Six key topics informal carers of patients with breathlessness in advanced disease want to learn about and why: MRC phase I study to inform an educational intervention

Explain Breathlessness: Could 'Usual' Explanations Contribute to Maladaptive Beliefs of People Living with Breathlessness?

BACKGROUND

Explanations provided by healthcare professionals contribute to patient beliefs. Little is known about how healthcare professionals explain chronic breathlessness to people living with this adverse sensation.

METHODS

A purpose-designed survey disseminated via newsletters of Australian professional associations (physiotherapy, respiratory medicine, palliative care). Respondents provided free-text responses for their usual explanation and concepts important to include, avoid, or perceived as difficult to understand by recipients. Content analysis coded free text into mutually exclusive categories with the proportion of respondents in each category reported.

RESULTS

Respondents (n = 61) were predominantly clinicians (93%) who frequently (80% daily/weekly) conversed with patients about breathlessness. Frequent phrases included within usual explanations reflected breathlessness resulting from medical conditions (70% of respondents) and physiological mechanisms (44%) with foci ranging from multifactorial to single-mechanism origins. Management principles were important to include and phrases encouraging maladaptive beliefs were important to avoid. The most frequent difficult concept identified concerned inconsistent relationships between oxygenation and breathlessness. Where explanations included the term 'oxygen', a form of cognitive shortcut (heuristic) may contribute to erroneous beliefs.

CONCLUSIONS

This study presents examples of health professional explanations for chronic breathlessness as a starting point for considering whether and how explanations could contribute to adaptive or maladaptive breathlessness beliefs of recipients.

The impact of regular, low-dose, sustained-release morphine for chronic breathlessness on caregiver burden: An exploratory analysis of the BEAMS trial

BACKGROUND

Chronic breathlessness adversely impacts people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their caregivers (family and friends), who may, in turn, experience significant burden due to their caregiving role. Sustained-release morphine may reduce chronic breathlessness in some patients, which may have an impact on caregivers' perceived burden.

AIM

To explore the impact on caregiver burden of active treatment of people with chronic breathlessness (modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) ⩾ 3) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with regular, low-dose, sustained-release morphine within a multi-site, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

DESIGN

Exploratory analysis of self-reported caregiver burden at baseline and end of week 3 in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Caregiver measures included: demographics and perceived burden (Zarit Burden Interview 12-item short-form questionnaire). Patient measures included: worst breathlessness and FitBitR-measures.

SETTING/PARTICIPANTS

All consenting caregivers of trial patient participants in a multi-site study recruiting from palliative care and respiratory services.

RESULTS

Caregivers (n = 49; 59% women; median age 68 years [IQR 50-75]) reported median baseline caregiver burden 12 [IQR 5-17], with 53% reporting high burden (⩾13). Eighty-four percent of caregivers reported no change in burden. In people whose worst breathlessness improved, caregiver burden moved in the same direction, though the correlation was not significant (rs = 0.25, p = 0.17). Conversely, caregiver burden worsened as patients' minutes lightly active increased, with the correlation being significant (rs = 0.56, p = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Caregivers reported high levels of caregiver burden, but patients' response to treatment in terms of their symptom and function may influence change in caregiver burden over a three-week period.

Patient education about breathlessness

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW

Effective education enables people to modify the distress and impact of breathlessness by integrating evidence-informed breathlessness-related behaviours (knowledge, skill, attitude) into everyday life. This review considers recent studies of educational approaches focussed on chronic breathlessness as a modifiable, noxious and debilitating multidimensional experience.

RECENT FINDINGS

Systematic assessments of text-based patient education materials and mobile phone applications specific to breathlessness indicate that while these resources are readily available, issues continue to persist with quality, readability, usefulness and availability of non-English language versions. Various forms of educational interventions for breathlessness have proven feasible and valued by people living with breathlessness and their significant others (uptake/completion, personal benefit, ripple effect on health professionals). Health professional knowledge about the impact of chronic breathlessness and effective management can be altered through structured, educational interventions.

SUMMARY

Empiric studies of patient education for breathlessness are scarce despite persistent calls for better breathlessness education for people living with or providing care for someone living with this noxious symptom. In clinical practice, it is highly likely that there are effective and ineffective educational practices, both of which, if publicly disseminated, would inform future educational strategies to advance breathlessness self-management.

A Mixed Methods Evaluation of a Pilot Multidisciplinary Breathlessness Support Service

Breathlessness support services have demonstrated benefits for breathlessness mastery, quality of life and psychosocial outcomes for people living with breathlessness. However, these services have predominantly been implemented in hospital and home care contexts. This study aims to evaluate the adaptation and implementation of a hospice-based outpatient Multidisciplinary Breathlessness Support Service (MBSS) in Ireland. A sequential explanatory mixed methods design guided this study. People with chronic breathlessness participated in longitudinal questionnaires (n = 10), medical record audit (n = 14) and a post-discharge interview (n = 8). Caregivers (n = 1) and healthcare professionals involved in referral to (n = 2) and delivery of (n = 3) the MBSS participated in a cross-sectional interview. Quantitative and qualitative data were integrated deductively via the pillar integration process, guided by the RE-AIM framework. Integration of mixed methods data enhanced understanding of factors influencing the reach, adoption, implementation and maintenance of the MBSS, and the potential outcomes that were most meaningful for service users. Potential threats to the sustainability of the MBSS related to potential preconceptions of hospice care, the lack of standardized discharge pathways from the service and access to primary care services to sustain pharmacological interventions. This study suggests that an adapted multidisciplinary breathlessness support intervention is feasible and acceptable in a hospice context. However, to ensure optimal reach and maintenance of the intervention, activities are required to ensure that misconceptions about the setting do not influence willingness to accept referral to MBSS services and integration of services is needed to enable consistency in referral and discharge processes.

