doherty G, Wasil A, Fokkema M, Cohen Z, Belgrave D, DeRubeis R, Iniesta R, Dwyer D, Choi K. The promise of machine learning in predicting treatment outcomes in psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2021; 20:154-170. [PMID: 34002503 PMCID: PMC8129866 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, psychiatrists have tried to understand factors involved in response to medications or psychotherapies, in order to personalize their treatment choices. There is now a broad and growing interest in the idea that we can develop models to personalize treatment decisions using new statistical approaches from the field of machine learning and applying them to larger volumes of data. In this pursuit, there has been a paradigm shift away from experimental studies to confirm or refute specific hypotheses towards a focus on the overall explanatory power of a predictive model when tested on new, unseen datasets. In this paper, we review key studies using machine learning to predict treatment outcomes in psychiatry, ranging from medications and psychotherapies to digital interventions and neurobiological treatments. Next, we focus on some new sources of data that are being used for the development of predictive models based on machine learning, such as electronic health records, smartphone and social media data, and on the potential utility of data from genetics, electrophysiology, neuroimaging and cognitive testing. Finally, we discuss how far the field has come towards implementing prediction tools in real-world clinical practice. Relatively few retrospective studies to-date include appropriate external validation procedures, and there are even fewer prospective studies testing the clinical feasibility and effectiveness of predictive models. Applications of machine learning in psychiatry face some of the same ethical challenges posed by these techniques in other areas of medicine or computer science, which we discuss here. In short, machine learning is a nascent but important approach to improve the effectiveness of mental health care, and several prospective clinical studies suggest that it may be working already.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Chekroud
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Spring Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Jaime Delgadillo
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gavin Doherty
- School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Akash Wasil
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marjolein Fokkema
- Department of Methods and Statistics, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zachary Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert DeRubeis
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raquel Iniesta
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dominic Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section for Neurodiagnostic Applications, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Karmel Choi
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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45
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Iznak AF, Iznak EV. [EEG predictors of therapeutic response in psychiatry]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:145-151. [PMID: 34037368 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2021121041145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The literature review provides data on one of the types of biomarkers - EEG predictors of the therapeutic response of patients with different types of mental pathology. It has been shown that the quantitative parameters of the electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded before the start of the treatment course reflect not only the current functional state of the patient's brain, but also its adaptive resources in terms of the possibility and magnitude of response to therapy. The identified EEG predictors of the therapeutic response in patients with depression, schizophrenia and some other mental disorders have a sufficiently high prognostic ability, sensitivity and specificity in determining responders and non-responders, make it possible to carry out a quantitative prediction of the patient's condition after a course of treatment, and also to assist the clinician in choosing medications for optimal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Iznak
- Mental Health Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Iznak
- Mental Health Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
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46
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Hasan MM, Ahmed S, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Begum T, Fatima Y, Mamun AA. Temporal trends in between and within-country inequalities in caesarean delivery in low- and middle-income countries: a Bayesian analysis. BJOG 2021; 128:1928-1937. [PMID: 33982856 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.16744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide updated information about between-country variations, temporal trends and changes in inequalities within countries in caesarean delivery (CD) rates. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) during 1990-2018. SETTING 74 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). POPULATION Women 15-49 years of age who had live births in the last 3 years. METHODS Bayesian linear regression analysis was performed and absolute differences were calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Population-level CD by countries and sociodemographic characteristics of mothers over time. RESULTS CD rates, based on the latest DHS rounds, varied substantially between the study countries, from 1.5% (95% CI 1.1-1.9%) in Madagascar to 58.9% (95% CI 56.0-61.6%) in the Dominican Republic. Of 62 LMICs with at least two surveys, 57 countries showed a rise in CD during 1990-2018, with the greatest increase in Sierra Leone (19.3%). Large variations in CD rates were observed across mother's wealth, residence, education and age, with a higher rate of CD by the richest and urban mothers. These inequalities have widened in many countries. Stratified analyses suggest greater provisioning of CD by the richest mothers in private facilities and poorest mothers in public facilities. CONCLUSIONS CD rates varied substantially across geographical locations and over time, irrespective of public or private health facilities. Changes in CD rates continue across wealth, place of residence, education, and age of mother, and are widening in most study countries. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Increasing caesarean delivery rates were greater among the richest and urban mothers than their counterparts, with widened gaps in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hasan
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course (The Life Course Centre), The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia
| | - S Ahmed
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Bill and Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R J Soares Magalhaes
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia.,UQ Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - T Begum
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course (The Life Course Centre), The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia
| | - Y Fatima
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course (The Life Course Centre), The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia.,Centre for Rural and Remote Health, James Cook University, Mount Isa, Qld, Australia
| | - A A Mamun
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course (The Life Course Centre), The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia
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47
