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Zhai K, Dong J, Zeng J, Cheng P, Wu X, Han W, Chen Y, Qiu Z, Zhou Y, Pu J, Jiang T, Du X. Global antigenic landscape and vaccine recommendation strategy for low pathogenic avian influenza A (H9N2) viruses. J Infect 2024; 89:106199. [PMID: 38901571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The sustained circulation of H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) poses a significant threat for contributing to a new pandemic. Given the temporal and spatial uncertainty in the antigenicity of H9N2 AIVs, the immune protection efficiency of vaccines remains challenging. By developing an antigenicity prediction method for H9N2 AIVs, named PREDAC-H9, the global antigenic landscape of H9N2 AIVs was mapped. PREDAC-H9 utilizes the XGBoost model with 14 well-designed features. The XGBoost model was built and evaluated to predict the antigenic relationship between any two viruses with high values of 81.1 %, 81.4 %, 81.3 %, 81.1 %, and 89.4 % in accuracy, precision, recall, F1 value, and area under curve (AUC), respectively. Then the antigenic correlation network (ACnet) was constructed based on the predicted antigenic relationship for H9N2 AIVs from 1966 to 2022, and ten major antigenic clusters were identified. Of these, four novel clusters were generated in China in the past decade, demonstrating the unique complex situation there. To help tackle this situation, we applied PREDAC-H9 to calculate the cluster-transition determining sites and screen out virus strains with the high cross-protective spectrum, thus providing an in silico reference for vaccine recommendation. The proposed model will reduce the clinical monitoring workload and provide a useful tool for surveillance and control of H9N2 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhai
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Jinze Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Zeng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Peiwen Cheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Xinsheng Wu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Wenjie Han
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Yilin Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Zekai Qiu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; Department of Molecular and Radiooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69047, Germany
| | - Yong Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Juan Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Xiangjun Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes & Biosecurity, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510030, PR China.
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Chen X, Mu W, Shao Y, Peng L, Zhang R, Luo S, He X, Zhang L, He F, Li L, Wang R, Yang L, Xiang B. Genetic and molecular characterization of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104040. [PMID: 39043028 PMCID: PMC11318558 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype of the avian influenza virus (AIV) is widely prevalent in birds, threatening the poultry industry and providing genetic material for emerging human pathogens. The prevalence and genetic characteristics of H9N2 in Yunnan Province, China, are largely unknown. Samples were collected from live poultry markets (LPMs) and breeding farms in Yunnan Province. H9N2-positive samples were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with a high positivity rate of 42.86% in tissue samples. The positivity rate of swab samples in the LPMs in Kunming was 3.97% (17/564), but no AIV was detected in samples from poultry farms in Lijiang, Wenshan, and Yuxi. Evolutionary analysis and genotyping were performed for the 17 strains of isolated H9N2 virus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all H9N2 viral genes had 91.6%-100% nucleotide homology, belonged to the G57 genotype, and had high homology with H9N2 viruses isolated from Guangdong and Guangxi, suggesting that the H9N2 viruses in Yunnan Province may have been imported by chicks. Using a nucleotide divergence cutoff of 95%, we identified ten distinct H9N2 genotypes that continued to evolve. The surface genes of the H9N2 isolates displayed substantial genetic diversity, highlighting the genetic diversity and complexity of the H9N2-subtype AIVs in Yunnan. Molecular analysis demonstrated that all 17 strains of H9N2 isolates had mutations at H183N, Q226L, L31P, and I268V in hemagglutinin; S31N in matrix protein 2; and no replacements at positions 274 and 292 of the neuraminidase protein. Sixteen strains had the A558V mutation and one strain had the E627V mutation in polymerase basic protein 2. Analysis of these amino acid sites suggests that H9N2 influenza viruses in Yunnan continue to mutate and adapt to mammals and are sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors but resistant to adamantanes. It is necessary to strengthen surveillance of AIV H9N2 subtypes in poultry and LPMs in Yunnan to further understand their genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Weiwu Mu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yunteng Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Li Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Rongjie Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shiyu Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xingchen He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Fengping He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ronghai Wang
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau, Yanjin 657599, China
| | - Liangyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
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3
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Zhang N, Quan K, Chen Z, Hu Q, Nie M, Xu N, Gao R, Wang X, Qin T, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. The emergence of new antigen branches of H9N2 avian influenza virus in China due to antigenic drift on hemagglutinin through antibody escape at immunodominant sites. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2246582. [PMID: 37550992 PMCID: PMC10444018 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2246582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is a crucial prevention and control measure against H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) that threaten poultry production and public health. However, H9N2 AIVs in China undergo continuous antigenic drift of hemagglutinin (HA) under antibody pressure, leading to the emergence of immune escape variants. