1
|
Foster LJ, Tsvetkov N, McAfee A. Mechanisms of Pathogen and Pesticide Resistance in Honey Bees. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38411571 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00033.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bees are the most important insect pollinators of the crops humans grow, and Apis mellifera, the Western honey bee, is the most commonly managed species for this purpose. In addition to providing agricultural services, the complex biology of honey bees has been the subject of scientific study since the 18th century, and the intricate behaviors of honey bees and ants, fellow hymenopterans, inspired much sociobiological inquest. Unfortunately, honey bees are constantly exposed to parasites, pathogens, and xenobiotics, all of which pose threats to their health. Despite our curiosity about and dependence on honey bees, defining the molecular mechanisms underlying their interactions with biotic and abiotic stressors has been challenging. The very aspects of their physiology and behavior that make them so important to agriculture also make them challenging to study, relative to canonical model organisms. However, because we rely on A. mellifera so much for pollination, we must continue our efforts to understand what ails them. Here, we review major advancements in our knowledge of honey bee physiology, focusing on immunity and detoxification, and highlight some challenges that remain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard J Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nadejda Tsvetkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alison McAfee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Batuman O, Britt-Ugartemendia K, Kunwar S, Yilmaz S, Fessler L, Redondo A, Chumachenko K, Chakravarty S, Wade T. The Use and Impact of Antibiotics in Plant Agriculture: A Review. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:885-909. [PMID: 38478738 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0357-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Growers have depended on the specificity and efficacy of streptomycin and oxytetracycline as a part of their plant disease arsenal since the middle of the 20th century. With climate change intensifying plant bacterial epidemics, the established success of these antibiotics remains threatened. Our strong reliance on certain antibiotics for devastating diseases eventually gave way to resistance development. Although antibiotics in plant agriculture equal to less than 0.5% of overall antibiotic use in the United States, it is still imperative for humans to continue to monitor usage, environmental residues, and resistance in bacterial populations. This review provides an overview of the history and use, resistance and mitigation, regulation, environmental impact, and economics of antibiotics in plant agriculture. Bacterial issues, such as the ongoing Huanglongbing (citrus greening) epidemic in Florida citrus production, may need antibiotics for adequate control. Therefore, preserving the efficacy of our current antibiotics by utilizing more targeted application methods, such as trunk injection, should be a major focus. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Batuman
- Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
| | - Kellee Britt-Ugartemendia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
| | - Sanju Kunwar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
| | - Salih Yilmaz
- Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
| | - Lauren Fessler
- Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
| | - Ana Redondo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
| | - Kseniya Chumachenko
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Shourish Chakravarty
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
| | - Tara Wade
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Obshta O, Zabrodski MW, Soomro T, Wilson G, Masood F, Thebeau J, Silva MCB, Biganski S, Kozii IV, Koziy RV, Raza MF, Jose MS, Simko E, Wood SC. Oxytetracycline-resistant Paenibacillus larvae identified in commercial beekeeping operations in Saskatchewan using pooled honey sampling. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:645-654. [PMID: 37705301 PMCID: PMC10621554 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
American foulbrood (AFB) is an infectious disease of honey bee brood caused by the endospore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. P. larvae spores are resilient in the environment, thus colonies with clinical signs of AFB are often destroyed by burning to eradicate the causative agent. To prevent outbreaks of AFB, oxytetracycline metaphylaxis is widely used in North America, resulting in sustained selective pressure for oxytetracycline resistance in P. larvae. To determine if antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is present among P. larvae isolates from commercial beekeeping operations in Saskatchewan, Canada, we performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 718 P. larvae samples cultured from pooled, extracted honey collected from 52 beekeepers over a 2-y period, 2019 and 2020. We found that 65 of 718 (9%) P. larvae samples collected from 8 beekeepers were resistant to oxytetracycline with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 64-256 µg/mL. Eight of 718 (1%) samples from 4 beekeepers had intermediate resistance to oxytetracycline (MIC: 4-8 µg/mL). Susceptibility testing for tylosin and lincomycin indicated that P. larvae in Saskatchewan continue to be susceptible to these antimicrobials (tylosin MIC: <1 µg/mL, lincomycin MIC: ≤2 µg/mL). Most oxytetracycline-resistant P. larvae samples were identified in northeastern Saskatchewan. Whole-genome sequence analysis identified the P. larvae-specific plasmid pMA67 with tetracycline-resistance gene tet(L) in 9 of 11 oxytetracycline-resistant P. larvae isolates sequenced. Our results highlight the advantage of using pooled, extracted honey as a surveillance tool for monitoring AMR in P. larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii Obshta
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | | | - Tayab Soomro
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Geoff Wilson
- Crops and Irrigation Branch, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Saskatchewan, Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Fatima Masood
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Jenna Thebeau
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Marina C. B. Silva
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Sarah Biganski
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | | | - Roman V. Koziy
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - M. Fahim Raza
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Midhun S. Jose
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Elemir Simko
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Sarah C. Wood