Understanding what affects psychological morbidity in informal carers when providing care at home for patients at the end of life: a systematic qualitative evidence synthesis

Background

Informal carers are central in supporting patients at the end of life, but this has substantial negative impacts on carers' own mental health. When carers are unable to cope, this may affect their ability to support the patient and increase the likelihood of patient hospital admissions. Further, demographic changes mean demands for care at and before end of life are increasing and existing services will struggle to meet these demands. It is important to recognise carers as a vital resource and prevent adverse health outcomes from caregiving (and thereby limit their consequences). Large individual variation in the level of psychological morbidity from end-of-life caregiving suggests there is scope for interventions to improve carer mental health if we can understand the underlying factors.

Objectives

This meta-synthesis of qualitative studies aims to identify factors reported by carers as important to their mental health.

Data sources

Searches of MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, Social Science Citation Index, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, and Cochrane Qualitative Reviews 1 January 2009 to 24 November 2019 for empirical publications from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries in English/Scandinavian on factors affecting adult carer mental health during end-of-life caregiving in home settings.

Review methods

Systematic qualitative meta-synthesis in collaboration with a Public Patient Involvement carer Review Advisory Panel, included thematic synthesis, followed by a best-fit framework synthesis, informed by principles of meta-ethnography. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Qualitative Studies Checklist was used.

Results

Thirty-three eligible studies identified six themes encompassing factors perceived by carers to affect their mental health during end-of-life caregiving. These were: (1) the patient condition (including patient decline); (2) impact of caring responsibilities (including exhaustion, lack of time for own needs, isolation); (3) relationships (including quality of the patient-carer relationship); (4) finances (including financial concerns, impact on work); (5) carers' internal processes (including loss of autonomy, lack of confidence, coping strategies); and (6) support (including lack of informal support, inadequacies in formal support information and care provision, limited collaboration, disjointed care). Reported strategies to improve mental health were linked to the final two themes, with suggestions on how to manage carers' internal processes and build appropriate support. Findings correspond with literature 1998-2008, indicating consistency in factors affecting carers and adding validity to findings.

Limitations

The review was limited to caregiving in the home setting and studies from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries published in English and Scandinavian. Identified papers predominantly considered carers of people with cancer, with little research into ethnic-minority perspectives. The review may therefore not fully encompass factors affecting carers of people with longer-term conditions, or those within other care settings, countries and population groups.

Conclusions and future work

A wide range of both internal and contextual factors may lead to psychological morbidity when caring for someone at the end of life. Future work within practice therefore requires a broad-based rather than narrow approach to sustaining and improving carer mental health. Future work within research requires collaboration between researchers and stakeholders within policy, commissioning, practice and carer organisations to develop solutions and assess their effectiveness. Further, researchers need to develop better models for factors affecting carer mental health and their interaction, to build a stronger evidence base and better guide interventions.

Study registration

This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42019130279.

Funding

This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme as award number HSDR 18/01/01 and will be published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

'You can't feel what we feel': Multifaceted dyspnoea invisibility in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease examined through interpretative phenomenological analysis

BACKGROUND

More than a symptom, dyspnoea is an existential experience shaping the lives of those afflicted, particularly when its persistence despite maximal pathophysiological treatments makes it pervasive. It is, however, insufficiently appreciated by concerned people themselves, family members, healthcare professionals and the public (dyspnoea invisibility), limiting access to appropriate care and support.

AIM

To provide a better understanding of dyspnoea experiences and its invisibility.

DESIGN

Interpretative phenomenological analysis of data collected prospectively through in-depth semi-structured interviews.

SETTING/PARTICIPANTS

Pulmonary rehabilitation facility of a tertiary care university hospital; 11 people (six men, five women) with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (stages 3 and 4 of the 4-stage international GOLD classification) admitted for immediate post-exacerbation rehabilitation.

RESULTS

We identified several types of dyspnoea invisibility depending on temporality and interlocutors: (1) invisibility as a symptom to oneself; (2) invisibility as a symptom to others; (3) invisibility as an experience that cannot be shared; (4) invisibility as an experience detached from objective measurements; (5) invisibility as an experience that does not generate empathic concern. The notion of invisibility was present in all the identified experiential dimensions of dyspnoea. It was seen as worsening the burden of the disease and as self-aggravating through self-isolation and self-censorship.

CONCLUSIONS

The study confirmed that dyspnoea invisibility is a reality for people with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It shows dyspnoea invisibility to be a multifaceted burden. Future research should aim at identifying individual and collective measures to overcome dyspnoea invisibility.

Knowledge Requirements and Unmet Needs of Informal Caregivers of Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD) Receiving Haemodialysis: A Narrative Review

Background: Patients with end-stage kidney disease receiving haemodialysis rely heavily on informal caregivers to support them living at home. Informal caregiving may exact a toll on caregivers’ physical, emotional, and social well-being, impacting negatively on their overall quality of life. The aim of this narrative review is to report knowledge requirements and needs of informal caregivers of patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD) receiving haemodialysis. Methods: The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). Five electronic databases were searched: Web of Science, PsycINFO, Embase, Medline, and CINAHL to identify the experiences and unmet needs of informal caregivers of patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD) receiving haemodialysis. Results: Eighteen papers were included in the review and incorporated a range of methodological approaches. There are several gaps in the current literature around knowledge and informational needs and skills required by informal caregivers, such as signs and symptoms of potential complications, dietary requirements, and medication management. Although most research studies in this review illustrate the difficulties and challenges faced by informal caregivers, there is a paucity of information as to which support mechanisms would benefit caregivers. Conclusion: Informal caregivers provide invaluable assistance in supporting people with ESKD undergoing haemodialysis. These informal caregivers however experience multiple unmet needs which has a detrimental effect on their health and negatively influences the extent to which they can adequately care for patients. The development of supportive interventions is essential to ensure that informal caregivers have the requisite knowledge and skills to allow them to carry out their vital role.