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of the current widespread antigenic drift of H9N2 AIVs. Specifically, the most prevalent h9.4.2.5-lineage in China was divided into two antigenic branches based on monoclonal antibody (mAb) hemagglutination inhibition (HI) profiling analysis, and 12 antibody escape residues were identified as molecular markers of these two branches. The 12 escape residues were mapped to antigenic sites A, B, and E (H3 was used as the reference). Among these, eight residues primarily increased 3`SLN preference and contributed to antigenicity drift, and four of the eight residues at sites A and B were positively selected. Moreover, the analysis of H9N2 strains over time and space has revealed the emergence of a new antigenic branch in China since 2015, which has replaced the previous branch. However, the old antigenic branch recirculated to several regions after 2018. Collectively, this study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of antigenic drift and for developing vaccine candidates that contest with the current antigenicity of H9N2 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keji Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maoshun Nie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nuo Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Wang X, Liu K, Guo Y, Pei Y, Chen X, Lu X, Gao R, Chen Y, Gu M, Hu J, Liu X, Hu S, Jiao XA, Liu X, Wang X. Emergence of a new designated clade 16 with significant antigenic drift in hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in eastern China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2249558. [PMID: 37585307 PMCID: PMC10467529 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2249558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose an increasing threat to the poultry industry worldwide and have pandemic potential. Vaccination has been principal prevention strategy to control H9N2 in China since 1998, but vaccine effectiveness is persistently challenged by the emergence of the genetic and/or antigenic variants. Here, we analysed the genetic and antigenic characteristics of H9N2 viruses in China, including 70 HA sequences of H9N2 isolates from poultry, 7358 from online databases during 2010-2020, and 15 from the early reference strains. Bayesian analyses based on hemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed that a new designated clade16 emerged in April 2012, and was prevalent and co-circulated with clade 15 since 2013 in China. Clade 16 viruses exhibited decreased cross-reactivity with those from clade 15. Antigenic Cartography analyses showed represent strains were classified into three antigenic groups named as Group1, Group2 and Group3, and most of the strains in Group 3 (15/17, 88.2%) were from Clade 16 while most of the strains in Group2 (26/29, 89.7%) were from Clade 15. The mean distance between Group 3 and Group 2 was 4.079 (95%CI 3.605-4.554), revealing that major switches to antigenic properties were observed over the emergence of clade 16. Genetic analysis indicated that 11 coevolving amino acid substitutions primarily at antigenic sites were associated with the antigenic differences between clade 15 and clade 16. These data highlight complexities of the genetic evolution and provide a framework for the genetic basis and antigenic characterization of emerging clade 16 of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqian Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuru Pei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-an Jiao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Rizal FA, Ho KL, Omar AR, Tan WS, Mariatulqabtiah AR, Iqbal M. Sequence Analysis of the Malaysian Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Strain H5N2 from Duck. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1973. [PMID: 37895321 PMCID: PMC10606931 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H5 subtype have the ability to mutate from low pathogenic (LPAI) to highly pathogenic (HPAI), which can cause high mortality in poultry. Little is known about the pathogenic switching apart from the mutations at the haemagglutinin cleavage site, which significantly contributes to the virus virulence switching phenomenon. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the molecular markers in the haemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix (M) genes of a locally isolated LPAI AIV strain H5N2 from Malaysia with the reference HPAI strains using bioinformatics approaches, emphasising the pathogenic properties of the viral genes. First, the H5N2 strain A/Duck/Malaysia/8443/2004 was propagated in SPF eggs. The viral presence was verified by haemagglutination assay, RT-PCR, and sequencing. Results showed successful amplifications of HA (1695 bp), NA (1410 bp), and M (1019 bp) genes. The genes were sequenced and the deduced amino acid sequences were analysed computationally using MEGA 11 and NetNGlyc software. Analysis of the HA protein showed the absence of the polybasic cleavage motif, but presence of two amino acid residues that are known to affect pathogenicity. There were also two glycosylation sites (glycosites) compared to the reference HPAI viruses, which had three or more at the HA globular head domain. No NA stalk deletion was detected but the haemadsorbing and active centres of the studied NA protein were relatively similar to the reference HPAI H5N2 isolates of duck but not chicken origins. Six NA glycosites were also identified. Finally, we observed a consistent M1 and M2 amino acid sequences between our LPAI isolate with the other HPAI H5N1 or H5N2 reference proteins. These data demonstrate distinct characteristics of the Malaysian LPAI H5N2, compared to HPAI H5N2 or H5N1 from ducks or chickens, potentially aiding the epidemiological research on genetic dynamics of circulating AIV in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Ahmad Rizal
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
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Xia J, Li YX, Dong MY, Guo ZW, Luo YW, Li NL, Zhao Y, Li M, Lin Y, Xu J, Cui M, Han XF, Cao SJ, Huang Y. Evolution of prevalent H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus during 2019 to 2022 for the development of a control strategy in China. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102957. [PMID: 37573848 PMCID: PMC10448327 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (H9N2 AIV) has caused significant losses in chicken flocks throughout China. At present, consensus has been reached that field isolates of H9N2 underwent antigenic drift to evolve into distinct groups with significant antigenic divergence from the commercially available vaccines in China. This project continues to monitor the evolution characteristics of H9N2 hemagglutinin (HA) genes in China over the past 3 yr. The results showed that the current circling H9N2 viruses were diversified into h9.4.2.5 subclade, which was genetically distant from commonly used commercial vaccine strains. Compared with vaccine strains or 2014 strains, more than 42.1% of the variable antigenic sites in recent 3 yr' strains have shown significant changes and these stacked changes have caused significant differences in antigenicity. We constructed a recombinant vaccine strain rCQY-GHHA, which uses A/Chicken/China/SichuanCQY/2014 as the framework and A/Chicken/China/SichuanGH/2020 strain, which meets the recent viral antigenic characteristics, as the HA gene donor. The recombinant strain was prepared as an oil-adjuvant inactivated vaccine following an industrial process. The results of the immune protection experiment showed that the rCQY-GHHA vaccine was better than the commercial vaccine strain SS in reducing the morbidity, pathological lesion, virus shedding, and viral load. These results provide a reference for the control of H9N2 AIV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yi Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Wei Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Wen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Nian-Ling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Chengdu City, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- Chengdu SG-Biotech Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Feng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - San-Jie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Liu T, Xie S, Yang Z, Zha A, Shi Y, Xu L, Chen J, Qi W, Liao M, Jia W. That H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in different regions gather in the same live-poultry market poses a potential threat to public health. