1
|
Granger K, Fitch S, Shen M, Lloyd J, Bhurke A, Hancock J, Ye X, Arora R. Murine uterine gland branching is necessary for gland function in implantation. Mol Hum Reprod 2024; 30:gaae020. [PMID: 38788747 PMCID: PMC11176042 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Uterine glands are branched, tubular structures whose secretions are essential for pregnancy success. It is known that pre-implantation glandular expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is crucial for embryo implantation; however, the contribution of uterine gland structure to gland secretions, such as LIF, is not known. Here, we use mice deficient in estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) signaling to uncover the role of ESR1 signaling in gland branching and the role of a branched structure in LIF secretion and embryo implantation. We observed that deletion of ESR1 in neonatal uterine epithelium, stroma, and muscle using the progesterone receptor PgrCre causes a block in uterine gland development at the gland bud stage. Embryonic epithelial deletion of ESR1 using a Müllerian duct Cre line, Pax2Cre, displays gland bud elongation but a failure in gland branching. Reduction of ESR1 in adult uterine epithelium using the lactoferrin-Cre (LtfCre) displays normally branched uterine glands. Unbranched glands from Pax2Cre Esr1flox/flox uteri fail to express glandular pre-implantation Lif, preventing implantation chamber formation and embryo alignment along the uterine mesometrial-antimesometrial axis. In contrast, branched glands from LtfCre Esr1flox/flox uteri display reduced expression of ESR1 and glandular Lif resulting in delayed implantation chamber formation and embryo-uterine axes alignment but mice deliver a normal number of pups. Finally, pre-pubertal unbranched glands in control mice express Lif in the luminal epithelium but fail to express Lif in the glandular epithelium, even in the presence of estrogen. These data strongly suggest that branched glands are necessary for pre-implantation glandular Lif expression for implantation success. Our study is the first to identify a relationship between the branched structure and secretory function of uterine glands and provides a framework for understanding how uterine gland structure-function contributes to pregnancy success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Granger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Fitch
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - May Shen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jarrett Lloyd
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Aishwarya Bhurke
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan Hancock
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Ye
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ripla Arora
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nakashima K, Kato H, Kurata R, Qianwen L, Hayakawa T, Okada F, Fujita F, Nakagawa Y, Tanemura A, Murota H, Katayama I, Sekiguchi K. Gap junction-mediated contraction of myoepithelial cells induces the peristaltic transport of sweat in human eccrine glands. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1175. [PMID: 37980435 PMCID: PMC10657463 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Eccrine sweat glands play an essential role in regulating body temperature. Sweat is produced in the coiled secretory portion of the gland, which is surrounded by obliquely aligned myoepithelial cells; the sweat is then peristaltically transported to the skin surface. Myoepithelial cells are contractile and have been implicated in sweat transport, but how myoepithelial cells contract and transport sweat remains unexplored. Here, we perform ex vivo live imaging of an isolated human eccrine gland and demonstrate that cholinergic stimulation induces dynamic contractile motion of the coiled secretory duct that is driven by gap junction-mediated contraction of myoepithelial cells. The contraction of the secretory duct occurs segmentally, and it is most prominent in the region surrounded by nerve fibers, followed by distension-contraction sequences of the excretory duct. Overall, our ex vivo live imaging approach provides evidence of the contractile function of myoepithelial cells in peristaltic sweat secretion from human eccrine glands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kie Nakashima
- Laboratory of Advanced Cosmetic Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kato
- Laboratory of Advanced Cosmetic Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Kurata
- Laboratory of Advanced Cosmetic Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Luo Qianwen
- Laboratory of Advanced Cosmetic Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hayakawa
- Laboratory of Advanced Cosmetic Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Okada
- Fundamental Research Institute, Mandom Corporation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Fujita
- Laboratory of Advanced Cosmetic Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Fundamental Research Institute, Mandom Corporation, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yukinobu Nakagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanemura
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Murota
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi