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Resci I, Cilia G. The use of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) as biological monitors for pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122120. [PMID: 37385360 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasingly real and relevant health problem. It is essential to verify the spread of this phenomenon in the environment. The European honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is a globally managed pollinator continuously used for biomonitoring thanks to its morphological and behavioural characteristics. During their foraging activities, a large number of honey bees move in the area surrounding the hive within a 1.5 km of radius. Besides, their body covered with hair and bristles are able to intercept pollen and minute particles, such as atmospheric particles, contaminants and microorganisms. For these reasons, A. mellifera L. is widely used as an environmental sentinel, especially for detecting pollutants, pesticides, microorganisms, and AMR. This systematic review aimed to collect and summarize the role of honey bee colonies as a biological monitor of AMR pathogenic bacteria and the environmental spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). From honey bees were isolated a wide range of pathogenic and environmental bacteria strains, harbouring AMR and ARGs. However, AMR and ARGs were detected not only in environmental bacteria but also in symbiotic bacteria colonizing the bee gut. This systematic review highlights the employment of potential use of honey bees as AMR sentinel helpful for ecosystem health to implement possible control measures for humans, animals and plants, in the context of the "One-Health" approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Resci
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cilia
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Matiašovic J, Bzdil J, Papežíková I, Čejková D, Vasina E, Bizos J, Navrátil S, Šedivá M, Klaudiny J, Pikula J. Genomic analysis of Paenibacillus larvae isolates from the Czech Republic and the neighbouring regions of Slovakia. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:34-40. [PMID: 36913910 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), a devastating disease of honeybee larvae. In the Czech Republic, two large infested regions were recognised. This study aimed to analyse P. larvae strains occurring in the Czech Republic in the years 2016-2017 and to characterise the genetic structure of their population with the use of Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus genotyping (ERIC), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and whole genome sequence (WGS) analysis. The results were complemented by the analysis of isolates collected in the year 2018 in areas of Slovakia located near the Czechia-Slovakia border. ERIC genotyping revealed that 78.9% of tested isolates belonged to the ERIC II genotype and 21.1% to ERIC I genotype. MLST showed six sequence types with ST10 and ST11 being the most frequent among isolates. Within six isolates we found discrepancies in correlations between MLST and ERIC genotypes. The use of MLST and WGS analysis of isolates revealed that each of the large infested geographic regions had its own dominating P. larvae strains. We assume that these strains represented primary sources of infection in the affected areas. In addition, the sporadic presence of strains identified by core genome analysis as genetically related was unveiled in geographically distant regions suggesting possible human-mediated transmission of AFB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ján Matiašovic
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Bzdil
- Ptácy s.r.o., Valašská Bystřice 194, 756 27 Valašská Bystřice, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Papežíková
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Darina Čejková
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 12, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Evgeniya Vasina
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Bizos
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Navrátil
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Šedivá
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Klaudiny
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jiří Pikula
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Amšiejute P, Jurgelevičius V, Mačiulskis P, Butrimaite-Ambrozevičiene C, Pilevičiene S, Janeliunas Z, Kutyriova T, Jacevičiene I, Paulauskas A. Molecular diversity of Paenibacillus larvae strains isolated from Lithuanian apiaries. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:959636. [PMID: 36072387 PMCID: PMC9444134 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.959636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae bacterium is known to be the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), a widespread, highly contagious and fatal disease in honey bees (Apis mellifera). There are four genotypes of Paenibacillus larvae that are named after their enterobacterial repetitive consensus (ERIC), and a fifth ERIC genotype has recently been found. In this study, a total of 108 independent P. larvae isolates from different geographical regions in Lithuania collected between 2011 and 2021 were investigated by molecular methods. The aims of this study were to detect which enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) genotype is the most common in Lithuania apiaries, identify and differentiate subtypes of the defined genotype by using multiple-locus variable number of tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA), and review how bacterial molecular diversity has changed over time in different parts of Lithuania. The obtained molecular analysis results showed that 100% of P. larvae bacterial isolates from Lithuania belong to the ERIC I genotype and can be differentiated to nine different subtypes by using the MLVA and capillary electrophoresis methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Amšiejute
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Paulina Amšiejute
| | | | - Petras Mačiulskis
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Simona Pilevičiene
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Zygimantas Janeliunas
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tatjana Kutyriova
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Algimantas Paulauskas
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- *Correspondence: Algimantas Paulauskas
