1
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Durrington P, Soran H. Paraoxonase 1: evolution of the enzyme and of its role in protecting against atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2024; 35:171-178. [PMID: 38887979 PMCID: PMC11224571 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the discoveries which led to the concept that serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is inversely related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) incidence, how this association came to be regarded as causal and how such a role might have evolved. RECENT FINDINGS Animal models suggest a causal link between PON1 present on HDL and atherosclerosis. Serum PON1 activity predicts ASCVD with a similar reliability to HDL cholesterol, but at the extremes of high and low HDL cholesterol, there is discordance with PON1 being potentially more accurate. The paraoxonase gene family has its origins in the earliest life forms. Its greatest hydrolytic activity is towards lactones and organophosphates, both of which can be generated in the natural environment. It is active towards a wide range of substrates and thus its conservation may have resulted from improved survival of species facing a variety of evolutionary challenges. SUMMARY Protection against ASCVD is likely to be the consequence of some promiscuous activity of PON1, but nonetheless has the potential for exploitation to improve risk prediction and prevention of ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Durrington
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Manchester
| | - Handrean Soran
- NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility & Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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2
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Morvaridzadeh M, Zoubdane N, Heshmati J, Alami M, Berrougui H, Khalil A. High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism and Function in Cardiovascular Diseases: What about Aging and Diet Effects? Nutrients 2024; 16:653. [PMID: 38474781 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become the leading global cause of mortality, prompting a heightened focus on identifying precise indicators for their assessment and treatment. In this perspective, the plasma levels of HDL have emerged as a pivotal focus, given the demonstrable correlation between plasma levels and cardiovascular events, rendering them a noteworthy biomarker. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that HDLs, while intricate, are not presently a direct therapeutic target, necessitating a more nuanced understanding of their dynamic remodeling throughout their life cycle. HDLs exhibit several anti-atherosclerotic properties that define their functionality. This functionality of HDLs, which is independent of their concentration, may be impaired in certain risk factors for CVD. Moreover, because HDLs are dynamic parameters, in which HDL particles present different atheroprotective properties, it remains difficult to interpret the association between HDL level and CVD risk. Besides the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of HDLs, their capacity to mediate cholesterol efflux, a key metric of HDL functionality, represents the main anti-atherosclerotic property of HDL. In this review, we will discuss the HDL components and HDL structure that may affect their functionality and we will review the mechanism by which HDL mediates cholesterol efflux. We will give a brief examination of the effects of aging and diet on HDL structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Morvaridzadeh
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Service, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada
| | - Nada Zoubdane
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Service, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada
| | - Javad Heshmati
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Service, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada
| | - Mehdi Alami
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Service, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada
| | - Hicham Berrougui
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Service, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Department of Medicine, Geriatric Service, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada
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3
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Antonić T, Ardalić D, Vladimirov S, Zeljković A, Vekić J, Mitrović M, Ivanišević J, Gojković T, Munjas J, Spasojević-Kalimanovska V, Miković Ž, Stefanović A. Cholesterol Metabolic Profiling of HDL in Women with Late-Onset Preeclampsia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11357. [PMID: 37511116 PMCID: PMC10380085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A specific feature of dyslipidemia in pregnancy is increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration, which is probably associated with maternal endothelium protection. However, preeclampsia is most often associated with low HDL cholesterol, and the mechanisms behind this change are scarcely explored. We aimed to investigate changes in HDL metabolism in risky pregnancies and those complicated by late-onset preeclampsia. We analyze cholesterol synthesis (cholesterol precursors: desmosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, and lathosterol) and absorption markers (phytosterols: campesterol and β-sitosterol) within HDL particles (NCSHDL), the activities of principal modulators of HDL cholesterol's content, and major HDL functional proteins levels in mid and late pregnancy. On the basis of the pregnancy outcome, participants were classified into the risk group (RG) (70 women) and the preeclampsia group (PG) (20 women). HDL cholesterol was lower in PG in the second trimester compared to RG (p < 0.05) and followed by lower levels of cholesterol absorption markers (p < 0.001 for campesterolHDL and p < 0.05 for β-sitosterolHDL). Lowering of HDL cholesterol between trimesters in RG (p < 0.05) was accompanied by a decrease in HDL phytosterol content (p < 0.001), apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) concentration (p < 0.05), and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) (p < 0.001), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) (p < 0.05), and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) activities (p < 0.05). These longitudinal changes were absent in PG. Development of late-onset preeclampsia is preceded by the appearance of lower HDL cholesterol and NCSHDL in the second trimester. We propose that reduced capacity for intestinal HDL synthesis, decreased LCAT activity, and impaired capacity for HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux could be the contributing mechanisms resulting in lower HDL cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Antonić
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Daniela Ardalić
- The Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic Narodni Front "Narodni Front", Kraljice Natalije 62, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra Vladimirov
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Zeljković
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Vekić