- Division of Matrixome Research and Application, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Granger K, Fitch S, Shen M, Lloyd J, Bhurke A, Hancock J, Ye X, Arora R. Murine uterine gland branching is necessary for gland function in implantation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.01.565233. [PMID: 37961508 PMCID: PMC10635073 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.01.565233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Uterine glands are branched, tubular structures whose secretions are essential for pregnancy success. It is known that pre-implantation glandular expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is crucial for embryo implantation, however contribution of uterine gland structure to gland secretions such as LIF is not known. Here we use mice deficient in estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) signaling to uncover the role of ESR1 signaling in gland branching and the role of a branched structure in LIF secretion and embryo implantation. We observed that deletion of ESR1 in neonatal uterine epithelium, stroma and muscle using the progesterone receptor PgrCre causes a block in uterine gland development at the gland bud stage. Embryonic epithelial deletion of ESR1 using a mullerian duct Cre line - Pax2Cre, displays gland bud elongation but a failure in gland branching. Surprisingly, adult uterine epithelial deletion of ESR1 using the lactoferrin-Cre (LtfCre) displays normally branched uterine glands. Intriguingly, unbranched glands from Pax2Cre Esr1flox/flox uteri fail to express glandular pre-implantation Lif, preventing implantation chamber formation and embryo alignment along the uterine mesometrial-antimesometrial axis. In contrast, branched glands from LtfCre Esr1flox/flox uteri display reduced expression of glandular Lif resulting in delayed implantation chamber formation and embryo-uterine axes alignment but deliver a normal number of pups. Finally, pre-pubertal unbranched glands in control mice express Lif in the luminal epithelium but fail to express Lif in the glandular epithelium even in the presence of estrogen. These data strongly suggest that branched glands are necessary for pre-implantation glandular Lif expression for implantation success. Our study is the first to identify a relationship between the branched structure and secretory function of uterine glands and provides a framework for understanding how uterine gland structure-function contributes to pregnancy success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Granger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University
| | - Sarah Fitch
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University
| | - May Shen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University
| | - Jarrett Lloyd
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University
| | - Aishwarya Bhurke
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University
| | - Jonathan Hancock
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia
| | - Xiaoqin Ye
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia
| | - Ripla Arora
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Murakami M, Kawakami R, Niko Y, Tsuda T, Imamura T. Research letter: A new fluorescent three-dimensional and deep-imaging technique for histological identification of individual tumor cells in extramammary Paget's disease. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:712-714. [PMID: 36718995 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masamoto Murakami
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kawakami
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yosuke Niko
- Research and Education Faculty, Multidisciplinary Science Cluster, Interdisciplinary Science Unit, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Teruko Tsuda
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tripković I, Ogorevc M, Vuković D, Saraga-Babić M, Mardešić S. Fibrosis-Associated Signaling Molecules Are Differentially Expressed in Palmar Connective Tissues of Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Dupuytren's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123214. [PMID: 36551969 PMCID: PMC9775445 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and Dupuytren's disease (DD) are fibrotic conditions that affect the connective tissue of the hand and limit its functionality. The exact molecular mechanism underlying the fibrosis is unknown, and only some profibrotic factors have been investigated. In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed the expression of FGF signaling pathway molecules associated with fibrotic changes in the palmar fascia and the flexor retinaculum of 15 CTS patients and both clinically affected and unaffected palmar fascia of 15 DD patients, using immunofluorescence techniques. The expression of FGFR1, FGFR2, and CTGF in the blood vessel walls and surrounding connective tissue cells differed significantly between the analyzed groups, with changes in expression present even in clinically unremarkable tissues from DD patients. We also found altered expression of the analyzed factors, as well as TGF-β1 and syndecan-1 in DD-associated sweat glands, possibly implicating their role in the pathophysiology of the disease. The increased expression of profibrotic factors in the clinically unaffected palmar fascia of DD patients may indicate that more extensive excision is needed during surgical treatment, while the profibrotic factors could be potential targets for developing pharmacological therapeutic strategies against DD-associated fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Tripković