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1128286. [PMID: 36876085 PMCID: PMC9979309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses are endemic and persistent in China, but those that are prevalent in different provinces are also causes of wide epidemics, related to the spread of wild birds and the cross-regional trade in live poultry. For the past 4 years, beginning in 2018, we have sampled a live-poultry market in Foshan, Guangdong, in this ongoing study. In addition to the prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in China during this period, we identified isolates from the same market belonging to clade A and clade B, which diverged in 2012-2013, and clade C, which diverged in 2014-2016, respectively. An analysis of population dynamics revealed that, after a critical divergence period from 2014 to 2016, the genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses peaked in 2017. Our spatiotemporal dynamics analysis found that clade A, B, and C, which maintain high rates of evolution, have different prevalence ranges and transmission paths. Clades A and B were mainly prevalent in East China in the early stage, and then spread to Southern China, becoming epidemic with clade C. Strains from different regions converge at the same live-poultry market to communicate, which may be one reasons the H9N2 viruses are difficult to eradicate and increasingly dominant throughout China. Selection pressure and molecular analysis have demonstrated that single amino acid polymorphisms at key receptor binding sites 156, 160, and 190 under positive selection pressure, suggesting that H9N2 viruses are undergoing mutations to adapt to new hosts. Live-poultry markets are important because people who visit them have frequent contact with poultry, H9N2 viruses from different regions converge at these markets and spread through contact between live birds and humans, generating increased risks of human exposure to these viruses and threatening public health safety. Thus, it is important to reducing the cross-regional trade of live poultry and strengthening the monitoring of avian influenza viruses in live-poultry markets to reduce the spread of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shumin Xie
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Zha
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Shi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Xu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixin Jia
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Sun H, Wang Y, Liu H, Pang Z, Cui X, Zhao R, Liu Y, Qu X, Huang M, Ke C, Liao M. The genetic diversity, replication, and transmission of 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses in China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1110100. [PMID: 36876101 PMCID: PMC9982095 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1110100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus (pdm09) continue to evolve, and few studies have systemically analyzed the evolution, replication, and transmission of pmd09 viruses in China. Methods To better understand the evolution and pathogenicity of pdm09 viruses, we systematically analyzed viruses that were confirmed in 2009-2020 in China and characterized their replication and transmission ability. We extensively analyzed the evolution characteristics of pdm/09 in China over the past decades. The replication ability of 6B.1 and 6B.2 lineages on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial (A549) cells and their pathogenicity and transmission in guinea pigs were also compared. Results In total, 3,038 pdm09 viruses belonged to clade 6B.1 (62% of all pdm09 viruses) and clade 6B.2 (4%). Clade 6B.1 pdm09 viruses are the predominant clade, with proportions of 54.1%, 78.9%, 57.2%, 58.6%, 61.7%, 76.3%, and 66.6% in the North, Northeast, East, Central, South, Southwest, and Northeast regions in China, respectively. The isolation proportion of clade 6B.1 pdm/09 viruses was 57.1%, 74.3%, 96.1%, 98.2%, 86.7%, and 78.5% in 2015-2020, respectively. A clear differentiation time point appeared in 2015 before which the evolution trend of pdm09 viruses in China was similar to that in North America but then showed a different trend after that point. To characterize pdm09 viruses in China after 2015, we further analyzed 33 pdm09 viruses isolated in Guangdong in 2016-2017, among which A/ Guangdong/33/2016 and A/Guangdong/184/2016 (184/2016) belonged to clade 6B.2, and the other 31 strains belonged to clade 6B.1. A/Guangdong/887/2017 (887/2017) and A/Guangdong/752/2017 (752/2017) (clade 6B.1), 184/2016 (clade 6B.2) and A/California/04/2009 (CA04) replicated efficiently in MDCK cells and A549 cells, as well as the turbinates of guinea pigs. 184/2016 and CA04 could transmit among guinea pigs through physical contact. Conclusion Our findings provide novel insights into the evolution, pathogenicity, and transmission of pdm09 virus. The results show that enhancing surveillance of pdm09 viruses and timely evaluation of their virulence are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongcui Wang
- The Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Hanlin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifeng Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mian Huang
- Guangzhou Zoo, The People's Government of Guangzhou Municipality, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, The People's Government of Guangzhou Municipality, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Xia J, Luo YW, Dong MY, Li YX, Wang AD, Li NL, Shen YX, Li SY, Cui M, Han XF, Yu SC, Li M, Huang Y. Mutation of D201G near the receptor binding site significantly drives antigenic drift of circulating H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3485-3493. [PMID: 36151953 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (H9N2 AIV) has caused significant losses in chicken flocks throughout China. Our previous research has shown that field isolates of H9N2 underwent antigenic drift to evolve into distinct groups with significant antigenic divergence from the commercially available vaccines. The present study sought to identify which single mutations that have naturally appeared in isolates from the past 5 years have driven antigenic drift. Six high-frequency mutation sites in/near the receptor binding site region were screened by comparing amino acid alignments of the H9N2 AIVs isolated from China between 2014 and 2019. Two substitutions (A168N and D201G) were demonstrated to have a significant impact on the antigenicity but did not change the growth kinetics of the virus. It is worth noting that the D201G substitution not only significantly changed the antigenicity but also caused immune escape against the parental virus. In conclusion, A168N and D201G substitution are newly discovered determinants that can significantly change the antigenicity of H9N2 AIV, which should be tracked during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Wen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meng-Yi Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - An-Dong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Nian-Ling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Xi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shu-Yun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin-Feng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Song-Cheng Yu