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mitrović
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Ivanišević
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Gojković
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Munjas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Spasojević-Kalimanovska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Željko Miković
- The Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic Narodni Front "Narodni Front", Kraljice Natalije 62, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stefanović
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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4
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Bogomolov A, Filonov S, Chadaeva I, Rasskazov D, Khandaev B, Zolotareva K, Kazachek A, Oshchepkov D, Ivanisenko VA, Demenkov P, Podkolodnyy N, Kondratyuk E, Ponomarenko P, Podkolodnaya O, Mustafin Z, Savinkova L, Kolchanov N, Tverdokhleb N, Ponomarenko M. Candidate SNP Markers Significantly Altering the Affinity of TATA-Binding Protein for the Promoters of Human Hub Genes for Atherogenesis, Atherosclerosis and Atheroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109010. [PMID: 37240358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease in which focal lesions in arteries promote the build-up of lipoproteins and cholesterol they are transporting. The development of atheroma (atherogenesis) narrows blood vessels, reduces the blood supply and leads to cardiovascular diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death, which has been especially boosted since the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a variety of contributors to atherosclerosis, including lifestyle factors and genetic predisposition. Antioxidant diets and recreational exercises act as atheroprotectors and can retard atherogenesis. The search for molecular markers of atherogenesis and atheroprotection for predictive, preventive and personalized medicine appears to be the most promising direction for the study of atherosclerosis. In this work, we have analyzed 1068 human genes associated with atherogenesis, atherosclerosis and atheroprotection. The hub genes regulating these processes have been found to be the most ancient. In silico analysis of all 5112 SNPs in their promoters has revealed 330 candidate SNP markers, which statistically significantly change the affinity of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) for these promoters. These molecular markers have made us confident that natural selection acts against underexpression of the hub genes for atherogenesis, atherosclerosis and atheroprotection. At the same time, upregulation of the one for atheroprotection promotes human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Bogomolov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Sergey Filonov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- The Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Irina Chadaeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry Rasskazov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Bato Khandaev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- The Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Karina Zolotareva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- The Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anna Kazachek
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- The Natural Sciences Department, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry Oshchepkov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Ivanisenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Pavel Demenkov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nikolay Podkolodnyy
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Kondratyuk
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Petr Ponomarenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olga Podkolodnaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Zakhar Mustafin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ludmila Savinkova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nikolay Kolchanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Natalya Tverdokhleb
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Mikhail Ponomarenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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5
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Durrington PN, Bashir B, Soran H. Paraoxonase 1 and atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1065967. [PMID: 36873390 PMCID: PMC9977831 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1065967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), residing almost exclusively on HDL, was discovered because of its hydrolytic activity towards organophosphates. Subsequently, it was also found to hydrolyse a wide range of substrates, including lactones and lipid hydroperoxides. PON1 is critical for the capacity of HDL to protect LDL and outer cell membranes against harmful oxidative modification, but this activity depends on its location within the hydrophobic lipid domains of HDL. It does not prevent conjugated diene formation, but directs lipid peroxidation products derived from these to become harmless carboxylic acids rather than aldehydes which might adduct to apolipoprotein B. Serum PON1 is inversely related to the incidence of new atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events, particularly in diabetes and established ASCVD. Its serum activity is frequently discordant with that of HDL cholesterol. PON1 activity is diminished in dyslipidaemia, diabetes, and inflammatory disease. Polymorphisms, most notably Q192R, can affect activity towards some substrates, but not towards phenyl acetate. Gene ablation or over-expression of human PON1 in rodent models is associated with increased and decreased atherosclerosis susceptibility respectively. PON1 antioxidant activity is enhanced by apolipoprotein AI and lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase and diminished by apolipoprotein AII, serum amyloid A, and myeloperoxidase. PON1 loses this activity when separated from its lipid environment. Information about its structure has been obtained from water soluble mutants created by directed evolution. Such recombinant PON1 may, however, lose the capacity to hydrolyse non-polar substrates. Whilst nutrition and pre-existing lipid modifying drugs can influence PON1 activity there is a cogent need for more specific PON1-raising medication to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Durrington
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bilal Bashir
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peter Mount Building, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Handrean Soran
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peter Mount Building, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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6