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marin Ogorevc
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Vuković
- Department of Dermatovenerology, University Hospital Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Mirna Saraga-Babić
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Snježana Mardešić
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Welzel J, Grüdl S, Banowski B, Stark H, Sättler A, Welss T. A novel cell line from human eccrine sweat gland duct cells for investigating sweating physiology. Int J Cosmet Sci 2022; 44:216-231. [PMID: 35262932 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human eccrine sweat glands represent vital components of the skin involved in regulating body temperature. Especially the eccrine duct, which opens directly into the skin surface and releases the aqueous sweat, constitutes the first contact point with topically applied substances. For scientific investigations and to understand the underlying sweating mechanism on a cellular level defined cellular material is beneficial. We, therefore, strived to generate a cell line derived from human eccrine sweat gland duct cells for identifying new mechanisms in sweating control, as such a standardize cell line is currently lacking. MATERIAL AND METHODS Isolated primary human eccrine sweat gland duct cells were transduced with simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40T) by lentiviral transduction. Successfully SV40T-transduced clones were selected by single cell cloning with one clone, named 1D10, being particularly described in this work. RESULTS In performed cellular investigations, SV40T-transduced duct-derived cells exhibited an extended lifespan with stable population doubling times suggesting its immortality. Besides, 1D10 clonal cell culture demonstrated similarities with parental, primary duct cells regarding gene expression of selected sweat gland-related markers. When combined with primary coil cells in a hanging drop co-culture, those transduced duct-derived cells showed some duct cell-like features. Further, a certain degree of cellular communication and a specific reaction towards substance application was observed. CONCLUSION Generated and herein described cell line derived from isolated human eccrine sweat gland duct cells is, based on the presented scientific findings, considered as immortal. Besides, this cell line shows some similarity with primary duct cells, although alterations from native glands were detected, among which is loss of expression of CFTR. Provided some further investigations, presented SV40T-transduced duct-cell derived cell line seems a suited surrogate of primary eccrine duct cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Holger Stark
- ²Department of Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Fluid secretion by exocrine glandular organs is essential to the survival of mammals. Each glandular unit within the body is uniquely organized to carry out its own specific functions, with failure to establish these specialized structures resulting in impaired organ function. Here, we review glandular organs in terms of shared and divergent architecture. We first describe the structural organization of the diverse glandular secretory units (the end-pieces) and their fluid transporting systems (the ducts) within the mammalian system, focusing on how tissue architecture corresponds to functional output. We then highlight how defects in development of end-piece and ductal architecture impacts secretory function. Finally, we discuss how knowledge of exocrine gland structure-function relationships can be applied to the development of new diagnostics, regenerative approaches and tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameed Khan
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Fitch
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Knox
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ripla Arora
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aberrant stromal tissue factor localisation and mycolactone-driven vascular dysfunction, exacerbated by IL-1β, are linked to fibrin formation in Buruli ulcer lesions. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010280. [PMID: 35100311 PMCID: PMC8846541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Buruli ulcer (BU) is a neglected tropical disease caused by subcutaneous infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans and its exotoxin mycolactone. BU displays coagulative necrosis and widespread fibrin deposition in affected skin tissues. Despite this, the role of the vasculature in BU pathogenesis remains almost completely unexplored. We hypothesise that fibrin-driven ischemia can be an ‘indirect’ route to mycolactone-dependent tissue necrosis by a mechanism involving vascular dysfunction. Here, we tracked >900 vessels within contiguous tissue sections from eight BU patient biopsies. Our aim was to evaluate their vascular and coagulation biomarker phenotype and explore potential links to fibrin deposition. We also integrated this with our understanding of mycolactone’s mechanism of action at Sec61 and its impact on proteins involved in maintaining normal vascular function. Our findings showed that endothelial cell dysfunction is common in skin tissue adjacent to necrotic regions. There was