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Iorizzo M, Ganassi S, Albanese G, Letizia F, Testa B, Tedino C, Petrarca S, Mutinelli F, Mazzeo A, De Cristofaro A. Antimicrobial Activity from Putative Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria for the Biological Control of American and European Foulbrood Diseases. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050236. [PMID: 35622764 PMCID: PMC9143654 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance of the gut microbiome is important for the honey bee’s growth and development, immune function and defense against pathogens. The use of a beneficial bacteria-based strategy for the prevention and biocontrol of American foulbrood (AFB) and European foulbrood (EFB) diseases in honey bees offers interesting prospects. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are common inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract of the honey bee. Among LABs associated with bee gut microbiota, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (previously Lactobacillus plantarum) and Apilactobacillus kunkeei (formerly classified as Lactobacillus kunkeei) are two of the most abundant species. In this study, four Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains and four Apilactobacillus kunkeei strains, isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) were selected for their in vitro inhibition ability of Paenibacillus larvae ATCC 9545 and Melissococccus plutonius ATCC 35311. In addition, these LABs have been characterized through some biochemical and functional characteristics: cell surface properties (hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation), carbohydrates assimilation and enzymatic activities. The antimicrobial, biochemical and cell surface properties of these LABs have been functional to their candidature as potential probiotics in beekeeping and for the biocontrol of AFB and EFB diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Iorizzo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (S.G.); (F.L.); (B.T.); (C.T.); (S.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Sonia Ganassi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (S.G.); (F.L.); (B.T.); (C.T.); (S.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Gianluca Albanese
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (S.G.); (F.L.); (B.T.); (C.T.); (S.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Letizia
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (S.G.); (F.L.); (B.T.); (C.T.); (S.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Bruno Testa
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (S.G.); (F.L.); (B.T.); (C.T.); (S.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Cosimo Tedino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (S.G.); (F.L.); (B.T.); (C.T.); (S.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Sonia Petrarca
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (S.G.); (F.L.); (B.T.); (C.T.); (S.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.C.)
- Conaproa, Consorzio Nazionale Produttori Apistici, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), National Reference Laboratory for Honey Bee Health, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Mazzeo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (S.G.); (F.L.); (B.T.); (C.T.); (S.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Antonio De Cristofaro
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (M.I.); (S.G.); (F.L.); (B.T.); (C.T.); (S.P.); (A.M.); (A.D.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Arthropod, Fungal, Protozoan, Bacterial and Viral Pathogens of Honeybees. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050221. [PMID: 35622749 PMCID: PMC9145064 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The honeybee Apis mellifera is highly appreciated worldwide because of its products, but also as it is a pollinator of crops and wild plants. The beehive is vulnerable to infections due to arthropods, fungi, protozoa, bacteria and/or viruses that manage to by-pass the individual and social immune mechanisms of bees. Due to the close proximity of bees in the beehive and their foraging habits, infections easily spread within and between beehives. Moreover, international trade of bees has caused the global spread of infections, several of which result in significant losses for apiculture. Only in a few cases can infections be diagnosed with the naked eye, by direct observation of the pathogen in the case of some arthropods, or by pathogen-associated distinctive traits. Development of molecular methods based on the amplification and analysis of one or more genes or genomic segments has brought significant progress to the study of bee pathogens, allowing for: (i) the precise and sensitive identification of the infectious agent; (ii) the analysis of co-infections; (iii) the description of novel species; (iv) associations between geno- and pheno-types and (v) population structure studies. Sequencing of bee pathogen genomes has allowed for the identification of new molecular targets and the development of specific genotypification strategies.
Collapse
|
9
|
Functional Properties and Antimicrobial Activity from Lactic Acid Bacteria as Resources to Improve the Health and Welfare of Honey Bees. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030308. [PMID: 35323606 PMCID: PMC8953987 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Honey bees play a pivotal role in the sustainability of ecosystems and biodiversity. Many factors including parasites, pathogens, pesticide residues, forage losses, and poor nutrition have been proposed to explain honey bee colony losses. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are normal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract of honey bees and their role has been consistently reported in the literature. In recent years, there have been numerous scientific evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays an essential role in honey bee health. Management strategies, based on supplementation of the gut microbiota with probiotics, may be important to increase stress tolerance and disease resistance. In this review, recent scientific advances on the use of LABs as microbial supplements in the diet of honey bees are summarized and discussed. Abstract Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are agriculturally important pollinators. Over the past decades, significant losses of wild and domestic bees have been reported in many parts of the world. Several biotic and abiotic factors, such as change in land use over time, intensive land management, use of pesticides, climate change, beekeeper’s management practices, lack of forage (nectar and pollen), and infection by parasites and pathogens, negatively affect the honey bee’s well-being and survival. The gut microbiota is important for honey bee growth and development, immune function, protection against pathogen invasion; moreover, a well-balanced microbiota is fundamental to support honey bee health and vigor. In fact, the structure of the bee’s intestinal bacterial community can become an indicator of the honey bee’s health status. Lactic acid bacteria are normal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract of many insects, and their presence in the honey bee intestinal tract has been consistently reported in the literature. In the first section of this review, recent scientific advances in the use of LABs as probiotic supplements in the diet of honey bees are summarized and discussed. The second section discusses some of the mechanisms by which LABs carry out their antimicrobial activity against pathogens. Afterward, individual paragraphs are dedicated to Chalkbrood, American foulbrood, European foulbrood, Nosemosis, and Varroosis as well as to the potentiality of LABs for their biological control.