- Dongpo Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Meishan, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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10
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Shao G, Xie Z, Liang M, Liu Y, Song C, Feng K, Zhang X, Lin W, Fu J, Xie Q. Efficacy of recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing HA protein of H9N2 Avian influenza virus in respiratory and intestinal tract. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102078. [PMID: 36272233 PMCID: PMC9589208 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is a low pathogenic AIV, which is widely prevalent all over the world. The infection of H9N2 AIV often leads to secondary infection with other pathogens, causing serious economic losses to poultry industry. Up to now, several recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) expressing H9N2 AIV hemagglutinin (HA) protein had been developed. However, the efficacy of recombinant virus on tracheal and intestinal injury caused by H9N2 AIV was rarely reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant NDV expressing H9N2 AIV HA protein in respiratory and intestinal tract. In this study, based on Red/ET homologous recombination technology, H9N2 AIV HA gene was embedded into the genome of NDV LaSota vaccine strain to obtain the recombinant virus rNDV-H9. The recombinant virus rNDV-H9 showed similar replication kinetic characteristics with the parent LaSota strain and had good genetic stability. The immunization result showed that rNDV-H9 induced high HI antibody titer against H9N2 AIV. In the H9N2 AIV challenge experiment, rNDV-H9 could significantly reduce the virus shedding in trachea and cloaca. In addition, rNDV-H9 protected the barrier function of chicken intestinal mucosal epithelial cells and reduced the virus-induced inflammatory response to a certain extent, so as to inhibit the abnormal proliferation of E. coli. This study suggests that rNDV-H9 is a promising vaccine candidate against H9N2 AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanming Shao
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Zi Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Ming Liang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Chaoyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Keyu Feng
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Wencheng Lin
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Jun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China.
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11
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Gao X, Wang N, Chen Y, Gu X, Huang Y, Liu Y, Jiang F, Bai J, Qi L, Xin S, Shi Y, Wang C, Liu Y. Sequence characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of H9N2 subtype avian influenza A viruses detected from poultry and the environment in China, 2018. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12512. [PMID: 35036116 PMCID: PMC8697764 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 subtype avian influenza A virus (AIV) is a causative agent that poses serious threats to both the poultry industry and global public health. In this study, we performed active surveillance to identify H9N2 AIVs from poultry (chicken, duck, and goose) and the environment of different regions in China, and we phylogenetically characterized the sequences. AIV subtype-specific reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that 5.43% (83/1529) samples were AIV positive, and 87.02% (67/77) of which were H9N2 AIVs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all H9N2 field viruses belonged to the Y280-like lineage, exhibiting 93.9-100% and 94.6-100% of homology in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene and 94.4-100% and 96.3-100% in the neuraminidase (NA) gene, at the nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) levels, respectively. All field viruses shared relatively lower identities with vaccine strains, ranging from 89.4% to 97.7%. The aa sequence at the cleavage site (aa 333-340) in HA of all the isolated H9N2 AIVs was PSRSSRG/L, which is a characteristic of low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV). Notably, all the H9N2 field viruses harbored eight glycosylation sites, whereas a glycosylation site 218 NRT was missing and a new site 313 NCS was inserted. All field viruses had NGLMR as their receptor binding sites (RBS) at aa position 224-229, showing high conservation with many recently-isolated H9N2 strains. All H9N2 field isolates at position 226 had the aa Leucine (L), indicating their ability to bind to sialic acid (SA) α, a 2-6 receptor of mammals that poses the potential risk of transmission to humans. Our results suggest that H9N2 AIVs circulating in poultry populations that have genetic variation and the potential of infecting mammalian species are of great significance when monitoring H9N2 AIVs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Gao
- National Veterinary Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, P.R.China.,College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, P.R.China
| | - Naidi Wang
- National Veterinary Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, GuangXi University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R.China
| | - Xiaoxue Gu
- National Veterinary Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Yuanhui Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, GuangXi University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R.China
| | - Yang Liu
- National Veterinary Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Fei Jiang
- National Veterinary Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Jie Bai
- National Veterinary Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Lu Qi
- National Veterinary Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Shengpeng Xin
- National Veterinary Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Yuxiang Shi
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, P.R.China
| | - Chuanbin Wang
- National Veterinary Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Yuliang Liu
- National Veterinary Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, P.R.China
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12