Educação em saúde e final de vida no hospital

Objetivo: identificar ações de educação em saúde direcionadas às pessoas em final da vida e seus cuidadores, informais e formais, no hospital, além de avaliar o nível de evidência de tais ações. Síntese do conteúdo: o estudo foi realizado entre dezembro de 2019 e janeiro de 2020, nas bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus e MEDLINE. Identificaram-se 6.762 artigos, dos quais 42 integram a análise por serem artigos originais ou de revisão escritos em português, espanhol, inglês ou francês; a amostra dos estudos foi composta por pacientes maiores de 19 anos, com doença avançada e/ou em final de vida ou cuidadores ou profissionais de saúde. Os dados foram agrupados por similaridade do tema das ações, conforme Polit e Beck, e o nível de evidência avaliado segundo Melnyk e Fineout-Overholt. O vídeo foi a ação com maior força de recomendação, seguida por cartilhas. As unidades temáticas foram “Ações para o controle da dor”, “Narrativas sobre o final da vida”, “Planejamento de cuidados”, “Dialogando sobre os cuidados paliativos” e “Comunicação e final de vida”. Conclusões: ações de educação em saúde no final da vida devem considerar as tecnologias da informação e da comunicação, além das condições socioculturais, clínicas e cognitivas dessa etapa do adoecimento.

The needs and well-being of severe asthma and COPD carers: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Caring for people with severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can impair the quality of life (QoL) of the carer. We aimed to describe the QoL and needs of severe asthma and COPD carers.

METHODS

Carers of severe asthma (n = 89) and COPD (n = 48) completed an online cross-sectional survey assessing QoL and carer support needs using the Short Form Health Survey 12v2 (SF-12), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Carers Support Needs Assessment Tool (CSNAT) questionnaires.

RESULTS

Carers of people with severe asthma and COPD were similar in age (mean ± SD 57.78 ± 14.09 vs. 56.93 ± 12.91) and gender (65% female vs. 66%); however, they differed in caring duration (proportion caring for >10 years: 65% vs. 33%, p < 0.002). QoL was impaired in both groups, but there were no significant differences between severe asthma and COPD carers in either of the SF-12 component scores. The HADS scores revealed no difference between groups. Compared to severe asthma carers, COPD carers had significantly greater needs for: 'having time for self' (33% vs. 13%, p = 0.006), 'equipment to help care for relative' (33% vs. 13%, p = 0.006), 'practical help in the home' (35% vs. 18%, p = 0.006) and 'getting a break from caring overnight' (21% vs. 6%, p = 0.023).

CONCLUSION

QoL is impaired in carers of people with severe asthma to a similar degree of COPD carers and other debilitating diseases like cancer. These novel data highlight the support needs of severe asthma carers and identifies areas where tailored support is needed to reduce their substantial carer burden.

Development of the Readiness for Home-Based Palliative Care Scale (RHBPCS) for Primary Family Caregivers

In Chinese or Eastern society, most end-of-life (EOL) patients still choose to die at home. However, primary family caregivers usually do not prepare themselves to face the death of patients. Therefore, a measurement of the readiness for home-based palliative care for primary family caregivers is needed. In this study, the readiness for home-based palliative care scale (RHBPCS) for primary family caregivers was developed to assess the readiness of primary family caregivers. This study recruited 103 participants from five branches of one municipal hospital system. The reliability and validity of the RHBPCS was evaluated using expert validity examination, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and item analysis. The results showed that the RHBPCS had strong goodness-of-fit and good reliability and validity. In summary, the RHBPCS is suggested for assessing the readiness for home-based palliative care of primary family caregivers.

"It's like being on a roller coaster": the burden of caring for people with severe asthma

Introduction

Family carers and significant others play a fundamental role in the well-being of people with severe asthma. This study aimed to investigate the challenges faced by family carers/significant others of people with severe asthma, to understand if there is an unmet need and to explore coping strategies.

Methods

Carers of people with severe asthma were invited to participate in a face-to-face or telephone interview. Semi-structured interviews were conducted until reaching data saturation of themes. The 20 interviews were recorded and transcribed, and analysis of data followed an inductive thematic approach.

Results

We report three overarching emergent themes: 1) “Caring role impacts”, which centred around the negative and positive impacts of caring on carers' well-being; 2) “Unmet needs”, which encapsulated the support needs participants desired and were categorised into unmet information, biopsychosocial needs and carers' involvement in decision-making; and 3) “Coping strategies”, which were central to the range of tools and positive approaches in dealing with caring demands.

Discussion

Caring for someone with severe asthma can be burdensome and may negatively affect the physical and psychosocial health of the carer. Various coping strategies are used to manage the demands of these caring roles. Carers of people with severe asthma expressed a need for informational, biopsychosocial and involvement in care decision-making support. Tailored support services that are sensitive to their needs may improve their quality of life and encourage healthcare providers to value and acknowledge the important contribution that carers make.