Collapse
|
10
|
One Health, One Hive: A scoping review of honey bees, climate change, pollutants, and antimicrobial resistance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0242393. [PMID: 35171904 PMCID: PMC8849492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change and increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) together threaten the last 50 years of public health gains. Honey bees are a model One Health organism to investigate interactions between climate change and AMR. The objective of this scoping review was to examine the range, extent, and nature of published literature on the relationship between AMR and honey bees in the context of climate change and environmental pollutants. The review followed systematic search methods and reporting guidelines. A protocol was developed a priori in consultation with a research librarian. Resulting Boolean search strings were used to search Embase® via Ovid®, MEDLINE®, Scopus®, AGRICOLA™ and Web of Science™ databases. Two independent reviewers conducted two-stage screening on retrieved articles. To be included, the article had to examine honey bees, AMR, and either climate change or environmental pollution. Data, in accordance with Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, were extracted from relevant articles and descriptively synthesized in tables, figures, and narrative form. A total of 22 articles met the inclusion criteria, with half of all articles being published in the last five years (n = 11/22). These articles predominantly investigated hive immunocompetence and multi-drug resistance transporter downregulation (n = 11/22), susceptibility to pests (n = 16/22), especially American foulbrood (n = 9/22), and hive product augmentation (n = 3/22). This review identified key themes and gaps in the literature, including the need for future interdisciplinary research to explore the link between AMR and environmental change evidence streams in honey bees. We identified three potential linkages between pollutive and climatic factors and risk of AMR. These interconnections reaffirm the necessity of a One Health framework to tackle global threats and investigate complex issues that extend beyond honey bee research into the public health sector. It is integral that we view these “wicked” problems through an interdisciplinary lens to explore long-term strategies for change.
Collapse
|
11
|
Bozdeveci A, Akpınar R, Karaoğlu ŞA. Isolation, characterization, and comparative genomic analysis of vB_PlaP_SV21, new bacteriophage of Paenibacillus larvae. Virus Res 2021; 305:198571. [PMID: 34555441 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae cause an American foulbrood disease (AFB) that is responsible for the extinction of honeybee colonies and is a honeybee bacterial disease that has to be obligatory notified worldwide. Recently, bacteriophage studies targeting Paenibacillus larvae have emerged as a promising alternative treatment method. The inability of bacteria to create resistance against bacteriophages makes this method advantageous. As a consequence, this study was conducted to describe the genome and biological characteristics of a novel phage capable of lysing Paenibacillus larvae samples isolated from honeybee larva samples in Turkey. The Paenibacillus phage SV21 (vB_PlaP_SV21) was isolated by inducing Paenibacillus larvae strain SV21 with Mitomycin-C. Whole-genome sequencing, comparative genomics, and phylogenetic analysis of vB_PlaP_SV21 were performed. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that vB_PlaP_SV21 phage was a Podovirus morphology. The vB_PlaP_SV21 phage specific for Paenibacillus larvae was determined to belong to the Podoviridae family. Host range and specificity, burst size, lytic activity, and morphological characteristics of the phage were determined. Bioinformatic analysis of the Paenibacillus phage SV21 showed 77 coding sequences in its linear 44,949 bp dsDNA genome with a GC content of 39.33%. In this study, we analysed the genomes of all of the currently sequenced P. larvae phage genomes and classified them into five clusters and a singleton. According to molecular, morphological, and bioinformatics results, ıt was observed that API480 (podovirus), which was reported as a singleton in previous studies and public databases, and Paenibacillus phage SV21 phage could form a new cluster together.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arif Bozdeveci
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Rahşan Akpınar
- Veterınary Control Instıtute, Bee Diseases, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Şengül Alpay Karaoğlu
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Panjad P, Yongsawas R, Sinpoo C, Pakwan C, Subta P, Krongdang S, In-on A, Chomdej S, Chantawannakul P, Disayathanoowat T. Impact of Nosema Disease and American Foulbrood on Gut Bacterial Communities of Honeybees Apis mellifera. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060525. [PMID: 34204079 PMCID: PMC8227250 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Honeybees, Apis mellifera, are important pollinators of many economically important crops. However, one of the reasons for their decline is pathogenic infection. Nosema disease and American foulbrood (AFB) disease are the most common bee pathogens that propagate in the gut of honeybees. This study investigated the impact of gut-propagating pathogens, including Nosema ceranae and Paenibacillus larvae, on bacterial communities in the gut of A. mellifera using 454-pyrosequencing. Pyrosequencing results showed that N. ceranae was implicated in the elimination of Serratia and the dramatic increase in Snodgrassella and Bartonella in adult bees' guts, while bacterial communities of P. larvae-infected larvae were not affected by the infection. The results indicated that only N. ceranae had an impact on some core bacteria in the gut of A. mellifera through increasing core gut bacteria, therefore leading to the induction of dysbiosis in the bees' gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poonnawat Panjad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.P.); (R.Y.); (C.S.); (C.P.); (P.S.); (S.