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Batty M, Bennett MR, Yu E. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:3843. [PMID: 36497101 PMCID: PMC9735601 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vascular system and is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to a state of oxidative stress which is a major risk factor for the development and progression of atherosclerosis. ROS are important for maintaining vascular health through their potent signalling properties. However, ROS also activate pro-atherogenic processes such as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and altered lipid metabolism. As such, considerable efforts have been made to identify and characterise sources of oxidative stress in blood vessels. Major enzymatic sources of vascular ROS include NADPH oxidases, xanthine oxidase, nitric oxide synthases and mitochondrial electron transport chains. The production of ROS is balanced by ROS-scavenging antioxidant systems which may become dysfunctional in disease, contributing to oxidative stress. Changes in the expression and function of ROS sources and antioxidants have been observed in human atherosclerosis while in vitro and in vivo animal models have provided mechanistic insight into their functions. There is considerable interest in utilising antioxidant molecules to balance vascular oxidative stress, yet clinical trials are yet to demonstrate any atheroprotective effects of these molecules. Here we will review the contribution of ROS and oxidative stress to atherosclerosis and will discuss potential strategies to ameliorate these aspects of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Yu
- Section of Cardiorespiratory Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0BB, UK
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7
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Khouya T, Ramchoun M, Hmidani A, Amrani S, Benlyas M, Kasbi Chadli F, Ouguerram K, Alem C. Effect of supplementation with polyphenol extract of Thymus atlanticus on paraoxonase-1 activity, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in high-fat diet-fed hamsters. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14225. [PMID: 35575425 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Thymus atlanticus has been used by Moroccan people to treat a variety of health problems, particularly metabolic disorders. In this study, hamsters fed a high-fat diet daily received distilled water (a positive control) or a single dose of Thymus atlanticus polyphenols (Pp) for 63 days. The negative control was fed a normal diet and received distilled water. Results showed that the supplementation of HFD with Pp significantly (p < .001) reduced the levels of MDA and LDL cholesterol, restored insulin level, and increased the activities of serum paraoxonase-1 and HDL cholesterol levels, but did not affect (p > .05) the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase when compared with the group feeding HFD alone. Thymus atlanticus could be an effective agent against dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: HFD consumption is a risk factor for oxidative stress and the development of metabolic disorders, such as hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance, which may result in atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases, the leading causes of death globally. The management of these alterations is an important strategy to prevent and treat heart complications. Our results showed thatT. atlanticus effectively alleviated HFD-induced hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance and improved PON1 activity. T. atlanticus is a source of biomolecules that may be an effective supplement for controlling HFD-related metabolic disorders. Therefore, the findings of this study may be helpful in the preparation of effective supplements from T. atlanticus to control metabolic disorders and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Khouya
- Team of Biochemistry and Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Moulay Ismail University, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Mhamed Ramchoun
- Team of Biochemistry and Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Moulay Ismail University, Errachidia, Morocco.,Laboratory of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Abdelbassat Hmidani
- Team of Biochemistry and Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Moulay Ismail University, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Souliman Amrani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohamed I, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Benlyas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Fatima Kasbi Chadli
- INRAe UMR1280 PhAN, Physiopathology of Nutritional Adaptations, CHU Hôtel Dieu, IMAD, CRNH Ouest, University of Nantes, Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- UMR1280 PhAN, Physiopathology of Nutritional Adaptations, INRAe, University of Nantes, CHU Hôtel Dieu, IMAD, CRNH Ouest, Nantes, France
| | - Chakib Alem
- Team of Biochemistry and Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Moulay Ismail University, Errachidia, Morocco
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8
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Zanotti I, Potì F, Cuchel M. HDL and reverse cholesterol transport in humans and animals: Lessons from pre-clinical models and clinical studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1867:159065. [PMID: 34637925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to accept cholesterol from cells and to promote reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) represents the best characterized antiatherogenic function of HDL. Studies carried out in animal models have unraveled the multiple mechanisms by which these lipoproteins drive cholesterol efflux from macrophages and cholesterol uptake to the liver. Moreover, the influence of HDL composition and the role of lipid transporters have been clarified by using suitable transgenic models or through experimental design employing pharmacological or nutritional interventions. Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), an in vitro assay developed to offer a measure of the first step of RCT, has been shown to associate with cardiovascular risk in several human cohorts, supporting the atheroprotective role of RCT in humans as well. However, negative data in other cohorts have raised concerns on the validity of this biomarker. In this review we will present the most relevant data documenting the role of HDL in RCT, as assessed in classical or innovative methodological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Zanotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Francesco Potì
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Unità di Neuroscienze, Università di Parma, Via Volturno 39/F, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Cuchel
- Division of Translational Medicine & Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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9