Caring for someone with severe asthma can be burdensome, affecting the physical and psychosocial health of the supportive person negatively. Tailored support services may improve their quality of life.https://bit.ly/2KA9PWS

A Nurse-Led Education Program for Pneumoconiosis Caregivers at the Community Level

Pneumoconiosis is an irreversible chronic disease. With functional limitations and an inability to work, pneumoconiosis patients require support from family caregivers. However, the needs of pneumoconiosis caregivers have been neglected. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-led education program, which involved four weekly 90-min workshops led by an experienced nurse and guided by Orem’s self-care deficit theory. A single-group, repeated-measure study design was adopted. Caregivers’ mental health (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS, four single items for stress, worriedness, tiredness, and insufficient support), caregiving burdens (caregiving burden scale, CBS), and unmet direct support and enabling needs (Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool, CSNAT) were measured at the baseline (T0), immediately after (T1), and one month after intervention (T2); 49, 41, and 28 female participants completed the T0, T1, and T2 measurements. Mean age was 65.9 years old (SD 10.08) with a range between 37 and 85 years old. The program improved the caregivers’ mental wellbeing, and reduced their caregiving burdens and their unmet support and enabling needs, both immediately (T1) and one-month after the intervention (T2). In particular, the intervention improved the caregivers’ mental wellbeing significantly, specifically depression symptoms, stress, and tiredness immediately after the intervention; and reduced most of their unmet support needs and unmet enabling needs one-month after the intervention. This was the first nurse-led program for pneumoconiosis caregivers and should serve as a foundation for further studies to test the program with robust designs.

Does the carer support needs assessment tool cover the established support needs of carers of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? A systematic literature search and narrative review

BACKGROUND

Informal carers play a key supportive role for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, caring can have a considerable impact on health and wellbeing. Carers may have unidentified support needs that could be a target for intervention. Literature on the support needs of informal carers has not been fully synthesised, and our knowledge of the comprehensiveness of the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool for these individuals is limited.

AIM

To explore whether the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool covers the support needs of carers of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease identified in published literature.

DESIGN

English language studies were identified against predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria through database searching. Further studies were identified through searching reference lists and citations of included papers. Papers were critically appraised and data extracted and synthesised by two reviewers. Identified needs were mapped to Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool questions.

DATA SOURCES

MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, CDSR, ASSIA, PsycINFO and Scopus databases (Jan 1997-Dec 2017).

RESULTS

Twenty-four studies were included. Results suggest that carers have support needs in a range of domains including physical, social, psychological and spiritual. Many of these needs are unmet. Particular areas of concern relate to prolonged social isolation, accessing services, emotional support and information needs. Findings also suggest amendment of the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool may be required relating to difficulties within relationship management.

CONCLUSION

Evidence suggests that carers of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease would benefit from identification and response to their support needs by healthcare professionals but to enable this, the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool requires an additional question. Future planned work will explore this with carers of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Frustrated Caring: Family Members' Experience of Motivating COPD Patients Towards Self-Management

Aim

The aim of this phenomenological study was to explore principal family members’ experience of motivating patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) towards self-management.

Methods

Interviews were conducted with 10 family members (spouses and adult children) of COPD patients. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analyzed thematically.

Results

Being a principal family member of a COPD patient is characterized by frustrated caring; wanting the best for him/her and yet carrying a heavier burden than the person feels equipped for, lacking both knowledge about the disease progress and information about available healthcare resources. The situation demands much energy, due to COPD patients’ lack of stamina; family members’ fear of the patient’s possible breathlessness; willingness to help, though sometimes meeting with negative reactions from the patient; and feeling ignored by health professionals (HPs). Family members expressed a need for a formal connection between patient–family–HPs. The increasing burden experienced by patients’ family members is characterized by a sequential process in three phases of the patient’s declining self-management. In the early phase, family and patient are ignorant of COPD yet recognize the patient’s smoking as a risky lifestyle. In the intermediary phase, signs of COPD become evident to the family. The first turning point is when the family first observes the patient’s acute exacerbation. A second turning point is in the advanced phase, when family and patient recognize COPD as a progressive disease, possibly fatal. We also identified family members’ views on COPD patients’ needs, and their own roles, main frustrations and concerns.

Conclusion

Family members’ experience of motivating COPD patients towards self-management is a sequential process where the family experiences advancing caring burden and declining self-management by the patient. We propose the establishment of COPD patients’ teams consisting of patient–family–HP, aimed at the patients’ best possible self-management.

Family members' experiences and expectations of self-management counseling while caring for a person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review of qualitative evidence

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this review was to identify and synthesize existing evidence on the experiences and expectations of self-management counseling of adult family members who are informal caregivers of a person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the context of inpatient or outpatient care.

INTRODUCTION

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the fourth leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. It is a progressive, lifelong and unpredictable disease. As the disease progresses, both the people with COPD and their family members require information and practical skills to manage the disease. The role of family members is particularly important at the advanced stage of COPD. This systematic review examined family members' experiences and expectations of self-management counseling.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

This review considered qualitative studies that investigated adult (older than18 years) family members' experiences or expectations of COPD self-management counseling in the context of inpatient or outpatient care. "Family member" refers to a person who is an informal caregiver because of his or her relationship to the person with COPD.

METHODS

A three-step search strategy was utilized in this review. The search strategy aimed to find published and unpublished studies in English and Finnish. The databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus and the Finnish medical bibliographic database, Medic, were searched. The search was conducted in December 2015 and updated in September 2018. Titles and abstracts were screened by two independent reviewers for the review's inclusion criteria. Eligible studies were then critically appraised by two independent reviewers for methodological quality. The findings and illustrations of the findings were extracted and assigned a level of credibility. The qualitative research findings were pooled using the JBI method of meta-aggregation.

RESULTS

Ten papers were selected for inclusion in this review. These studies were published from 2002 to 2017. The quality of all included studies was at least moderate. Each study had a total score between 7 and 10 on the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research. The following four synthesized findings were aggregated from nine categories and 39 study findings: i) Family members' experiences with unresponsive behavior from health professionals, ii) Family members' experiences of unmet needs in self-management counseling, iii) Family members' information needs concerning COPD management, and iv) Family members' information needs concerning coping strategies.