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Rujipas Yongsawas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.P.); (R.Y.); (C.S.); (C.P.); (P.S.); (S.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Chainarong Sinpoo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.P.); (R.Y.); (C.S.); (C.P.); (P.S.); (S.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Chonthicha Pakwan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.P.); (R.Y.); (C.S.); (C.P.); (P.S.); (S.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Phakamas Subta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.P.); (R.Y.); (C.S.); (C.P.); (P.S.); (S.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Sasiprapa Krongdang
- Faculty of Science and Social Sciences, Burapha University Sakaeo Campus, Sakaeo 27160, Thailand;
| | - Ammarin In-on
- Bioinformatics & Systems Biology Program, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian Campus), Bang Khun Thian, Bangkok 10150, Thailand;
| | - Siriwadee Chomdej
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.P.); (R.Y.); (C.S.); (C.P.); (P.S.); (S.C.); (P.C.)
- Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.P.); (R.Y.); (C.S.); (C.P.); (P.S.); (S.C.); (P.C.)
- Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Terd Disayathanoowat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.P.); (R.Y.); (C.S.); (C.P.); (P.S.); (S.C.); (P.C.)
- Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-81-7249624
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Okamoto M, Kumagai M, Kanamori H, Takamatsu D. Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Bacteria Isolated From Japanese Honey, and Their Potential for Conferring Macrolide and Lincosamide Resistance in the American Foulbrood Pathogen Paenibacillus larvae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:667096. [PMID: 33995331 PMCID: PMC8116656 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.667096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
American foulbrood (AFB) is the most serious bacterial disease of honey bee brood. Spores of the causative agent Paenibacillus larvae are ingested by bee larvae via brood foods and germinated cells proliferate in the larval midgut. In Japan, a macrolide antibiotic, tylosin, is used as the approved prophylactic for AFB. Although tylosin-resistant P. larvae has yet to be found in Japan, it may emerge in the future through the acquisition of macrolide resistance genes from other bacteria, and bacteria latent in brood foods, such as honey, may serve as a source of resistance genes. In this study, to investigate macrolide resistance genes in honey, we attempted to isolate tylosin-resistant bacteria from 53 Japanese honey samples and obtained 209 isolates from 48 samples in the presence of 1 μg/ml of tylosin. All isolates were Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria mainly belonging to genera Bacillus and Paenibacillus, and 94.3% exhibited lower susceptibility to tylosin than Japanese P. larvae isolates. Genome analysis of 50 representative isolates revealed the presence of putative macrolide resistance genes in the isolates, and some of them were located on mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Among the genes on MGEs, ermC on the putative mobilizable plasmid pJ18TS1mac of Oceanobacillus strain J18TS1 conferred tylosin and lincomycin resistance to P. larvae after introducing the cloned gene using the expression vector. Moreover, pJ18TS1mac was retained in the P. larvae population for a long period even under non-selective conditions. This suggests that bacteria in honey is a source of genes for conferring tylosin resistance to P. larvae; therefore, monitoring of bacteria in honey may be helpful to predict the emergence of tylosin-resistant P. larvae and prevent the selection of resistant strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Okamoto
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kumagai
- Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanamori
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bertolotti AC, Forsgren E, Schäfer MO, Sircoulomb F, Gaïani N, Ribière-Chabert M, Paris L, Lucas P, de Boisséson C, Skarin J, Rivière MP. Development and evaluation of a core genome multilocus sequence typing scheme for Paenibacillus larvae, the deadly American foulbrood pathogen of honeybees. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5042-5051. [PMID: 33615656 PMCID: PMC8518682 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of the fatal American foulbrood disease in honeybees (Apis mellifera). Strain identification is vital for preventing the spread of the disease. To date, the most accessible and robust scheme to identify strains is the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. However, this approach has limited resolution, especially for epidemiological studies. As the cost of whole-genome sequencing has decreased and as it becomes increasingly available to most laboratories, an extended MLST based on the core genome (cgMLST) presents a valuable tool for high-resolution investigations. In this study, we present a standardized, robust cgMLST scheme for P. larvae typing using whole-genome sequencing. A total of 333 genomes were used to identify, validate and evaluate 2419 core genes. The cgMLST allowed fine-scale differentiation between samples that had the same profile using traditional MLST and allowed for the characterization of strains impossible by MLST. The scheme was successfully used to trace a localized Swedish outbreak, where a cluster of 38 isolates was linked to a country-wide beekeeping operation. cgMLST greatly enhances the power of a traditional typing scheme, while preserving the same stability and standardization for sharing results and methods across different laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia C Bertolotti