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Bacchetti T, Ferretti G, Carbone F, Ministrini S, Montecucco F, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Dysfunctional High-density Lipoprotein: The Role of Myeloperoxidase and Paraoxonase-1. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2842-2850. [PMID: 32674726 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327999200716112353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Low circulating high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are not only defining criteria for metabolic syndrome, but are more generally associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and other chronic diseases. Oxidative stress, a hallmark of cardio-metabolic disease, further influences HDL activity by suppressing their function. Especially the leukocyte- derived enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) has recently attracted great interest as it catalyzes the formation of oxidizing reactive species that modify the structure and function of HDL, ultimately increasing cardiovascular risk. Contrariwise, paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an HDL-associated enzyme that protects HDL from lipid oxidation and then acts as a protective factor against ASCVD. It is noteworthy that recent studies have demonstrated how MPO, PON1 and HDL form a functional complex in which PON1 partially inhibits the MPO activity, while MPO in turn partially inactivates PON1.In line with that, a high MPO/PON1 ratio characterizes patients with ASCVD and metabolic syndrome and has been suggested as a potential marker of dysfunctional HDL as well as a predictor of ASCVD. In this review, we summarize the evidence on the interactions between MPO and PON1 with regard to their structure, function and interaction with HDL activity. We also provide an overview of in vitro and experimental animal models, finally focusing on clinical evidence from a cohort of patients with ASCVD and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Ministrini
- Internal Medicine Department, "Santa Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, University of Perugia, Piazzale Menghini, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, 10 Largo Benzi, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
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10
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The Susceptibility to Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis Is Exacerbated with Aging in C57B1/6 Mice. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050487. [PMID: 33946646 PMCID: PMC8146644 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-atherogenic activity of HDL is mainly due to their capacity to mediate reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). However, it is not clear to what extent this activity is affected by aging or pro-atherogenic conditions. Three and 24-month-old C57Bl/6 mice were fed an atherogenic diet (high fat, high cholesterol) for 12 weeks. The aged mice displayed a significant reduction in the capacity of HDL to mediate RCT (29.03%, p < 0.0006). Interestingly, the atherogenic diet significantly stimulated the RCT process in both young and aged mice (241% and 201%, respectively, p < 0.01). However, despite this, significant amounts of cholesterol accumulated in the aortas of mice fed an atherogenic diet as compared to regular chow. The accumulation of cholesterol was more marked in the aortas of aged mice (110% increase, p < 0.002). ABCA1 and ABCG1 protein expression on macrophages decreased significantly (52 to 37% reduction, p < 0.002), whereas their expression on hepatic cells increased significantly (up to 590% for ABCA1 and 116% for ABCG1, p < 0.002). On the other hand, SR-BI protein expression on hepatic cells decreased significantly (42.85%, p < 0.0001). ABCG5, ABCG8, and CYP7a protein expression on hepatic cells was also higher in mice fed an atherogenic diet. The increase was age-dependent for both ABCG5 and ABCG8. Our results suggest that the susceptibility to diet-induced atherosclerosis is exacerbated with aging and is a consequence of the dysregulation of the expression levels of membrane cholesterol transporters.
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11
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Khalil A, Fulop T, Berrougui H. Role of Paraoxonase1 in the Regulation of High-Density Lipoprotein Functionality and in Cardiovascular Protection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:191-200. [PMID: 31969002 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Human paraoxonase (PON) is a member of the gene family that includes paraoxonase 1 (PON1), PON2, and PON3. PON is known for its capacity to hydrolyze a wide range of substrates, including organophosphorus compounds, nerve gases, and aromatic carboxylic acid esters. Recent Advances: Several studies have highlighted the involvement of PON, particularly PON1, in the modulation of the capacity of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to protect against the atherosclerosis process and its clinical manifestations. PON1 exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and may be involved in the regulation of the principal antiatherogenic activity of HDL, that is, the regulation of the reverse cholesterol transport process. Critical Issues: Although epidemiological studies have shown that there is an inverse relationship between HDL levels and cardiovascular risk, several studies have emphasized the importance of HDL functionality in protecting against cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Given that PON1 is involved in several atheroprotective functions of HDL, the aim of this article is to review the existing literature on PON1 and to discuss the principal mechanisms by which PON1 may exert its different activities. Future Directions: The elucidation of the mechanisms by which PON1 modulates the functionality of HDL as well as the identification of the interventions that stimulate PON1 activity and/or increase its plasma concentration would make it possible to propose new strategies to prevent CVD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 191-200.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelouahed Khalil
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Hicham Berrougui
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.,Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco
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12
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Song P, Shen X. Juice from Fructus Rosae Roxburghii normalizes blood lipids in mice with diet-induced hyperlipidemia* †. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:6069-6082. [PMID: 33282259 PMCID: PMC7684604 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructus Rosae Roxburghii (FRR) as a dietary supplement is considered to possess anti-atherosclerosis (AS), and hyperlipidemia (HLP) is material basis for AS formation, so the effects and molecular mechanism of FRR on diet-induced hyperlipidemic mice were explored. In Diet IV2 group, hepatic steatosis was significantly relieved; meanwhile, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, and ASI in serum were regulated to control level. Thirty-seven DCEG in Diet I, Diet II, and Diet IV2 groups were obtained by RNA-seq analysis. Relative mRNA levels were further determined by qRT-PCR, of which 28 genes were matched with those detected by RNA-seq. Ten DCEP were verified by targeted quantitative proteomic analysis, but expressive patterns of only six proteins were correlated with qRT-PCR data. These DCEG and DCEP played important roles in regulating the biosynthesis of BAs and steroids, fatty acid metabolism, and LPO production. They might cooperatively regulate the function of HDL or RCT by PPAR signaling pathway under the FRR action. As we know, it is the first time the potential anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of FRR regulating the blood lipids was explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal PlantsGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine ResourcesSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal PlantsGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine ResourcesSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