CONCLUSIONS

The synthesized findings indicate that family members are frustrated by the shortcomings of self-management counseling. They also feel unprepared for and uncertain about their caring role. They need more information about COPD and coping strategies for COPD. Counseling is essential to high-quality care and should be offered to family members caring for a loved one at any stage of COPD.

"So, I try not to go …" Acute-On-Chronic Breathlessness and Presentation to the Emergency Department: In-depth Interviews With Patients, Carers, and Clinicians

CONTEXT

People with acute-on-chronic breathlessness due to cardiorespiratory conditions frequently present to the emergency department (ED) causing burden for the person concerned, their care takers, and emergency services.

OBJECTIVE

To understand the reasons for ED presentation for acute-on-chronic breathlessness and how optimal care might avoid presentations.

METHODS

Qualitative in-depth linked interviews were conducted as part of a mixed-methods study. Transcripts of audio-recordings were subjected to thematic analysis. Consenting patients presenting to a single tertiary hospital ED with acute-on-chronic breathlessness able to be interviewed were eligible. Patient-participants (n = 18) were purposively sampled for maximum variation. Patient-participant-nominated carers (n = 9) and clinicians (n = 8) were recruited.

RESULTS

Theme 1: "The context for the decision to present to the ED" is the experience of acute-on-chronic breathlessness, in which a person faces an existential crisis not knowing where the next breath is coming from, and previous help-seeking experiences. Theme 2 ("Reasons for presentation"): Some were reluctant to seek help until crisis when family carers were often involved in the decision to present. Others had previous poor experiences of help-seeking for breathlessness in the community and turned to the ED by default. Some had supportive primary clinicians and presented to the ED either on their clinician's recommendation or because their clinician was unavailable.

CONCLUSIONS

The decision to present to the ED is made in the context of serious crisis and previous experiences. Discussion of the reason for presentation may enable better management of chronic breathlessness and reduce the need for future emergency presentation.

Two faces of the same coin: a qualitative study of patients' and carers' coexistence with chronic breathlessness associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

BACKGROUND

Chronic breathlessness is a recognized clinical syndrome that severely impacts patients and carers, who become increasingly restricted in their daily activities. Often, patients become reliant on their carers, who are required to provide constant support. Although individual experiences of breathlessness have been previously investigated, there are few studies exploring contemporaneous experiences of breathlessness of the patient and their carer. This study aimed to understand the experience of severe chronic breathlessness in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from the perspective of the patient and carer unit.

METHODS

A qualitative study embedded in a randomised, placebo-controlled effectiveness study (RCT) of regular, low-dose (≤32 mg/day), sustained-release morphine for chronic breathlessness associated with COPD. Recruitment occurred between July 2017 and November 2018 in one respiratory and palliative care services, in South Australia. Participants were community-dwelling patients with COPD and severe breathlessness (modified Medical Research Council scale 3 or 4) and their carers. Separate semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients and carers, recorded and transcribed verbatim. Analysis was informed by grounded theory using a constant comparative approach.

RESULTS

From the 26 patients with a carer recruited for the RCT in South Australia, nine were interviewed in their homes. Six patients were men, median age 77 years. Carers were mostly women, who were their wives (n = 6), median age 70. Five themes emerged from the data: (1) shrinking world; (2) mutual adaptation; (3) co-management; (4) emotional coping; and (5) meaning in the face of death.

CONCLUSION

Chronic breathlessness is a systemic condition that permeates all aspects of the patient's and carer's lives. Working as a team, patients and carers manage chronic breathlessness to achieve maximal function and well-being. Patients and carers share many aspects of the experience of breathlessness, but the carer seems particularly susceptible to emotional distress. Future chronic breathlessness interventions should target the patient and the carer, both together and separately to address their common and individual needs.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The main trial is registered (registration no. NCT02720822; posted March 28, 2016).

Attitude change and increased confidence with management of chronic breathlessness following a health professional training workshop: a survey evaluation

BACKGROUND

Clinicians and people living with chronic breathlessness have expressed a need to better understand and manage this symptom. The aim of this study was to evaluate a 3-day health professional training workshop on the practical management of chronic breathlessness.

METHODS

Workshop design and delivery were based on current understandings and clinical models of chronic breathlessness management, principles of transformative learning, and included sessions co-designed with people living with breathlessness. Registrants were invited to complete pre and post-workshop surveys. Pre and 1-week post-workshop online questionnaires assessed familiarity and confidence about workshop objectives (0[lowest]-10[highest] visual analogue scale), attitudes and practices regarding chronic breathlessness (agreement with statements on 5-point Likert scales). Post-workshop, participants were asked to describe implementation plans and anticipated barriers. Baseline familiarity and confidence were reported as mean (SD) and change examined with paired t-tests. Pre-post attitudes and practices were summarised by frequency/percentages and change examined non-parametrically (5-point Likert scale responses) or using a McNemar test of change (binary responses).

RESULTS

Forty-seven of 55 registrants joined the study; 39 completed both pre and post-workshop questionnaires (35 female; 87% clinicians; median 8 years working with people with chronic breathlessness). Post-workshop, greatest gains in confidence were demonstrated for describing biopsychosocial concepts unpinning chronic breathlessness (mean change confidence = 3.2 points; 95% CI 2.7 to 4.0, p < 0.001). Respondents significantly changed their belief toward agreement that people are able to rate their breathlessness intensity on a scale (60 to 81% agreement) although only a minority strongly agreed with this statement at both time points (pre 11%, post 22%). The largest shift in attitude was toward agreement (z statistic 3.74, p < 0.001, effect size r = 0.6) that a person's experience of breathlessness should be used to guide treatment decisions (from 43 to 73% strong agreement). Participants' belief that cognitive behavioural strategies are effective for relief of breathlessness changed further toward agreement after the workshop (81 to 100%, McNemar test chi- square = 5.14, p = 0.02).