- Anses, Sophia-Antipolis Laboratory, Unit of Honey Bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Eva Forsgren
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marc O Schäfer
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Fabrice Sircoulomb
- Anses, Sophia-Antipolis Laboratory, Unit of Honey Bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Nicolas Gaïani
- Anses, Sophia-Antipolis Laboratory, Unit of Honey Bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Magali Ribière-Chabert
- Anses, Sophia-Antipolis Laboratory, Unit of Honey Bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Laurianne Paris
- Anses, Sophia-Antipolis Laboratory, Unit of Honey Bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pierrick Lucas
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Claire de Boisséson
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Joakim Skarin
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie-Pierre Rivière
- Anses, Sophia-Antipolis Laboratory, Unit of Honey Bee Pathology, Sophia Antipolis, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bulson L, Becher MA, McKinley TJ, Wilfert L. Long-term effects of antibiotic treatments on honeybee colony fitness: A modelling approach. J Appl Ecol 2021; 58:70-79. [PMID: 33542585 PMCID: PMC7839786 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiome disequilibrium is increasingly implicated in host fitness reductions, including for the economically important and disease-challenged western honey bee Apis mellifera. In laboratory experiments, the antibiotic tetracycline, which is used to prevent American Foulbrood Disease in countries including the US, elevates honey bee mortality by disturbing the microbiome. It is unclear, however, how elevated individual mortality affects colony-level fitness.We used an agent-based model (BEEHAVE) and empirical data to assess colony-level effects of antibiotic-induced worker bee mortality, by measuring colony size. We investigated the relationship between the duration that the antibiotic-induced mortality probability is imposed for and colony size.We found that when simulating antibiotic-induced mortality of worker bees from just 60 days per year, up to a permanent effect, the colony is reduced such that tetracycline treatment would not meet the European Food Safety Authority's (EFSA) honey bee protection goals. When antibiotic mortality was imposed for the hypothetical minimal exposure time, which assumes that antibiotics only impact the bee's fitness during the recommended treatment period of 15 days in both spring and autumn, the colony fitness reduction was only marginally under the EFSA's threshold. Synthesis and Applications. Modelling colony-level impacts of antibiotic treatment shows that individual honey bee worker mortality can lead to colony mortality. To assess the full impact, the persistence of antibiotic-induced mortality in honey bees must be determined experimentally, in vivo. We caution that as the domestication of new insect species increases, maintaining healthy gut microbiomes is of paramount importance to insect health and commercial productivity. The recommendation from this work is to limit prophylactic use of antibiotics and to not exceed recommended treatment strategies for domesticated insects. This is especially important for highly social insects as excess antibiotic use will likely decrease colony growth and an increase in colony mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bulson
- College of Life and Environment SciencesTremough CampusUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Matthias A. Becher
- College of Life and Environment SciencesTremough CampusUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | | | - Lena Wilfert
- College of Life and Environment SciencesTremough CampusUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation GenomicsUniversity of UlmUlmGermany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Takamatsu D, Okumura K, Tabata A, Okamoto M, Okura M. Transcriptional regulator SpxA1a controls the resistance of the honey bee pathogen Melissococcus plutonius to the antimicrobial activity of royal jelly. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2736-2755. [PMID: 32519428 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Royal jelly (RJ), a brood food of honey bees, has strong antimicrobial activity. Melissococcus plutonius, the causative agent of European foulbrood of honey bees, exhibits resistance to this antimicrobial activity and infects larvae orally. Among three genetically distinct groups (CC3, CC12 and CC13) of M. plutonius, CC3 strains exhibit the strongest RJ resistance. In this study, to identify genes involved in RJ resistance, we generated an RJ-susceptible derivative from a highly RJ-resistant CC3 strain by UV mutagenesis. Genome sequence analysis of the derivative revealed the presence of a frameshift mutation in the putative regulator gene spxA1a. The deletion of spxA1a from a CC3 strain resulted in increased susceptibility to RJ and its antimicrobial component 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid. Moreover, the mutant became susceptible to low-pH and oxidative stress, which may be encountered in brood foods. Differentially expressed gene analysis using wild-type and spxA1a mutants revealed that 45 protein-coding genes were commonly upregulated in spxA1a-positive strains. Many upregulated genes were located in a prophage region, and some highly upregulated genes were annotated as universal/general stress proteins, oxidoreductase/reductase, chaperons and superoxide dismutase. These results suggest that SpxA1a is a key regulator to control the tolerance status of M. plutonius against stress in honey bee colonies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kayo Okumura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tabata
- Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan
| | - Mariko Okamoto
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okura
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang M, Zhang M, Lu Y, Kang X, Meng C, Zhou L, Li A, Li Z, Song H. Analyses of prevalence and molecular typing of Salmonella in the goose production chain. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2136-2145. [PMID: 32241499 PMCID: PMC7587706 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of Salmonella and the molecular typing of all isolates in a goose production chain including hatchery, farm, slaughterhouse, and market. A total of 350 Salmonella isolates was detected from 1,030 samples, and 13 serotypes were recovered. The highest Salmonella contamination frequency was observed at the hatchery, which 51.8% (188/363) of samples were Salmonella positive. S. Potsdam and S. Typhimurium were the 2 most common serotypes. S. Potsdam was most frequently found in the hatchery, while S. Typhimurium was widely distributed in the goose production chain. In general, the antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolates is low, which isolates from the market is comparatively higher than from other production links indicating a possibility of Salmonella cross-contamination in the market. By the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, 7 different ST types were identified. ST2039 was the most common ST type, which was mostly found from S. Potsdam isolates in hatchery indicating that S. Potsdam might have been long existed in hatchery. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of S. Potsdam indicated that S. Potsdam could be transmitted along the production chain. The PFGE analysis of S. Typhimurium showed that PFGE pattern 29 (PF29) was distributed in hatchery, and also in farm and from humans indicating the risk of S. Typhimurium transmitting to humans by the food supply chain. Our study provided the evidence of Salmonella cross-contamination in the slaughterhouse and the retail market of goose production chain, and specific serotypes existed for a long time at a particular production link. The spread of Salmonella along the production chain, might cause harm to humans through cross-contamination. Further studies would be needed to control the Salmonella contamination in hatchery and prevent the transmission of the pathogen during the goose production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Meihua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yanpeng Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xilong Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Le Zhou
- Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Ang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zixi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Hongqin Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chmiel JA, Daisley BA, Pitek AP, Thompson GJ, Reid G. Understanding the Effects of Sublethal Pesticide Exposure on Honey Bees: A Role for Probiotics as Mediators of Environmental Stress. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
19
|
Krongdang S, Evans JD, Chen Y, Mookhploy W, Chantawannakul P. Comparative susceptibility and immune responses of Asian and European honey bees to the American foulbrood pathogen, Paenibacillus larvae. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:831-842. [PMID: 29578641 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
American foulbrood (AFB) disease is caused by Paenibacillus larvae. Currently, this pathogen is widespread in the European honey bee-Apis mellifera. However, little is known about infectivity and pathogenicity of P. larvae in the Asiatic cavity-nesting honey bees, Apis cerana. Moreover, comparative knowledge of P. larvae infectivity and pathogenicity between both honey bee species is scarce. In this study, we examined susceptibility, larval mortality, survival rate and expression of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including defensin, apidaecin, abaecin, and hymenoptaecin in A. mellifera and A. cerana when infected with P. larvae. Our results showed similar effects of P. larvae on the survival rate and patterns of AMP gene expression in both honey bee species when bee larvae are infected with spores at the median lethal concentration (LC50 ) for A. mellifera. All AMPs of infected bee larvae showed significant upregulation compared with noninfected bee larvae in both honey bee species. However, larvae of A. cerana were more susceptible than A. mellifera when the same larval ages and spore concentration of P. larvae were used. It also appears that A. cerana showed higher levels of AMP expression than A. mellifera. This research provides the first evidence of survival rate, LC50 and immune response profiles of Asian honey bees, A. cerana, when infected by P. larvae in comparison with the European honey bee, A. mellifera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasiprapa Krongdang
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Interdisciplinary Program in Biotechnology, Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jay D Evans
- USDA-ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Yanping Chen
- USDA-ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Wannapha Mookhploy
