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Savage A, Snowdon CT, Soto L, Castro J, Medina F, Emeris G, Garcia LC, Guillen R. The impacts of seasonal variation and climate on food utilization in a population of critically endangered cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia: A 22-year longitudinal study. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23415. [PMID: 35856471 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To examine how precipitation patterns and climate change impact feeding choices made by a population of critically endangered cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), we examined 22 years of feeding data (1999-2020) from 21 groups collected at Parque Natural Regional Bosque Seco El Ceibal Mono Tití in Santa Catalina, Colombia. We describe the diet and examine the role of seasonal rainfall and annual variation in rainfall on diet. Rainfall is highly seasonal (mean annual rainfall 1562 mm [range 940-2680 mm]) with a dry, early rainy, and late rainy season in each year. Over 80 species of plants formed part of the fruit, nectar, and exudate components of the diet. Fruits, although available year-round, were more commonly available and consumed during the late rainy seasons (August-November). Exudates were consumed more frequently in the dry season (December-March) and invertebrate consumption was stable across the year. Nectar feeding from a single species (Combretum fruticosum) peaked in November. Rainfall varied over the years, with 13 years exceeding the 99% confidence intervals for mean rainfall. Ten of these extreme years (both drought and extremely wet) occurred in the last 11 years. Fruit consumption did not vary between extreme and average years, but cotton-top tamarins consumed more invertebrates and exudates in wet years. Presently, cotton-top tamarins appear to be able to cope with these extreme variations in rainfall due to their highly varied diet. However, the forests that these primates depend upon for survival are threatened by human exploitation making it critically important to maintain a generalist feeding strategy for survival as many fruiting trees that compose a large proportion of the diet are removed. As conservation efforts continue, plant species consumed by cotton-top tamarins provide useful data when selecting species for habitat restoration programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Savage
- Proyecto Tití, Inc, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - C T Snowdon
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - L Soto
- Fundación Proyecto Tití, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - J Castro
- Fundación Proyecto Tití, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - F Medina
- Fundación Proyecto Tití, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - G Emeris
- Fundación Proyecto Tití, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - L C Garcia
- Fundación Proyecto Tití, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - R Guillen
- Fundación Proyecto Tití, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Feeding Ecology of the Omo River Guereza (Colobus guereza guereza) in Habitats with Varying Levels of Fragmentation and Disturbance in the Southern Ethiopian Highlands. INT J PRIMATOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-020-00189-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Araujo JM, Correa SB, Anderson J, Penha J. Fruit preferences by fishes in a Neotropical floodplain. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joisiane Mendes Araujo
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Cuiabá Brazil
| | - Sandra Bibiana Correa
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
| | - Jill Anderson
- Department of Genetics, and Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Jerry Penha
- Centro de Biodiversidade Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Cuiabá Brazil
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Norconk MA. Historical antecedents and recent innovations in pitheciid (titi, saki, and uakari) feeding ecology. Am J Primatol 2020; 83:e23177. [PMID: 32720418 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The modern pitheciids (titis, sakis, and uakaris) of northern South America represent one of the earliest radiations of platyrrhines and demonstrate morphological adaptations and ecological strategies for seed eating. While seeds can provide reliable resources for relatively long periods of time, they are often well protected by thick husks and hard seed coverings. Seeds also tend to be rich in lipids, but they may also be high in indigestible fiber. Even though seed eaters are found in each major primate radiation, only the pitheciids demonstrate primary adaptations for eating seeds. In this partly historical, partly contemporary review, I examine the ecological and anatomical correlates of seed eating. It is dedicated to two well-known field primatologists: ecologist and conservationist J. Márcio Ayres; and anatomist and ecologist Warren G. Kinzey. Using observations in Kinzey (1992, Am J Phys Anthropol, 88, pp. 499-514) as a framework, I provide context and analysis for the intervening three decades of pitheciid research to identify what we know about this understudied group of primates and propose directions for future work.