CONCLUSION

The focus of this training on biopsychosocial understandings of chronic breathlessness and involvement of people living with this symptom were valued. These features were identified as facilitators of change in fundamental attitudes and preparedness for practice.

Aggressive End-of-Life Care and Symptom Relief Treatments in Terminally Ill Patients Who Had Discussed Withdrawal of Mechanical Ventilation: A Hospital-Based Observational Study

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to explore the status of aggressive end-of-life care and symptom relief treatments in terminally ill patients who had discussed the withdrawal of mechanical ventilation.

METHODS

This research is a retrospective observational study based on a chart review. Terminal patients aged ≥20 years, who were intubated with mechanical ventilation support, who underwent hospice-shared care, and who personally, or whose close relatives, had discussed the withdrawal of mechanical ventilation with hospice-shared care team members in a tertiary hospital in Taiwan during 2012 to 2015 were included. Demographics, medical conditions, and aggressive end-of-life care, including hospitalization, use of vasopressors, artificial nutrition, tube feeding, antibiotics, and symptom relief treatments including the use of opioids, steroids, and sedatives, were identified. The modes of care and treatments of patients by the status of withdrawal of mechanical ventilation were compared.

RESULTS

A total of 141 patients had discussed the withdrawal of mechanical ventilation, and 111 (78.7%) had been withdrawn. Aggressive end-of-life care was noted in all patients regardless of mechanical ventilation status. There were no significant differences in the number and pattern of aggressive end-of-life care measures between patients who had or had not been withdrawn. There were significantly higher rates of symptom relief treatments used in patients who had been withdrawn.

CONCLUSIONS

Aggressive end-of-life care is common for patients who have discussed the withdrawal of mechanical ventilation. There are significantly higher rates of symptom relief medications administered in patients who have been withdrawn from mechanical ventilation.

Chronic Breathlessness Explanations and Research Priorities: Findings From an International Delphi Survey

CONTEXT

Explanations provided by health professionals may underpin helpful or harmful symptom beliefs and expectations of people living with chronic breathlessness.

OBJECTIVES

This study sought perspectives from health professionals with clinical/research expertise in chronic breathlessness on priority issues in chronic breathlessness explanations and research.

METHODS

Authors (n = 74) of publications specific to chronic breathlessness were invited to a three-round Delphi survey. Responses to open-ended questions (Round 1 "What is important to: include/avoid when explaining chronic breathlessness; prioritize in research?") were transformed to Likert scale (1-9) items for rating in subsequent rounds. A priori consensus was defined as ≥70% of respondents rating an item as important (Likert rating 7-9) and interquartile range ≤2.

RESULTS

Of the 31 Round 1 respondents (nine countries, five professional disciplines), 24 (77%) completed Rounds 2 and 3. Sixty-three items met consensus (include n = 28; avoid n = 9; research n = 26). Explanations of chronic breathlessness should use patient-centered communication; acknowledge the distress, variability, and importance of this sensation; emphasize current management principles; clarify maladaptive beliefs and expectations; and avoid moral culpability and inappropriate reassurance. Research priorities included the need 1) for a comprehensive understanding of breathlessness science; 2) to optimize, explore, and develop effective interventions, both pharmacological and nonpharmacological; and 3) determine effective models of care including strategies for education and training of health professionals and people caring for, or living with, chronic breathlessness.

CONCLUSION

These consensus-based concepts for chronic breathlessness explanations and research provide a starting point for conversations between patients, carers, clinicians, and researchers within the chronic breathlessness community.

Improving the quality of life of people with advanced respiratory disease and severe breathlessness

Advanced respiratory disease imposes a greater symptom burden than many cancers but not does have comparable recognition of the need for supportive and palliative care or the infrastructure for its systematic delivery. Consequently, many people with advanced respiratory disease (and those closest to them) have a poor quality of life, disabled by chronic breathlessness, fatigue and other symptoms. They are socially isolated by the consequences of long-term illness and are often financially impoverished. The past decade has seen an increasing realisation that care for this group must improve and that symptom management must be prioritised. Clinical guidelines recommend person-centred care, including access to supportive and palliative care as needed, as part of standard medical practice. Advanced lung disease clinics and specialist breathlessness services (pioneered within palliative care) are developing within respiratory medicine services but are provided inconsistently. This review covers the comprehensive assessment of the patient with advanced respiratory disease, the importance of supporting carers and the current best practice in the management of breathlessness, fatigue and cough. It also suggests ways to incorporate person-centred care into the general respiratory clinic, assisted by better liaison with specialist palliative and primary care. Emerging evidence shows that excellent symptom management leads to better clinical outcomes and reduces inappropriate use of emergency medical services.

KEY POINTS

People living with advanced respiratory disease and severe chronic breathlessness (and those closest to them) have a poor quality of life.Chronic breathlessness is a disabling symptom, and acute-on-chronic/episodic breathlessness is frightening to experience and observe.Chronic breathlessness imposes profound physical limitations and psychosocial burdens on those suffering from it or living with someone experiencing it.Fatigue and cough are two other cardinal symptoms of advanced respiratory disease, with very detrimental effects on quality of life.The impact of all these symptoms can be alleviated to a variable extent by a predominantly non-drug complex intervention.Many of the interventions are delivered primarily by allied health or nursing professionals.Doctors, nurses and other health professionals also need to play an active part in promoting quality of life as part of excellent medical care.A person-centred, psychologically informed approach is needed by all clinicians treating patients with advanced respiratory disease.