little evidence of primary haemostasis, perhaps due to mycolactone-dependent depletion of endothelial von Willebrand factor. Instead, fibrin staining appeared to be linked to the extrinsic pathway activator, tissue factor (TF). There was significantly greater than expected fibrin staining around vessels that had TF staining within the stroma, and this correlated with the distance it extended from the vessel basement membrane. TF-induced fibrin deposition in these locations would require plasma proteins outside of vessels, therefore we investigated whether mycolactone could increase vascular permeability in vitro. This was indeed the case, and leakage was further exacerbated by IL-1β. Mycolactone caused the loss of endothelial adherens and tight junctions by the depletion of VE-cadherin, TIE-1, TIE-2 and JAM-C; all Sec61-dependent proteins. Taken together, our findings suggest that both vascular and lymphatic vessels in BU lesions become “leaky” during infection, due to the unique action of mycolactone, allowing TF-containing structures and plasma proteins into skin tissue, ultimately leading to local coagulopathy and tissue ischemia. To date, the debilitating skin disease Buruli ulcer remains a public health concern and financial burden in low or middle-income countries, especially in tropical regions. Late diagnosis is frequent in remote areas, perhaps due to the painlessness of the disease. Hence patients often present with large, destructive opened ulcers leading to delayed wound closure or even lifelong disability. The infectious agent produces a toxin called mycolactone that drives the disease. We previously found evidence that the vascular system is disrupted by mycolactone in these lesions, and now we have further explored potential explanations for these findings by looking at the expression of vascular markers in BU. In a detailed analysis of patient skin punch biopsies, we identified distinct expression patterns of certain proteins and found that tissue factor, which initiates the so-called extrinsic pathway of blood clotting, is particularly important. Mycolactone is able to disrupt the barrier function of the endothelium, further aggravating the diseased phenotype, which may explain how clotting factors access the tissue. Altogether, such localised hypercoagulation in Buruli ulcer skin lesions may contribute to the development of the lesion.
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu Y, He H, Li P, Liu H. Paeoniflorin inhibits proliferation and promotes autophagy and apoptosis of sweat gland cells. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:53. [PMID: 34934430 PMCID: PMC8652401 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Axillary bromhidrosis is sweat excreted by apocrine glands in the armpits, mouth corners and other parts. The clinical manifestation includes excessive sweating and heavy odor, leading to the growth of bacteria and skin disease. The present study investigated the mechanism underlying the effect of paeoniflorin (PF) in the treatment of bromhidrosis. PF was injected into the feet of rats, and the foot skin was dissected for histological analysis. Primary human sweat gland cells (hSGCs) were isolated from patients with bromhidrosis. After 24 h treatment with PF or 3-methyladenine, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), autophagy, apoptosis, proliferation and cell cycle distribution were determined. PF induced nuclear pyknosis in rat SGCs. In vitro PF treatment inhibited cell proliferation with a 25% inhibitory concentration of 9.530 µM. Treatment with 9.530 µM PF for 24 h significantly increased apoptosis, ROS production and autophagy in hSGCs. PF promoted LC3B and Beclin 1 expression, but inhibited p62, phosphorylated (p)-PI3K and p-Akt expression. 3-methyladenine treatment reversed PF-induced changes in hSGCs. PF-induced inhibition of hSGC proliferation was associated with ROS production, apoptosis, and autophagy. These findings provide a basis for treating bromhidrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Hong He
- Health Care and Physical Examination Center, The First Affliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tan Y, Tey HL, Chong SZ, Ng LG. Skin-ny deeping: Uncovering immune cell behavior and function through imaging techniques. Immunol Rev 2021; 306:271-292. [PMID: 34859448 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As the largest organ of the body, the skin is a key barrier tissue with specialized structures where ongoing immune surveillance is critical for protecting the body from external insults. The innate immune system acts as first-responders in a coordinated manner to react to injury or infections, and recent developments in intravital imaging techniques have made it possible to delineate dynamic immune cell responses in a spatiotemporal manner. We review here key studies involved in understanding neutrophil, dendritic cell and macrophage behavior in skin and further discuss how this knowledge collectively highlights the importance of interactions and cellular functions in a systems biology manner. Furthermore, we will review emerging imaging technologies such as high-content proteomic screening, spatial transcriptomics and three-dimensional volumetric imaging and how these techniques can be integrated to provide a systems overview of the immune system that will further our current knowledge and lead to potential exciting discoveries in the upcoming decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingrou Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore.,National Skin Centre, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Liang Tey