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Pitirri MK, Vermeulen E, Komza K, Begun DR. Mandibular shape variation in mainland and insular hylobatids. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23175. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kathleen Pitirri
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Department of Anthropology Pennsylvania State University State College Pennsylvania
| | - Erin Vermeulen
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Klara Komza
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - David R. Begun
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Toronto Canada
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Diet and Use of Fallback Foods by Rwenzori Black-and-White Colobus (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii) in Rwanda: Implications for Supergroup Formation. INT J PRIMATOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-020-00143-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wignall VR, Campbell Harry I, Davies NL, Kenny SD, McMinn JK, Ratnieks FLW. Seasonal variation in exploitative competition between honeybees and bumblebees. Oecologia 2019; 192:351-361. [PMID: 31840190 PMCID: PMC7002462 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04576-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus spp.) often undergo exploitative competition for shared floral resources, which can alter their foraging behaviour and flower choice, even causing competitive exclusion. This may be strongest in summer, when foraging conditions are most challenging for bees, compared to other times of the year. However, the seasonal dynamics of competition between these major pollinator groups are not well understood. Here, we investigate whether the strength of exploitative competition for nectar between honeybees and bumblebees varies seasonally, and whether competitive pressure is greatest in summer months. We carried out experimental bee exclusion trials from May to late September, using experimental patches of lavender, variety Grosso, in full bloom. In each trial, we compared the numbers of honeybees (HB) foraging on patches from which bumblebees had been manually excluded (bumblebee excluded, BBE) versus control (CON) patches, HB(BBE-CON). This measure of exploitative competition varied significantly with season. As expected, mean HB(BBE-CON) was significantly greater in summer trials than in spring or autumn trials. This was despite high nectar standing crop volumes in BBE patch flowers in spring and autumn trials. Mean HB(BBE-CON) was not different between spring and autumn trials. Our results show that nectar competition between honeybees and bumblebees varies seasonally and is stronger in summer than spring or autumn, adding to current understanding of the seasonality of resource demand and competition between bee species. This information may also help to inform conservation programs aiming to increase floral resources for bees by showing when these resources are most needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica R Wignall
- Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Isabella Campbell Harry
- Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Natasha L Davies
- Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Stephen D Kenny
- Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Jack K McMinn
- Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Francis L W Ratnieks
- Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK
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Uwimbabazi M, Rothman JM, Basuta GI, Machanda ZP, Conklin‐Brittain NL, Wrangham RW. INFLUENCE OF FRUIT AVAILABILITY ON MACRONUTRIENT AND ENERGY INTAKE BY FEMALE CHIMPANZEES. Afr J Ecol 2019; 57:454-465. [PMID: 32863473 DOI: 10.1111/aje.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Daily energy intake of adult female mammals is influenced by environmental conditions and physiological requirements, including reproduction. We examined the effects of fruit availability on macronutrient and metabolisable energy intake by adult female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Kanyawara community in Kibale National Park, Uganda from January 2014 through June 2015. Drupe fruits were abundant for four months, whereas the other fourteen months were dominated by fig fruits. The mean daily intake of food (dry matter) and metabolisable energy, did not differ between drupe-months and fig-months. However, foraging costs were higher during fig-months, as indicated by a 20% increase in feeding time. Furthermore, during drupe-months female chimpanzees ingested more water-soluble carbohydrates and lipids, and less available protein and neutral detergent fibre. Although metabolisable energy intake did not differ consistently between drupe-months and fig-months, they consumed more on days when ripe fruit dominated the diet than when leaves and pithy stems dominated the diet. Our data suggest that differences in diet quality between drupes and figs can have important effects on frugivore foraging, and that they influence net energy gain more by their effects on macronutrient composition or foraging cost than by their direct impact on energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreen Uwimbabazi
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology Hunter College of the City University of New York New York New York
| | - Gilbert I. Basuta
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda
| | | | | | - Richard W. Wrangham
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts
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Chimpanzee feeding ecology and fallback food use in the montane forest of Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22971. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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The gastrointestinal tract microbiota of northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) varies with age and captive condition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3214. [PMID: 29453448 PMCID: PMC5816653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition and health of northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) are considered to be primarily influenced by the diversity of their gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota. However, the precise composition, structure, and role of the gibbon GIT microbiota remain unclear. Microbial communities from the GITs of gibbons from Nanning (NN, n = 36) and Beijing (BJ, n = 20) Zoos were examined through 16S rRNA sequencing. Gibbon’s GITs microbiomes contained bacteria from 30 phyla, dominated by human-associated microbial signatures: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. Microbial species richness was markedly different between adult gibbons (>8 years) under distinct captive conditions. The relative abundance of 14 phyla varied significantly in samples of adults in BJ versus NN. Among the age groups examined in NN, microbiota of adult gibbons had greater species variation and richer community diversity than microbiota of nursing young (<6 months) and juveniles (2–5 years). Age-dependent increases in the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Fibrobacteres were detected, along with simultaneous increases in dietary fiber intake. A few differences were detected between sex cohorts in NN, suggesting a very weak correlation between sex and GIT microbiota. This study is the first to taxonomically identify gibbon’s GITs microbiota confirming that microbiota composition varies with age and captive condition.
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