EDUCATIONAL AIMS

To give specialist respiratory clinicians practical clinical tools to help improve the quality of life of their patients with advanced respiratory disease and chronic breathlessness.To outline the evidence base for these interventions with reference to definitive sources.To highlight the importance of person-centred care in people with respiratory disease at all stages of illness.

Family Members' Experiences With Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation

Rationale & Objective

Understanding whether family members’ experiences with patients’ treatment for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) were expected could guide the development of family-centered interventions that enhance the preparedness of patients and their care partners for kidney replacement therapies. We explored unexpected negative experiences with ESKD treatments among family members of dialysis and posttransplantation patients to identify meaningful directions for family-centered research and clinical care.

Study Design

Qualitative study.

Setting & Participants

8 focus groups comprising 49 family members of dialysis patients and living donor kidney transplant recipients undergoing medical care in Baltimore, MD.

Analytical Approach

Focus groups were stratified by patients’ treatment (in-center hemodialysis, home hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or living donor kidney transplantation) and family members’ self-reported race (African American vs non–African American), resulting in 2 groups per treatment experience. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify themes in focus group transcripts. Themes shared across different treatment groups were highlighted to provide insight into common experiences.

Results

We identified 4 themes that described family members’ unexpected negative treatment experiences: becoming a care partner (unanticipated responsibilities and sleep disruptions), adverse psychological treatment responses in patients (eg, depression) and family members (eg, anxiety), treatment delivery and logistics (insufficient information, medication regimen, and logistical inconveniences), and patient morbidity (dialysis-related health problems and fatigue). All themes were relevant to discussions in the in-center hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and transplantation groups, whereas psychological responses and morbidity themes did not reflect discussions in home hemodialysis groups.

Limitations

Data collection occurred from 2008 to 2009; family members were recruited through patients undergoing care in 1 geographic area; 1 family member participant per patient.

Conclusions

Family members described a broad range of unexpected negative experiences with ESKD treatments. Efforts to prepare families for ESKD treatments through more family-centered care, early and tailored education, and interventions targeting care partner preparedness, health provider–family member communication, and relationship dynamics in family member–patient dyads are needed.

The roles of dispositional coping style and social support in helping people with respiratory disease cope with a breathlessness crisis

AIM

To explore the role of coping moderators in self-management of breathlessness crises by people with advanced respiratory disease.

DESIGN

A secondary analysis of semi-structured interview data.

METHODS

Interviews with patients who had advanced respiratory disease, chronic breathlessness and at least one experience where they considered presenting to Emergency but self-managed instead (a "near miss"). Participants were recruited from New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, South Australia or Tasmania. Eligible caregivers were those who contributed to Emergency-related decision-making. Interviews were coded inductively and then deductively against the coping moderators social support and dispositional coping style, defined by the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping.

RESULTS

Interviews were conducted between October 2015 - April 2016 with 20 patients and three caregivers. Social networks offered emotional and practical support but also had potential for conflict with patients' 'hardy' coping style. Patient hardiness (characterized by a sense of 'commitment' and 'challenge') promoted a proactive approach to self-management but made some patients less willing to accept support. Information-seeking tendencies varied between patients and were sometimes shared with caregivers. An optimistic coping style appeared to be less equivocally beneficial.

CONCLUSION

This study shows that social support and coping style may influence how people self-manage through their breathlessness crises and identified ways coping moderators can facilitate or hinder effective self-management.

IMPACT

This study confers insights into how social-support and coping style can be supported and optimized to facilitate breathlessness self-management. Acknowledging coping moderator interactions is beneficial for developing resources and strategies that recognise patient mastery.

Recommendations for services for people living with chronic breathlessness in advanced disease: Results of a transparent expert consultation

Chronic breathlessness is highly distressing for people with advanced disease and their informal carers, yet health services for this group remain highly heterogeneous. We aimed to generate evidence-based stakeholder-endorsed recommendations for practice, policy and research concerning services for people with advanced disease and chronic breathlessness. We used transparent expert consultation, comprising modified nominal group technique during a stakeholder workshop, and an online consensus survey. Stakeholders, representing multiple specialities and professions, and patient/carers were invited to participate. Thirty-seven participants attended the stakeholder workshop and generated 34 separate recommendations, rated by 74 online survey respondents. Seven recommendations had strong agreement and high levels of consensus. Stakeholders agreed services should be person-centred and flexible, should cut across multiple disciplines and providers and should prioritize breathlessness management in its own right. They advocated for wide geographical coverage and access to expert care, supported through skills-sharing among professionals. They also recommended recognition of informal carers and their role by clinicians and policymakers. Overall, stakeholders' recommendations reflect the need for improved access to person-centred, multi-professional care and support for carers to provide or access breathlessness management interventions. Future research should test the optimal models of care and educational strategies to meet these recommendations.