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13
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Shokri Y, Variji A, Nosrati M, Khonakdar-Tarsi A, Kianmehr A, Kashi Z, Bahar A, Bagheri A, Mahrooz A. Importance of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) as an antioxidant and antiatherogenic enzyme in the cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes: Genotypic and phenotypic evaluation. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 161:108067. [PMID: 32044348 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidant-antioxidant imbalance is involved in the etiology of different diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), liver disorders, kidney diseases, cancers and diabetes mellitus. Antioxidant enzymes play a key role in striking an oxidant-antioxidant balance. Moreover, paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme that binds with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the circulation, and antioxidant and antiaterogenic properties of this lipoprotein are significantly associated with PON1. Research suggests PON1 contributes to the pathogenesis of certain human diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). The association between PON1 and T2D appear to be reciprocal so that the disease significantly decreases PON1 levels and in turn, the genetics of PON1 may have a role the risk of susceptibility to T2D. Several factors that reduce the activity and concentration of PON1 in patients with T2D include increased glycation and loss-of-function polymorphisms. The genotypic and phenotypic evaluations of PON1 are therefore crucial for assessing the risk of cardiovascular complications in these patients, and strategies for increasing or restoring PON1 levels are useful for reducing or preventing their cardiovascular complications as their main cause of mortality. The present review aimed at discussing and emphasizing the key role of PON1 in T2D as a silent and dangerous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Shokri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Atena Variji
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mani Nosrati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abbas Khonakdar-Tarsi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Anvarsadat Kianmehr
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Madical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Zahra Kashi
- Diabetes Research Center, Imam Teaching Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Adele Bahar
- Diabetes Research Center, Imam Teaching Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abouzar Bagheri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Abdolkarim Mahrooz
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Diabetes Research Center, Imam Teaching Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, with atherosclerosis as the major underlying factor, remains the leading cause of death worldwide. It is well established that cholesterol ester-enriched foam cells are the hallmark of atherosclerotic plaques. Multiple lines of evidence support that enhancing foam cell cholesterol efflux by HDL (high-density lipoprotein) particles, the first step of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), is a promising antiatherogenic strategy. Yet, excitement towards the therapeutic potential of manipulating RCT for the treatment of cardiovascular disease has faded because of the lack of the association between cardiovascular disease risk and what was typically measured in intervention trials, namely HDL cholesterol, which has an inconsistent relationship to HDL function and RCT. In this review, we will summarize some of the potential reasons for this inconsistency, update the mechanisms of RCT, and highlight conditions in which impaired HDL function or RCT contributes to vascular disease. On balance, the evidence still argues for further research to better understand how HDL functionality contributes to RCT to develop prevention and treatment strategies to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Ouimet
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa, Canada (M.O.)
| | - Tessa J Barrett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York (T.J.B., E.A.F.)
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York (T.J.B., E.A.F.)
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Aboufarrag HT, Needs PW, Rimbach G, Kroon PA. The Effects of Anthocyanins and Their Microbial Metabolites on the Expression and Enzyme Activities of Paraoxonase 1, an Important Marker of HDL Function. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122872. [PMID: 31771252 PMCID: PMC6950676 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High circulating HDL concentrations and measures of various HDL functions are inversely associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) contributes to many of the athero-protective functions of HDL, such as promoting the reverse cholesterol transport process and reducing the levels of oxidized LDL. PON1 activities are influenced by several factors, the most important being diet and genetic polymorphisms. Reported data from randomized controlled trials have shown that anthocyanin consumption increased PON1 activity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which anthocyanins increase PON1 activity are not understood. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the ability of anthocyanins and their metabolites to increase PON1 gene expression and/or enzyme activities as potential mechanisms. The effect of the two predominant dietary anthocyanins and 18 of their recently identified microbial metabolites including their phase-II conjugates on PON1 gene expression was studied using a PON1-Huh7 stably-transfected cell line and reporter gene assay. The effects of these compounds on PON1 arylesterase and lactonase activities were investigated using two isoforms of the PON1 enzyme that are the phenotypes of the 192Q/R polymorphism. None of the compounds caused even modest changes in PON1 promoter activity (p ≥ 0.05). Further, none of the compounds at physiological concentrations caused any significant changes in the arylesterase or lactonase activity of either of the iso-enzymes. Cyanidin reduced the lactonase activity of the PON1-R192R enzyme at high concentrations (−22%, p < 0.001), but not at physiologically achievable concentrations. In conclusion, none of the data reported here support the notion that anthocyanins or their metabolites affect PON1 transactivation or enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan T. Aboufarrag
- Food Innovation & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA, UK; (H.T.A.); (P.W.N.)
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 23511, Egypt
| | - Paul W. Needs
- Food Innovation & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA, UK; (H.T.A.); (P.W.N.)