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Xiang H, Wen X, Wen Y, Zhang H, Cao S, Huang X, Wu R, Zhao Q. Development and application of a visual microarray for synchronously detecting H5N1, H7N9 and H9N2 avian influenza virus RNA. J Virol Methods 2021; 301:114371. [PMID: 34808230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a microarray assay for the simultaneous detection of the H5, H7, H9, N1, N9 and N2 genes of the avian influenza virus (AIV) using a Nanogold-streptavidin and silver-stain-enhanced nucleic acid dot-blot hybridisation system. The conserved sequences of H5 genes from H5N1, H7 genes from H7N9, H9 genes from H9N2, N9 genes from H7N9 and N2 genes from H9N2 AIV were cloned, together with that of N1 obtained commercially, and were used as templates for generating the probes using biotin-labeled primers, which targeted the conserved regions of H5, H7, H9, N1, N9 and N2 genes, respectively. The oligonucleotide probes were diluted using the spotting buffer and ddH2O, and each probe was then spotted to each specific position on the microarray. The PCR products including biotin-labeled lambda, NP, H5, H7, H9, N1, N9 and N2 were mixed, 200 μL of which was then added to the microarray chamber after denaturing. Following a hybridization incubation at 45℃ for 120 min, the microarray was then incubated with nanogold-streptavidin about 4 μg/mL for 30 min. After the supplementary of 200 μL of silver buffer A and silver buffer B in the chamber, the hybridization results were assessed by direct visualization in the dark at room temperature. The microarray assay was optimized and its specificity, sensitivity and stability were evaluated. The optimal conditions comprised a probe concentration of 50 μmol/L, a hybridization temperature of 45℃ and a hybridization time of 2 h. The optimal concentration of nanogold-streptavidin was 4 μg/mL and the optimal staining time was 7 min. The results of specificity evaluation showed that no cross-binding of the probes with each other and no cross-hybridization with Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus and infectious laryngotracheitis virus was observed. The optimized microarray assay was significantly more sensitivity than the reverse-transcription PCR assay. The microarray was available after storing at less 90 d at 4 ℃. The optimized microarray assay was validated on clinical specimens and the results showed that it had over 95.6% correlation with reverse-transcription PCR method. Therefore, the microarray assay could be used for the high throughput detection of AIV infections due to H5N1, H7N9 and H9N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experimental Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xintian Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Yiping Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Huanrong Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Sanjie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experimental Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experimental Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experimental Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Qin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experimental Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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13
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Khan A, Jahejo AR, Qiao ML, Han XY, Cheng QQ, Mangi RA, Qadir MF, Zhang D, Bi YH, Wang Y, Gao GF, Tian WX. NF-кB pathway genes expression in chicken erythrocytes infected with avian influenza virus subtype H9N2. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:666-671. [PMID: 33843365 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1902478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Chicken erythrocytes in blood vessels are the most abundant circulating cells, which participate in the host's immune responses. The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) plays a vital role in the inflammatory response following viral infections. However, the expression of the NF-κB pathway, and other immune-related genes in chicken erythrocytes infected with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV H9N2), has not been extensively studied.2. The following study determined the interaction of LPAIV H9N2 with chicken erythrocytes using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. This was followed by investigating myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), the inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B kinase subunit epsilon (IKBKE), NF-κB inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA), NF-κB inhibitor epsilon (NFKBIE), interferon-alpha (IFN-α), colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF3) and tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) by mRNA expression using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) at four different time intervals (0, 2, 6 and 10 h).3. There was a significant interaction between erythrocytes and LPAIV H9N2 virus. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of the NF-κB pathway and other immune-related genes were significantly up-regulated at 2 h post-infection in infected chicken erythrocytes, except for TRAF6, which were significantly downregulated. While at 0 h post-infection, IFN-α and CSF3 were significantly upregulated, whereas NFKBIA was significantly downregulated. Further expression of MDA5, CCL5 and NFKBIA was upregulated, while TRAF6 was downregulated at 6 h post-infection. In infected erythrocytes, expression of MyD88, CCL5 and IKBKE was upregulated. However, IFN-α and TRAF6 were downregulated at 10 h post-infection.4. These results give initial evidence that the NF-κB pathway, and other genes related to immunity, in chicken erythrocytes may contribute to LPAIV subtype H9N2 and induce host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - A R Jahejo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - M L Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - X Y Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Q Q Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - R A Mangi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - M F Qadir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - D Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Y H Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Y Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - G F Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - W X Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
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14
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Wang S, Li N, Jin S, Zhang R, Xu T. Polymerase acidic subunit of H9N2 polymerase complex induces cell apoptosis by binding to PDCD 7 in A549 cells. Virol J 2021; 18:75. [PMID: 33849599 PMCID: PMC8045253 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background H9N2 influenza virus, a subtype of influenza A virus, can spread across different species and induce the respiratory infectious disease in humans, leading to a severe public health risk and a huge economic loss to poultry production. Increasing studies have shown that polymerase acidic (PA) subunit of RNA polymerase in ribonucleoproteins complex of H9N2 virus involves in crossing the host species barriers, the replication and airborne transmission of H9N2 virus. Methods Here, to further investigate the role of PA subunit during the infection of H9N2 influenza virus, we employed mass spectrometry (MS) to search the potential binding proteins of PA subunit of H9N2 virus. Our MS results showed that programmed cell death protein 7 (PDCD7) is a binding target of PA subunit. Co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays further confirmed the interaction between PDCD7 and PA subunit. Overexpression of PA subunit in A549 lung cells greatly increased the levels of PDCD7 in the nuclear and induced cell death assayed by MTT assay. Results Flow cytometry analysis and Western blot results showed that PA subunit overexpression significantly increased the expression of pro-apoptotic protein, bax and caspase 3, and induced cell apoptosis. However, knockout of PDCD7 effectively attenuated the effects of PA overexpression in cell apoptosis. Conclusions In conclusion, the PA subunit of H9N2 virus bind with PDCD7 and regulated cell apoptosis, which provide new insights in the role of PA subunit during H9N2 influenza virus infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01547-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shugang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Bashashati M, Mojahedi Z, Roudsari AA, Taghizadeh M, Molouki A, Motamed N, Sabouri F, Fallah Mehrabadi MH. Ongoing genetic evolution of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Iranian industrial poultry farms. Acta Vet Hung 2020; 68:328-335. [PMID: 33185568 DOI: 10.1556/004.2020.