- National Skin Centre, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore.,National Skin Centre, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li D, Li Z, Zhang J, Li K, Wu S, He Y, Lin Y. Orthogonal-polarization-gating optical coherence tomography for human sweat ducts in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000432. [PMID: 33369116 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose an orthogonal-polarization-gating optical coherence tomography (OPG-OCT) for human sweat ducts in vivo. OPG-OCT is composed of the orthogonal linearly polarized light of a sample arm individually interfering with orthogonal linearly polarized lights of the reference arms, where OPG-OCT induces two images, one reflecting the projection intensity and the other the horizontal linear diattenuation (HLD). The results demonstrate that OPG-OCT projection intensity could improve the image quality of sweat ducts. HLD also clearly illustrates the spiral shape of the sweat ducts. Finally, sweat ducts in intensity image are segmented by employing convolutional neural networks (CNN). The proportions of left-handed and right-handed ducts are extracted to characterize the sweat ducts based on HLD. Therefore, the OPG-OCT technique employing CNN for the human sweat glands has the potential to automatically identify the human sweat ducts in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dezi Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Photoelectric Sensing Application, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Photoelectric Sensing Application, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jialing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Photoelectric Sensing Application, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Photoelectric Sensing Application, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shulian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Photoelectric Sensing Application, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youwu He
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Photoelectric Sensing Application, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongping Lin
- School of Optoelectronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ezure T, Amano S, Matsuzaki K. Aging-related shift of eccrine sweat glands toward the skin surface due to tangling and rotation of the secretory ducts revealed by digital 3D skin reconstruction. Skin Res Technol 2021; 27:569-575. [PMID: 33576542 PMCID: PMC8359204 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Sweat gland function deteriorates with aging, leading to loss of heat tolerance. However, it is unclear whether and how the structure of sweat glands changes during aging, because the 3D structure is complex and inaccessible. Methods To clarify age‐dependent changes in sweat glands, we developed a method for 3D structure analysis of sweat glands by means of X‐ray micro‐CT observation of human skin specimens followed by 3D digital reconstruction on computer (digital 3D skin). Results Comparison of eccrine sweat glands of abdominal skin from young and old subjects showed that the density and volume of sweat glands do not change with aging. In contrast, the depth of the secretory coil from the skin surface is decreased in the aged group. Surprisingly, the secretory ducts appear tortuous or meandering though their length is unchanged. The secretory coils are located at the dermal‐adipose layer boundary in both groups, but the thickness of the dermal layer decreases with aging, and the depth of the coils is correlated with the dermal thickness. Conclusion Our results suggest that sweat glands twist and rotate with aging to maintain the position of the coil at the dermal‐adipose boundary, causing an overall shift toward the skin surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonobu Ezure
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Amano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Matsuzaki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiménez F. Method for Human Eccrine Sweat Gland Isolation from the Scalp by Means of the Micropunch Technique and Vital Dyes. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2154:165-173. [PMID: 32314216 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0648-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of eccrine sweat glands from human skin has always been a difficult task. The human scalp contains thousands of eccrine glands. Recently, the close anatomic relationship of the eccrine gland with the scalp hair follicle has been described. Taking advantage of this anatomic relationship as well as of the availability of follicular units (FUs) obtained in hair transplant procedures, we describe here a simple and efficient method to isolate eccrine sweat glands from the human scalp. This method is identical to the micropunch hair graft harvesting method known as follicular unit excision (FUE), used in modern hair transplantation. Once the FU has been extracted, it needs to be stained with methylene blue or neutral red in order to make the sweat gland visible for stereoscopic microdissection. Only the secretory (coiled) portion of the sweat gland can be obtained with this method. The efficiency of this isolation method should encourage further research into human eccrine sweat glands and opens possibilities for new translational applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Jiménez