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Paul A. Kroon
- Food Innovation & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA, UK; (H.T.A.); (P.W.N.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Maras JS, Das S, Bhat A, Kumar Vyas A, Yadav G, Chaudhary S, Sukriti S, Gupta AC, Bihari C, Mahiwall R, Sarin SK. Dysregulated Lipid Transport Proteins Correlate With Pathogenesis and Outcome in Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:1598-1625. [PMID: 31832570 PMCID: PMC6887666 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH) has high mortality. Dysregulated lipid transport and metabolism in liver/macrophages contributes to disease pathophysiology. Paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 (PON1), a liver‐specific enzyme, inhibits oxidation of phospholipids and prevents lipid‐mediated oxidative damage. However, its functional contribution in macrophage‐mediated hepatic injury warrants elucidation. Plasma proteome of patients with SAH (n = 20), alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 20), and healthy controls was analyzed. Dysregulated pathways were identified, validated, and correlated with severity and outcomes in 200 patients with SAH. Tohoku‐Hospital‐Pediatrics‐1 (THP1)‐derived macrophages were treated with plasma from study groups in the presence/absence of recombinant PON1 and the phenotype; intracellular lipid bodies and linked functions were evaluated. In patients with SAH, 208 proteins were >1.5 fold differentially regulated (32 up‐regulated and 176 down‐regulated; P < 0.01).Validation studies confirmed lower levels of lipid transporter proteins (Pon1, apolipoprotein [Apo]B, ApoA1, ApoA2, and ApoC3; P < 0.01). Low PON1 levels inversely correlated with severity and mortality (r2 > 0.3; hazard ratio, 0.91; P < 0.01) and predicted nonsurvivors (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.86; cut‐off, <18 μg/mL; log rank, <0.01). Low PON1 levels corroborated with increased oxidized low‐density lipoprotein levels, intracellular lipid bodies, lipid uptake, lipid metabolism, biosynthesis, and alternative macrophage activation genes in nonsurvivors (P < 0.01). Importantly, in vitro recombinant PON1 treatment on THP1 macrophages reversed these changes (P < 0.01), specifically by alteration in expression of clusters of differentiation 36 (CD36) and adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette subfamily A1 (ABCA1) receptor on macrophages. Conclusion: Lipid transport proteins contribute to the pathogenesis of SAH, and low PON1 levels inversely correlate with the severity of alcoholic hepatitis and 28‐day mortality. Restitution of circulating PON1 may be beneficial and needs therapeutic evaluation in patients with SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sukanta Das
- Department of ResearchInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Adil Bhat
- Department of ResearchInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Ashish Kumar Vyas
- Department of ResearchInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Gaurav Yadav
- Department of ResearchInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Sukriti Sukriti
- Department of ResearchInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Abhishak C. Gupta
- Department of ResearchInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Chagan Bihari
- Department of HepatologyInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Rakhi Mahiwall
- Department of PathologyInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of PathologyInstitute of Liver and Biliary SciencesNew DelhiIndia
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The inhibition effects of some sulfonamides on human serum paraoxonase-1 (hPON1). Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:545-549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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18
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Levy D, Reichert CO, Bydlowski SP. Paraoxonases Activities and Polymorphisms in Elderly and Old-Age Diseases: An Overview. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8050118. [PMID: 31052559 PMCID: PMC6562914 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is defined as the accumulation of progressive organ dysfunction. There is much evidence linking the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of aging. With increasing age, susceptibility to the development of diseases related to lipid peroxidation and tissue injury increases, due to chronic inflammatory processes, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals. The paraoxonase (PON) gene family is composed of three members (PON1, PON2, PON3) that share considerable structural homology and are located adjacently on chromosome 7 in humans. The most studied member product is PON1, a protein associated with high-density lipoprotein with paraoxonase/esterase activity. Nevertheless, all the three proteins prevent oxidative stress. The major aim of this review is to highlight the importance of the role of PON enzymes in the aging process, and in the development of the main diseases present in the elderly: cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Levy
- Genetic and Molecular Hematology Laboratory (LIM31), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05419-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cadiele Oliana Reichert
- Genetic and Molecular Hematology Laboratory (LIM31), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05419-000, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio Paulo Bydlowski
- Genetic and Molecular Hematology Laboratory (LIM31), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05419-000, SP, Brazil.
- Center of Innovation and Translacional Medicine (CIMTRA), Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo 05419-000, SP, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa (INCT-Regenera), CNPq, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil.
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Paraoxonase-1 activities in individuals with different HDL circulating levels: Implication in reverse cholesterol transport and early vascular damage. Atherosclerosis 2019; 285:64-70. [PMID: 31029939 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.04.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epidemiological data showing that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is inversely associated with cardiovascular disease have led to the idea that cholesterol contained in this lipoprotein may be protective. Against, recent evidence suggests that the athero-protection from HDLs may result from other functions, unrelated to the carried cholesterol. HDL accessory proteins, such as paraoxonase 1 (PON1), have been suggested to endows HDL with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and to contribute to the athero-protective function of the lipoprotein. We aimed to evaluate whether extreme fluctuation in HDL-C levels correlates with PON1 activity. METHODS Levels of PON1-related arylesterase and lactonase were assessed in subjects with primary hyperalphalipoproteinemia (HAL, HDL-C>90th percentile), hypoalphalipoproteinemia (HA, HDL-C<10th percentile) and controls. Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) through several pathways and other metabolic parameters and markers of vascular disease were also determined. RESULTS Despite the marked change in HDL-C and Apoliprotein A1 (APO A1) (p < 0.001 for all comparisons), arylesterase and lactonase were only slightly increased in HAL compared with HA subjects (p < 0.05), but not vs. controls. This change in PON1 activities was no longer significant after adjustment for either HDL-C or APO A1. Both enzymatic activities were positively associated only with aqueous diffusion CEC (r = 0.318, p < 0.05 and r = 0.355, p < 0.05, respectively) and negatively with the presence of plaques (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We showed that extreme high/low HDL-C levels are not associated with equal increase/decrease in PON1 activities. This enzyme appears to contribute to the HDL role in reverse cholesterol transport and anti-atherosclerosis processes. Further investigation is required to corroborate our findings.