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Movahed RA, Jahromi GP, Shahyad S, Meftahi GH. A major depressive disorder classification framework based on EEG signals using statistical, spectral, wavelet, functional connectivity, and nonlinear analysis. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 358:109209. [PMID: 33957158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent mental illness that is diagnosed through questionnaire-based approaches; however, these methods may not lead to an accurate diagnosis. In this regard, many studies have focused on using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and machine learning techniques to diagnose MDD. NEW METHOD This paper proposes a machine learning framework for MDD diagnosis, which uses different types of EEG-derived features. The features are extracted using statistical, spectral, wavelet, functional connectivity, and nonlinear analysis methods. The sequential backward feature selection (SBFS) algorithm is also employed to perform feature selection. Various classifier models are utilized to select the best one for the proposed framework. RESULTS The proposed method is validated with a public EEG dataset, including the EEG data of 34 MDD patients and 30 healthy subjects. The evaluation of the proposed framework is conducted using 10-fold cross-validation, providing the metrics such as accuracy (AC), sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), F1-score (F1), and false discovery rate (FDR). The best performance of the proposed method has provided an average AC of 99%, SE of 98.4%, SP of 99.6%, F1 of 98.9%, and FDR of 0.4% using the support vector machine with RBF kernel (RBFSVM) classifier. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other approaches for MDD classification based on EEG signals. CONCLUSIONS According to the obtained results, a highly accurate MDD diagnosis would be provided using the proposed method, while it can be utilized to develop a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) tool for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Akbari Movahed
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gila Pirzad Jahromi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shima Shahyad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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48
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Saeedi A, Saeedi M, Maghsoudi A, Shalbaf A. Major depressive disorder diagnosis based on effective connectivity in EEG signals: a convolutional neural network and long short-term memory approach. Cogn Neurodyn 2021; 15:239-252. [PMID: 33854642 PMCID: PMC7969675 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-020-09619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep learning techniques have recently made considerable advances in the field of artificial intelligence. These methodologies can assist psychologists in early diagnosis of mental disorders and preventing severe trauma. Major Depression Disorder (MDD) is a common and serious medical condition whose exact manifestations are not fully understood. So, early discovery of MDD patients helps to cure or limit the adverse effects. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is prominently used to study brain diseases such as MDD due to having high temporal resolution information, and being a noninvasive, inexpensive and portable method. This paper has proposed an EEG-based deep learning framework that automatically discriminates MDD patients from healthy controls. First, the relationships among EEG channels in the form of effective brain connectivity analysis are extracted by Generalized Partial Directed Coherence (GPDC) and Direct directed transfer function (dDTF) methods. A novel combination of sixteen connectivity methods (GPDC and dDTF in eight frequency bands) was used to construct an image for each individual. Finally, the constructed images of EEG signals are applied to the five different deep learning architectures. The first and second algorithms were based on one and two-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN-2DCNN). The third method is based on long short-term memory (LSTM) model, while the fourth and fifth algorithms utilized a combination of CNN with LSTM model namely, 1DCNN-LSTM and 2DCNN-LSTM. The proposed deep learning architectures automatically learn patterns in the constructed image of the EEG signals. The efficiency of the proposed algorithms is evaluated on resting state EEG data obtained from 30 healthy subjects and 34 MDD patients. The experiments show that the 1DCNN-LSTM applied on constructed image of effective connectivity achieves best results with accuracy of 99.24% due to specific architecture which captures the presence of spatial and temporal relations in the brain connectivity. The proposed method as a diagnostic tool is able to help clinicians for diagnosing the MDD patients for early diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolkarim Saeedi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Saeedi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Maghsoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shalbaf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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49
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EEG Signal denoising using hybrid approach of Variational Mode Decomposition and wavelets for depression. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.102337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Kaur C, Singh P, Sahni S. EEG Artifact Removal System for Depression Using a Hybrid Denoising Approach. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 12:465-476. [PMID: 35154587 PMCID: PMC8817173 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.1388.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several computer-aided diagnosis systems for depression are suggested for use by clinicians to authorize the diagnosis. EEG may be used as an objective analysis tool for identifying depression in the initial stage to avoid it from reaching a severe and permanent state. However, artifact contamination reduces the accuracy in EEG signal processing systems. METHODS This work proposes a novel denoising method based on Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) (with Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) and wavelet packet transform. Initially, real EEG recordings corresponding to depression patients are decomposed into various mode functions by applying EMD. Then, DFA is used as the mode selection criteria. Further Wavelet Packets Decomposition (WPD)-based evaluation is applied to extract the cleaner signal. RESULTS Simulations were conducted on real EEG databases for depression to demonstrate the effects of the proposed techniques. To conclude the efficacy of the proposed technique, SNR and MAE were identified. The obtained results indicated improved signal-to-noise ratio and lower values of MAE for the combined EMD-DFA-WPD technique. Additionally, Random Forest and SVM (Support Vector Machine)-based classification revealed the improved accuracy of 98.51% and 98.10% for the proposed denoising technique. Whereas the accuracy of the EMD- DFA is 98.01% and 95.81% and EMD combined with DWT technique equaled98.0% and 97.21% for the EMD- DFA technique for RF and SVM, respectively, compared to the proposed method. Furthermore, the classification performance for both classifiers was compared with and without denoising to highlight the effects of the proposed technique. CONCLUSION Proposed denoising system results in better classification of depressed and healthy individuals resulting in a better diagnosing system. These results can be further analyzed using other approaches as a solution to the mode mixing problem of the EMD approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamandeep Kaur
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Panjab University Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India
| | - Preeti Singh
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Panjab University Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India.,Corresponding Author: Preeti Singh, PhD. Address:Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Panjab University Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India.Tel:+91 (998) 8898773E-mail:
| | - Sukhtej Sahni
- Department of Psychiatry, Cheema Medical Complex, Mohali, India
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