What Constitutes Good Health Care for Patients with Breathlessness? Perspectives of Patients, Caregivers, and Health Care Professionals

Background/Objective: Breathlessness is a highly prevalent and distressing symptom in patients with cancer and advanced chronic diseases. Symptom management is often overlooked. We explored the experiences of patients, caregivers, and health care providers (HCPs) and their expectations for future service developments. Design: This is a multiperspective qualitative study drawing on semistructured interviews. Setting/Subjects: Participants were recruited from palliative, respiratory, and cardiology departments of the Munich University Hospital and from a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patient group. Measurements: Interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Subcategories used the directional views of participants (positive, negative, and indifferent). The coding tree identified three categories: (1) attributes of symptom management, (2) practice pattern gaps, and (3) components of good practice. Results: Ten patients (5 female, 65.2 median age; COPD n = 3, cancer n = 3, chronic heart failure n = 2, and lung fibrosis n = 2), 3 caregivers (2 female, 53.6 median age), and 10 HCPs were interviewed. Patients and caregivers felt stressed and frustrated due to a lack of awareness regarding the symptom burden and little support from HCPs. HCPs pointed to a lack of therapeutic concepts and unclear assumptions of responsibilities. Specialist breathlessness services are perceived as addressing important gaps in professional practice from the viewpoint of all stakeholders. Accessibility and collaboration with other local health care services are important features of such specialist services. Conclusions: Chronic refractory breathlessness in advanced disease is managed insufficiently for most patients, caregivers, and HCPs. Increased knowledge about effective interventions and availability of skills-based training for patients, caregivers, and HCPs would help in breathlessness management.

Living with breathlessness: a systematic literature review and qualitative synthesis

What is the experience of people living with breathlessness due to medical conditions, those caring for them and those treating them, with regard to quality of life and the nature of clinical interactions?Electronic databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Plus and PsycINFO) were searched (January 1987 to October 2017; English language), for qualitative studies exploring the experience of chronic breathlessness (patients, carers and clinicians). Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts and papers retrieved against inclusion criteria. Disagreements were resolved with a third reviewer. Primary qualitative data were extracted and synthesised using thematic synthesis.Inclusion and synthesis of 101 out of 2303 international papers produced four descriptive themes: 1) widespread effects of breathlessness; 2) coping; 3) help-seeking behaviour; and 4) clinicians' responsiveness to the symptom of breathlessness. The themes were combined to form the concept of "breathing space", to show how engaged coping and appropriate help-seeking (patient) and attention to symptom (clinician) helps maximise the patient's quality of living with breathlessness.Breathlessness has widespread impact on both patient and carer and affects breathing space. The degree of breathing space is influenced by interaction between the patient's coping style, their help-seeking behaviour and their clinician's responsiveness to breathlessness itself, in addition to managing the underlying disease.

Assessing carer needs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Informal carers play a key role in supporting patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), particularly when disease is advanced. They also enable delivery of healthcare professional advice. There is a well-established impact of the caring role on carers in both the generic and COPD-specific literature. The needs of carers of patients with COPD are both generic to the caring role and disease specific. Healthcare professionals and health systems supporting patients with COPD need to actively identify and support carers. Carer assessment enables unmet needs to be identified and appropriately addressed. Assessments should consider carers' support needs, their caring capacity and practices, and carers own clinical needs. This narrative review outlines considerations for the assessment process including what should be assessed, who should conduct assessment and what should happen as a result of assessment.

Associations between the psychological health of patients and carers in advanced COPD

Objective

Anxiety and depression are highly prevalent in patients with COPD and their informal carers, and associated with numerous risk factors. However, few studies have investigated these in primary care or the link between patient and carer anxiety and depression. We aimed to determine this association and factors associated with anxiety and depression in patients, carers, and both (dyads), in a population-based sample.

Materials and methods

This was a prospective, cross-sectional study of 119 advanced COPD patients and their carers. Patient and carer scores ≥8 on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale defined symptoms of anxiety and depression, χ² tests determined associations between patient and carer symptoms of anxiety/depression, and χ² and independent t-tests for normally distributed variables (otherwise Mann–Whitney U tests) were used to identify other variables significantly associated with these symptoms in the patient or carer. Patient–carer dyads were categorized into four groups relating to the presence of anxious/depressive symptoms in: both patient and carer, patient only, carer only, and neither. Factors associated with dyad symptoms of anxiety/depression were determined with χ² tests and one-way analysis of variance for normally distributed variables (otherwise Kruskal–Wallis tests).

Results

Prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression was 46.4% (n=52) and 42.9% (n=48) in patients, and 46% (n=52) and 23% (n=26) in carers, respectively. Patient and carer symptoms of anxiety/depression were significantly associated. Anxious and depressive symptoms in the patient were also significantly associated with more physical comorbidities, more exacerbations, greater dyspnea, greater fatigue, poor mastery, and depressive symptoms with younger age. Symptoms of carer anxiety were significantly associated with being female and separated/divorced/widowed, and depressive symptoms with younger age, higher educational level, and more physical comorbidities, and symptoms of carer anxiety and depression with more unmet support needs, greater subjective caring burden, and poor patient mastery. Dyad symptoms of anxiety/depression were significantly associated with greater patient fatigue.

Conclusion

Symptoms of anxiety and depression in COPD patients and carers are significantly associated. Given their high prevalence, considerable impact on mortality, impact on quality of life and health care use, and associations with each other, screening for and addressing patient and carer anxiety and depression in advanced COPD is recommended.

Palliative care and management of troublesome symptoms for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

People with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have distressing physical and psychological symptoms, often have limited understanding of their disease, and infrequently discuss end-of-life issues in routine clinical care. These are strong indicators for expert multidisciplinary palliative care, which incorporates assessment and management of symptoms and concerns, patient and caregiver education, and sensitive communication to elicit preferences for care towards the end of life. The unpredictable course of COPD and the difficulty of predicting survival are barriers to timely referral and receipt of palliative care. Early integration of palliative care with respiratory, primary care, and rehabilitation services, with referral on the basis of the complexity of symptoms and concerns, rather than prognosis, can improve patient and caregiver outcomes. Models of integrated working in COPD could include: services triggered by troublesome symptoms such as refractory breathlessness; short-term palliative care; and, in settings with limited access to palliative care, consultation only in specific circumstances or for the most complex patients.