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Rahmati-Ahmadabad S, Broom DR, Ghanbari-Niaki A, Shirvani H. Effects of exercise on reverse cholesterol transport: A systemized narrative review of animal studies. Life Sci 2019; 224:139-148. [PMID: 30922848 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Reverse Cholesterol Transport (RCTr) is the mechanism by which excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues is transported to the liver for hepatobiliary excretion, thereby inhibiting foam cell formation and the development of atherosclerosis. Exercise affects RCTr, by influencing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) through remodeling and by promoting hepatobiliary sterol excretion. The objectives of this systematized review of animal studies is to summarize the literature and provide an overview of the effects of chronic exercise (at least two weeks) on apolipoproteins (Apo A-I, Apo-E), Paraoxonase-1 (PON1), ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCA1, ABCG1, ABCG4, ABCG5, ABCG8), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1). MATERIALS AND METHODS Three electronic databases (PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar) were searched for eligible studies conducted from the earliest available date to August 2018. KEY FINDINGS Most of studies investigate the effects of low to moderate intensity aerobic training on RCTr elements. The majority were on exercised rats undertaking moderate intensity aerobic training. SIGNIFICANCE This review highlights that moderate intensity and longer-term training has a greater effect on RCTr elements than low intensity training. There a few studies examining high intensity training which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Robert Broom
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Abbass Ghanbari-Niaki
- Exercise Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shirvani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Resveratrol exhibits an effect on attenuating retina inflammatory condition and damage of diabetic retinopathy via PON1. Exp Eye Res 2018; 181:356-366. [PMID: 30503749 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), an obstacle of the visual microvascular system, is a serious complication of diabetic patients. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has been extensively evaluated as a genetic candidate for diabetic microvascular complications, and PON1 is associated with DR. In this study, the biological functions of PON1 and its related proteins were determined via gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis; we demonstrated that treatment with resveratrol alleviated retinal inflammatory activities to evaluate its protective effects on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and high-glucose (HG) stimulated rat retinal endothelial cells (RRECs). The GO enrichment analysis suggested that PON1 may regulate inflammatory responses and microvascular complications in DR. In an in vivo study, resveratrol significantly recovered the insulin level and PON1 expression and activity, as well as clearly reduced the retinal vascular permeability, retinal AGEs, LDL, Ox-LDL, caspase3 activity, retinal damage, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, VEGF, IFNγ and MCP-1 in STZ-diabetic rats. Moreover, resveratrol reduced the caspase3 activity and Ox-LDL expression in HG stimulated RRECs. However, its protective effect was a deficiency in PON1-silenced RRECs. PON1 is a pivotal modulator in the role of resveratrol in reversing the RREC damage induced by HG. Furthermore, we found that resveratrol exhibits an effect on attenuating the retinal inflammatory condition and damage of DR via PON1. Our study suggests that resveratrol-induced PON1 in the retina may be a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent diabetes-related retinopathy.
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Estrada-Luna D, Ortiz-Rodriguez MA, Medina-Briseño L, Carreón-Torres E, Izquierdo-Vega JA, Sharma A, Cancino-Díaz JC, Pérez-Méndez O, Belefant-Miller H, Betanzos-Cabrera G. Current Therapies Focused on High-Density Lipoproteins Associated with Cardiovascular Disease. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112730. [PMID: 30360466 PMCID: PMC6278283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) comprise a heterogeneous family of lipoprotein particles divided into subclasses that are determined by density, size and surface charge as well as protein composition. Epidemiological studies have suggested an inverse correlation between High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and the risk of cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. HDLs promote reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and have several atheroprotective functions such as anti-inflammation, anti-thrombosis, and anti-oxidation. HDLs are considered to be atheroprotective because they are associated in serum with paraoxonases (PONs) which protect HDL from oxidation. Polyphenol consumption reduces the risk of chronic diseases in humans. Polyphenols increase the binding of HDL to PON1, increasing the catalytic activity of PON1. This review summarizes the evidence currently available regarding pharmacological and alternative treatments aimed at improving the functionality of HDL-C. Information on the effectiveness of the treatments has contributed to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate plasma levels of HDL-C, thereby promoting the development of more effective treatment of cardiovascular diseases. For that purpose, Scopus and Medline databases were searched to identify the publications investigating the impact of current therapies focused on high-density lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Estrada-Luna
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez" Juan Badiano No. 1, Belisario Domínguez Sección 16, 14080 Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - María Araceli Ortiz-Rodriguez
- Facultad de Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, UAEM, Calle Río Iztaccihuatl S/N, Vista Hermosa, 62350 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Lizett Medina-Briseño
- Universidad de la Sierra Sur, UNSIS, Miahuatlán de Porfirio Díaz, 70800 Oaxaca, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez" Juan Badiano No. 1, Belisario Domínguez Sección 16, 14080 Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jeannett Alejandra Izquierdo-Vega
- Área Académica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Actopan-Tilcuautla, Ex-Hacienda La Concepción S/N, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, 42160 Hidalgo, Mexico.