- Mediteknia Hair Transplant Clinic and Hair Lab, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
- Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Gran Canaria, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li S, Zheng X, Nie Y, Chen W, Liu Z, Tao Y, Hu X, Hu Y, Qiao H, Qi Q, Pei Q, Cai D, Yu M, Mou C. Defining Key Genes Regulating Morphogenesis of Apocrine Sweat Gland in Sheepskin. Front Genet 2019; 9:739. [PMID: 30761184 PMCID: PMC6363705 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The apocrine sweat gland is a unique skin appendage in humans compared to mouse and chicken models. The absence of apocrine sweat glands in chicken and murine skin largely restrains further understanding of the complexity of human skin biology and skin diseases, like hircismus. Sheep may serve as an additional system for skin appendage investigation owing to the distributions and histological similarities between the apocrine sweat glands of sheep trunk skin and human armpit skin. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying morphogenesis of apocrine sweat glands in sheepskin, transcriptome analyses were conducted to reveal 1631 differentially expressed genes that were mainly enriched in three functional groups (cellular component, molecular function and biological process), particularly in gland, epithelial, hair follicle and skin development. There were 7 Gene Ontology (GO) terms enriched in epithelial cell migration and morphogenesis of branching epithelium that were potentially correlated with the wool follicle peg elongation. An additional 5 GO terms were enriched in gland morphogenesis (20 genes), gland development (42 genes), salivary gland morphogenesis and development (8 genes), branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis (6 genes) and mammary gland epithelial cell differentiation (4 genes). The enriched gland-related genes and two Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway genes (WNT and TGF-β) were potentially involved in the induction of apocrine sweat glands. Genes named BMPR1A, BMP7, SMAD4, TGFB3, WIF1, and WNT10B were selected to validate transcript expression by qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to localize markers for hair follicle (SOX2), skin fibroblast (PDGFRB), stem cells (SOX9) and BMP signaling (SMAD5) in sheepskin. SOX2 and PDGFRB were absent in apocrine sweat glands. SOX9 and SMAD5 were both observed in precursor cells of apocrine sweat glands and later in gland ducts. These results combined with the upregulation of BMP signaling genes indicate that apocrine sweat glands were originated from outer root sheath of primary wool follicle and positively regulated by BMP signaling. This report established the primary network regulating early development of apocrine sweat glands in sheepskin and will facilitate the further understanding of histology and pathology of apocrine sweat glands in human and companion animal skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaomei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinting Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangfan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenshuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingfeng Tao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuewen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Haisheng Qiao
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Quanqing Qi
- Sanjiaocheng Sheep Breeding Farm, Haibei, China
| | | | - Danzhuoma Cai
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Haixi, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyan Mou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jimenez F, Alam M, Hernandez I, Poblet E, Hardman JA, Paus R. An efficient method for eccrine gland isolation from human scalp. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:678-681. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Jimenez
- Mediteknia Hair Transplant Clinic and Hair Lab; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain
- Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias; Gran Canaria Spain
- Medical Pathology Group; IUIBS; Universidad de Las Palmas Gran Canaria; Gran Canaria Spain
| | - Majid Alam
- Mediteknia Hair Transplant Clinic and Hair Lab; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain
- Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias; Gran Canaria Spain
- Monasterium Laboratory; Münster Germany
| | - Irene Hernandez
- Mediteknia Hair Transplant Clinic and Hair Lab; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain
| | - Enrique Poblet
- Reina Sofia University General Hospital; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Jonathan A. Hardman
- The Centre for Dermatology Research; MAHSC; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- National Institutes of Health Biomedical Research Center; Manchester UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- The Centre for Dermatology Research; MAHSC; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- National Institutes of Health Biomedical Research Center; Manchester UK
- Department of Dermatology; Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; Miami FL
| |
Collapse
|