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new approach—understood as a whole-of-community approach—to address a dualistic and dysfunctional human/nature relationship. Of particular concern is the decline in health and numbers of the insects that pollinate an estimated 90 percent of the Earth’s flora and an estimated 35 percent of global crop volume. Specifically, bees provide the majority of biotic pollination and play a critical role in food crop pollination. Multiple factors are contributing to this growing problem including a changing climate. In 2016, the International Commission on Stratigraphy agreed that the concept of the Anthropocene—the human epoch—is of sufficient scale to be considered part of the geological time scale. This indicates that these crises are not random or passive—they are largely the direct result of human activities. Despite decades of awareness of these socio-ecological issues, they continue to worsen. In addition, the growing awareness of the critical role of pollinators is creating a new understanding of our interconnectedness with the “natural” world. We introduce the Bee City movement as a way to operationalize a whole-of-community approach. Individual action is critical, but addressing pollinator health in these forums legitimizes and provides an institutional space for otherwise fringe, or even marginalized, activities and more coherent spaces for habitat creation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Takamatsu D, Yoshida E, Watando E, Ueno Y, Kusumoto M, Okura M, Osaki M, Katsuda K. A frameshift mutation in the rRNA large subunit methyltransferase gene rlmA II determines the susceptibility of a honey bee pathogen Melissococcus plutonius to mirosamicin. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:4431-4443. [PMID: 30043554 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
American foulbrood (AFB) and European foulbrood (EFB) caused by Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius, respectively, are major bacterial infections of honey bees. Although macrolides (mirosamicin [MRM] and tylosin) have been used to prevent AFB in Japan, macrolide-resistant P. larvae have yet to be found. In this study, we revealed that both MRM-resistant and -susceptible strains exist in Japanese M. plutonius and that a methyltransferase gene (rlmA II ) was disrupted exclusively in MRM-susceptible strains due to a single-nucleotide insertion. The M. plutonius RlmAII modified G748 of 23S rRNA, and the deletion of rlmA II resulted in increased susceptibility to MRM and the loss of modification at G748, suggesting that methylation at G748 by RlmAII confers MRM resistance in M. plutonius. The single-nucleotide mutation in MRM-susceptible strains was easily repaired by spontaneous deletion of the inserted nucleotide; however, intact rlmA II was only found in Japanese M. plutonius and not in a Paraguayan strain tested or any of the whole-genome-sequenced European strains. MRM has been used in apiculture only in Japan. Although M. plutonius is not the target of this drug, the use of MRM as a prophylactic drug for AFB may have influenced the antibiotic susceptibility of the causative agent of EFB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Emi Yoshida
- Iwate Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Takizawa, Iwate, 020-0605, Japan
| | - Eri Watando
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-0805, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ueno
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kusumoto
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okura
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Makoto Osaki
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Ken Katsuda
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ueno Y, Yoshida E, Misumi W, Watando E, Suzuki K, Hirai Y, Okura M, Osaki M, Katsuda K, Takamatsu D. Population structure and antimicrobial susceptibility of Paenibacillus larvae isolates from American foulbrood cases in Apis mellifera in Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 10:210-216. [PMID: 29393586 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), the most destructive disease of the honey bee brood. In this study, we investigated the population structure and antimicrobial susceptibility of Japanese P. larvae using 100 isolates isolated between 1993 and 2017 in 17 prefectures. Using repetitive-element PCR and multilocus sequence typing, isolates from diverse origins were classified into six genotypes, including the novel genotype ERIC II-ST24. Among these genotypes, ERIC I-ST15 is the most common in Japan, while ERIC II-ST10 isolates were found to be increasing during the 2010s. Regardless of genotype or origin, all isolates were susceptible to the major antimicrobials used in the control of AFB, including mirosamicin and tylosin, which were approved for the prevention of AFB in Japan in 1999 and 2017 respectively. Despite nearly 20 years of use, mirosamicin is still effective against Japanese P. larvae in vitro; however, the development of AFB in honey bee colonies may not always be suppressed by this drug. The case information collected in this study provides insight into the conditions under which prophylactic medicine may not exert sufficient preventive effects in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Ueno
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Emi Yoshida
- Iwate Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Wakako Misumi
- Kagoshima Prefectural Kagoshima Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Hioki, Kagoshima 899-2201, Japan
| | - Eri Watando
- Aichi Prefectural Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Kenta Suzuki
- Nagano Prefectural Matsumoto Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-0851, Japan
| | - Yuko Hirai
- Aichi Prefectural Seibu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Chita-gun, Aichi 470-2324, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okura
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Makoto Osaki
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Ken Katsuda
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Forsgren E, Locke B, Sircoulomb F, Schäfer MO. Bacterial Diseases in Honeybees. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-018-0083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|