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Epigmenio Gonzalez 500, 76130 Queretaro, Mexico.
| | - Juan Carlos Cancino-Díaz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Oscar Pérez-Méndez
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez" Juan Badiano No. 1, Belisario Domínguez Sección 16, 14080 Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Gabriel Betanzos-Cabrera
- Área Académica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Actopan-Tilcuautla, Ex-Hacienda La Concepción S/N, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, 42160 Hidalgo, Mexico.
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Pirro M, Ricciuti B, Rader DJ, Catapano AL, Sahebkar A, Banach M. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and cancer: Marker or causative? Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:54-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bacchetti T, Ferretti G, Sahebkar A. The role of paraoxonase in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 56:72-86. [PMID: 29170064 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The paraoxonase (PON) gene family includes three proteins, PON1, PON2 and PON3. PON1 and PON3 are both associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and exert anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. PON2 and PON3 are intracellular enzymes which modulate mitochondrial superoxide anion production and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. The pleiotropic roles exerted by PONs have been mainly investigated in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, overexpression of PON2 and PON3 has been observed in cancer cells and it has been proposed that both enzymes could be involved in tumor survival and stress resistance. Moreover, a lower activity of serum PON1 has been reported in cancer patients. This review summarizes literature data on the role of PONs in human cancers and their potential role as a target for antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DiSVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Khalil A, Kamtchueng Simo O, Ikhlef S, Berrougui H. The role of paraoxonase 1 in regulating high-density lipoprotein functionality during aging. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1254-1262. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological interventions to increase the concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) have led to disappointing results and have contributed to the emergence of the concept of HDL functionality. The anti-atherogenic activity of HDLs can be explained by their functionality or quality. The capacity of HDLs to maintain cellular cholesterol homeostasis and to transport cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver for elimination is one of their principal anti-atherogenic activities. However, HDLs possess several other attributes that contribute to their protective effect against cardiovascular diseases. HDL functionality is regulated by various proteins and lipids making up HDL particles. However, several studies investigated the role of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and suggest a significant role of this protein in the regulation of the functionality of HDLs. Moreover, research on PON1 attracted much interest following several studies indicating that it is involved in cardiovascular protection. However, the mechanisms by which PON1 exerts these effects remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelouahed Khalil
- Research Centre on Aging, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Service, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4N4, Canada
| | | | - Souade Ikhlef
- Research Centre on Aging, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada
| | - Hicham Berrougui
- Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, BP 592, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco
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Kamtchueng Simo O, Ikhlef S, Berrougui H, Khalil A. Advanced glycation end products affect cholesterol homeostasis by impairing ABCA1 expression on macrophages. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:977-984. [PMID: 28704619 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), which is intimately linked to high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), plays a key role in cholesterol homeostasis and the prevention of atherosclerosis. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of aging and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on RCT as well as on other factors that may affect the antiatherogenic property of HDLs. The transfer of macrophage-derived cholesterol to the plasma and liver and then to the feces for elimination was significantly lower in aged mice than in young mice. Chronic injection of d -galactose (D-gal) or AGEs also significantly reduced RCT (65.3% reduction in [3H]cholesterol levels in the plasma of D-gal-treated mice after 48 h compared with control mice, P < 0.01). The injection of both D-gal and aminoguanidine hydrochloride increased [3H]cholesterol levels in the plasma, although the levels were lower than those of control mice. The in vitro incubation of HDLs with dicarbonyl compounds increased the carbonyl and conjugated diene content of HDLs and significantly reduced PON1 paraoxonase activity (87.4% lower than control HDLs, P < 0.0001). Treating J774A.1 macrophages with glycated fetal bovine serum increased carbonyl formation (39.5% increase, P < 0.003) and reduced ABCA1 protein expression and the capacity of macrophages to liberate cholesterol (69.1% decrease, P < 0.0001). Our results showed, for the first time, that RCT is altered with aging and that AGEs contribute significantly to this alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Souade Ikhlef
- a Research Centre on Aging, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada.,b Department of Biology, University Sultan moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hicham Berrougui
- a Research Centre on Aging, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada.,b Department of Biology, University Sultan moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- a Research Centre on Aging, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 4C4, Canada.,c Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Service, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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