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the use of wide-scale vaccination programmes against the H9N2 virus, enzootic outbreaks of H9N2 avian influenza (AI) have often occurred and caused serious nationwide economic losses, particularly in broiler chickens. In this study, the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of nine recent H9N2s and a common vaccine strain were fully sequenced and compared with other representative Iranian viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all Iranian viruses were grouped into the G1 sub-lineage with different clusters in which recent isolates (2014-2017) formed a distinct cluster compared to the vaccine group (1998-2004). All Iranian H9N2s exhibited low pathogenicity AI connecting peptide feature with an R/KSSR motif. Amino acid 226, located in the 220 loop of the receptor binding site, was leucine among the recent Iranian viruses, a characteristic of human influenza viruses. With an overall gradual increase in the genetic diversity of H9N2s, Bayesian skyline plots of Iranian HA and NA genes depicted a fluctuation and a relative stable situation, respectively. It is recommended to apply constant surveillance to assess any increase in viral human adaptation and evolutionary changes in circulating field H9N2s. Moreover, antigenic characterisation of the prevailing H9N2 viruses seems to be necessary for evaluating the possible antigenic drift from the vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Bashashati
- 1Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostic, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mojahedi
- 2Department of Viral Vaccine Quality Control, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Ameghi Roudsari
- 3Department of Research and Development, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Morteza Taghizadeh
- 3Department of Research and Development, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Aidin Molouki
- 1Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostic, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Najmeh Motamed
- 4Department of Poultry Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Sabouri
- 1Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostic, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Fallah Mehrabadi
- 1Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostic, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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16
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Yu YN, Zheng Y, Hao SS, Zhang Z, Cai JX, Zong MM, Feng XL, Liu QT. The molecular evolutionary characteristics of new isolated H9N2 AIV from East China and the function of vimentin on virus replication in MDCK cells. Virol J 2020; 17:78. [PMID: 32552884 PMCID: PMC7302367 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low pathogenic H9N2 AIV caused the serious impact on the poultry industry and public safety. Our purpose was to investigate the molecular evolutionary characteristics of the new isolated H9N2 virus and investigate the intracellular target protein of H9N2 AIV replication in sensitive cells. METHODS AIV A/chicken/Shandong/LY1/2017 (H9N2) was isolated from the cloaca of the healthy chicken in Shandong, and the full-length eight gene segments of this isolated H9N2 AIV were amplified by RT-PCR and analyzed. MDCK cells were used as the target cell model, and VOPBA assay and LC-MS/MS were carried out to identify the virus-binding protein of H9N2 AIV. MDCK cells were pre-treated with the special antibody and siRNA, and treated with H9N2 AIV to detect the virus replication. Additionally, Vimentin-pcDNA3.0 was successfully constructed, and transinfected into MDCK cells, and then H9N2 AIV mRNA was detected with RT-PCR. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis revealed that HA, NA, PB2, PB1, PA, NP and M seven genes of the isolated H9N2 AIV were derived from A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98, while NS gene was derived from A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y439/97. The cleavage site sequence of HA gene of the isolated H9N2 AIV was a PARSSR G pattern, and the left side sequence (224 ~ 229) of receptor binding site was NGQQGR pattern, which were similar to that of A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98. Following VOPBA assay, we found one protein of about 50KDa binding to H9N2 AIV, and the results of LC-MS/MS analysis proved that vimentin was the vital protein binding to H9N2 AIV. The pre-incubation of the specific antibody and siRNA decreased the viral RNA level in MDCK cells treated with H9N2 AIV. Furthermore, we found that over-expressed vimentin increased H9N2 AIV replication in MDCK cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that the isolated H9N2 AIV might be a recent clinical common H9N2 strain, and vimentin protein might be one vital factor for H9N2 AIV replication in MDCK cells, which might be a novel target for design and development of antiviral drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Nan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shan Shan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jia Xi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Man Man Zong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiu Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Qing Tao Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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17
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Sporadic occurrence of H9N2 avian influenza infections in human in Anhui province, eastern China: A notable problem. Microb Pathog 2019; 140:103940. [PMID: 31863839 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 viruses can cause great economic losses to the domestic poultry industry when co-infected with other influenza viruses or pathogens. . To better understand the molecular characteristics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) and analyze the genetic evolutionary relationship, we isolated three H9N2 subtypes AIVs from nasopharyngeal swab specimens from the three cases reported in Anhui province since 2015, and systematically reviewed the genome-wide data of 21 poultry--isolated H9N2 viruses during 1998-2017. The six internal genes of three human-isolated viruses and recent poultry-isolated viruses (since 2014) in Anhui province presented high gene homologies with HPAI H7N9, even including H10N8 and H5N6. The three human-isolated H9N2 AIVs and poultry-isolated viruses (since 2008) in Anhui province were highly similar, and classified into genotype S. Seven N-linked potential glycosylation sites in the HA protein were detected in the three human-isolated viruses, which also appeared in poultry-isolated H9N2 AIVs. None of the human-isolated H9N2 AIVs had the I368V mutation in PB1 protein, but all the poultry-isolated H9N2 viruses in 2017 carried this mutation. Multidisciplinary, cross-regional and cross-sectoral approaches are warranted to address complex public health challenges and achieve the goal of 'one health'.
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18
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Epidemiological assessment of clinical poultry cases through the government veterinary hospital-based passive surveillance system in Bangladesh: a case study. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:967-975. [PMID: 30565184 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An epidemiological assessment of clinical poultry cases recorded through the existing passive surveillance at Kishoreganj District Veterinary Hospital during February-March 2016 was performed. A total of 200 cases (87 layers, 80 broilers, 21 ducks, and 12 pigeons) were included in this evaluation. The present study attempted to demonstrate the usefulness of passive surveillance data in quantifying the relative burden of poultry cases and their distribution along with drug prescription patterns. The cases were diagnosed based on clinical history, clinical signs, and observable post-mortem lesions by the registered veterinarian or intern veterinarian. The most prevalent diseases in chickens were infectious bursal disease (IBD) (31.7%; CI (confidence interval) 24.7-39.3%), coccidiosis (22.8%; CI 16.6-29.8%), Newcastle disease (ND) (21.6%; CI 15.5-28.5%), and coli-enteritis (8.4%; CI 4.6-13.6%). The most prevalent disease in ducks was duck plague (DP) (76.6%; CI 52.8-91.7%). Newcastle disease was most prevalent (66.7%; CI 34.8-90.0%) in pigeons. Infectious bursal disease, aspergillosis, and colibacillosis respectively were seen in a higher proportion of cases in broiler chickens than in layer chickens (58.7%, 12.5%, and 11.2% vs. 6.9%, 1.1%, and 3.4%; p ≤ 0.05). Contrarily, ND was seen in greater proportion of cases in layer chickens (32.1%) than in broiler chickens (10.0%) (p < 0.001). Infectious bursal disease, ND, coccidiosis, and aspergillosis were higher in older age broilers than in younger broilers (p ≤ 0.05). Antibiotics were often used to treat the poultry diseases such as trimethoprim with sulpha drugs (41%), ciprofloxacin (39%), sulphadiazine (27.5%), and erythromycin (26%). Through the present study, we can see how a passive surveillance system would be an effective tool for delineating disease distributions and common treatment regimens, thus helping to mitigate disease prevalence.
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19
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Prevalence of avian influenza, Newcastle disease, and infectious bronchitis viruses in broiler flocks infected with multifactorial respiratory diseases in Iran, 2015-2016. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:689-695. [PMID: 30377950 PMCID: PMC7088748 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the prevalence and spatial distribution of Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and avian influenza have been evaluated in commercial broiler farms in 31 provinces in Iran. In this survey, a total of 233 affected broiler chicken farms were sampled. The infectious bronchitis virus (alone) was detected with highest frequency in 60 farms, and separately or combined with other agents, in 110 farms; Newcastle disease virus, separately, was detected in 28 farms, and in 63 farms separately or combined with other infectious agents; and avian influenza H9N2 was detected in 22 farms separately and in 51 farms separately or concomitant with other infectious agents. The sample tested negative for all H5 serotypes. The results of the present study show that the most prevalent avian viral infectious disease contributing to respiratory syndromes in broiler farms in Iran was infectious bronchitis due to infectious bronchitis virus serotypes variant 2 and 793/B. On the other hand, combined with the alternation of dominant viruses and circulating strains, flocks are exposed to unremitting anamorphic viral infections. Thus, the permanent monitoring of cases that have occurred and the review of vaccination plans of affected flocks every year are some of the necessary measures needed for strategic control of respiratory syndrome in broilers. It is noteworthy that execution of epidemiologic examinations on the cogent factors of prevalence of this syndrome and defeat of vaccination strategy in the flocks is urgent and has to be fulfilled on the definite causes of time.
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20
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Xu C, Ye H, Qiu W, Lin H, Chen Y, Zhang H, Liao M. Phylogenetic classification of hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated in China during 2012-2016 and evaluation of selected candidate vaccine strains. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3023-3030. [PMID: 29931183 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) was the highly contagious pathogen which has caused severe losses in the poultry industry throughout China in recent years. Using current epidemic viruses as vaccine was an effective way to prevent infection of H9N2 subtype AIV. In this study, a total of 23 H9N2 subtype AIV strains were isolated in 200 samples from 13 provinces of China during 2012-2016. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene sequence of the isolation strains showed that 22 isolation strains were clustered to h9.4.2.5 lineage, while only 1 belonged to h9.4.2.6. The data of cross-HI, neutralization and cross-immune protection shown that the A/chicken/Hunan/HN/2015 (HN) and A/chicken/Shandong/SD/2014 (SD) strains as vaccine could effectively protect present viruses infection compared with other strains. These results indicated that current epidemic viruses were mainly belong to h9.4.2.5 lineage and HN and SD strains as candidate vaccine strains were potentiality for the protection of present H9N2 subtype AIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Xu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangzhou Province, China
| | - H Ye
- Guangzhou South China Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Zengcheng, China
| | - W Qiu
- Guangzhou South China Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Zengcheng, China
| | - H Lin
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Chen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Zhang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangzhou Province, China
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21
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Rudraraju R, Subbarao K. Passive immunization with influenza haemagglutinin specific monoclonal antibodies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2728-2736. [PMID: 29985756 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1489947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation of broadly neutralising antibodies against the influenza haemagglutinin has spurred investigation into their clinical potential, and has led to advances in influenza virus biology and universal influenza vaccine development. Studies in animal models have been invaluable for demonstrating the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of broadly neutralising antibodies, for comparisons with antiviral drugs used as the standard of care, and for defining their mechanism of action and potential role in providing protection from airborne infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Rudraraju
- a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- a WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne , Australia
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22
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Zhu R, Xu D, Yang X, Zhang J, Wang S, Shi H, Liu X. Genetic and biological characterization of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated in China from 2011 to 2014. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199260. [PMID: 29969454 PMCID: PMC6029760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotypes of the H9N2 avian influenza viruses have changed since 2013 when almost all H9N2 viruses circulating in chickens in China were genotype 57 (G57) with the fittest lineage of each gene. To characterize the H9N2 variant viruses from 2011 to 2014, 28 H9N2 influenza viruses were isolated from live poultry markets in China from 2011–2014 and were analyzed by genetic and biological characterization. Our findings showed that 16 residues that changed antigenicity, two potential N-linked glycosylation sites, and one amino acid in the receptor binding site of the HA protein changed significantly from 2011–2014. Moreover, the HA and NA genes in the phylogenetic tree were mainly clustered into two independent branches, A and B, based on the year of isolation. H9N2 virus internal genes were related to those from the human-infected avian influenza viruses H5N1, H7N9, and H10N8. In particular, the NS gene in the phylogenetic tree revealed genetic divergence of the virus gene into three branches labeled A, B, and C, which were related to the H9N2, H10N8, and H7N9 viruses, respectively. Additionally, the isolates also showed varying levels of infection and airborne transmission. These results indicated that the H9N2 virus had undergone an adaptive evolution and variation from 2011–2014.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Chickens
- China/epidemiology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Gene Expression
- Glycosylation
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H10N8 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H10N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H10N8 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Neuraminidase/chemistry
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Phylogeny
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Poultry Diseases/epidemiology
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Danwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Xueqin Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Sinopharm Yangzhou VAC Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, PR China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, PR China
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Brown I, Mulatti P, Smietanka K, Staubach C, Willeberg P, Adlhoch C, Candiani D, Fabris C, Zancanaro G, Morgado J, Verdonck F. Avian influenza overview October 2016-August 2017. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05018. [PMID: 32625308 PMCID: PMC7009863 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The A(H5N8) highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic occurred in 29 European countries in 2016/2017 and has been the largest ever recorded in the EU in terms of number of poultry outbreaks, geographical extent and number of dead wild birds. Multiple primary incursions temporally related with all major poultry sectors affected but secondary spread was most commonly associated with domestic waterfowl species. A massive effort of all the affected EU Member States (MSs) allowed a descriptive epidemiological overview of the cases in poultry, captive birds and wild birds, providing also information on measures applied at the individual MS level. Data on poultry population structure are required to facilitate data and risk factor analysis, hence to strengthen science-based advice to risk managers. It is suggested to promote common understanding and application of definitions related to control activities and their reporting across MSs. Despite a large number of human exposures to infected poultry occurred during the ongoing outbreaks, no transmission to humans has been identified. Monitoring the avian influenza (AI) situation in other continents indicated a potential risk of long-distance spread of HPAI virus (HPAIV) A(H5N6) from Asia to wintering grounds towards Western Europe, similarly to what happened with HPAIV A(H5N8) and HPAIV A(H5N1) in previous years. Furthermore, the HPAI situation in Africa with A(H5N8) and A(H5N1) is rapidly evolving. Strengthening collaborations at National, EU and Global levels would allow close monitoring of the AI situation, ultimately helping to increase preparedness. No human case was reported in the EU due to AIVs subtypes A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H7N9) and A(H9N2). Direct transmission of these viruses to humans has only been reported in areas, mainly in Asia and Egypt, with a substantial involvement of wild bird and/or poultry populations. It is suggested to improve the collection and reporting of exposure events of people to AI.
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Gu M, Xu L, Wang X, Liu X. Current situation of H9N2 subtype avian influenza in China. Vet Res 2017; 48:49. [PMID: 28915920 PMCID: PMC5603032 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, H9N2 subtype avian influenza outbreak is firstly reported in Guangdong province in 1992. Subsequently, the disease spreads into vast majority regions nationwide and has currently become endemic there. Over vicennial genetic evolution, the viral pathogenicity and transmissibility have showed an increasing trend as year goes by, posing serious threat to poultry industry. In addition, H9N2 has demonstrated significance to public health as it could not only directly infect mankind, but also donate partial or even whole cassette of internal genes to generate novel human-lethal reassortants like H5N1, H7N9, H10N8 and H5N6 viruses. In this review, we mainly focused on the epidemiological dynamics, biological characteristics, molecular phylogeny and vaccine strategy of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in China to present an overview of the situation of H9N2 in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Yangzhou Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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