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Wei Y, Pence IJ, Wiatrowski A, Slade JB, Evans CL. Quantitative analysis of drug tablet aging by fast hyper-spectral stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Analyst 2024; 149:1436-1446. [PMID: 38050860 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01527k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical development of solid-state formulations requires testing active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and excipients for uniformity and stability. Solid-state properties such as component distribution and grain size are crucial factors that influence the dissolution profile, which greatly affect drug efficacy and toxicity, and can only be analyzed spatially by chemical imaging (CI) techniques. Current CI techniques such as near infrared microscopy and confocal Raman spectroscopy are capable of high chemical and spatial resolution but cannot achieve the measurement speeds necessary for integration into the pharmaceutical production and quality assurance processes. To fill this gap, we demonstrate fast chemical imaging by epi-detected sparse spectral sampling stimulated Raman scattering to quantify API and excipient degradation and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Wei
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 260 Longwood Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Isaac J Pence
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
| | - Anna Wiatrowski
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
| | - Julia B Slade
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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2
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Hauw JJ. How and why I fell into neuropathology. FREE NEUROPATHOLOGY 2023; 4:4-21. [PMID: 38033707 PMCID: PMC10683528 DOI: 10.17879/freeneuropathology-2023-5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
I'm going to explain how and why I fell into the Department of Neuropathology at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital of Paris. I'd also like to sketch the history of French neuropathology in the years 1960-2010, as seen by a naive young student, and then by a practicing neuropathologist (often still very naive). As a matter of fact, although the history of neurosciences [1-2] and the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris [3-4] have been the subject of numerous publications, the history of neuropathology in this hospital has been rarely documented [5-6]. I spent more than forty years strolling along the alleys of La Salpêtrière, among its old pavilions, the Saint Louis chapel, the "Pavillon des folles", the courtyard of Manon Lescaut and the guard room. I worked full-time between the Escourolle laboratory, the "Amphithéâtre des morts" and the University. It has been a real pleasure to be part of this world. I would also like to offer young doctors in training and future neuropathologists some advice that might help them in the choice and development of their future careers.
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3
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Hilzenrat G, Gill ET, McArthur SL. Imaging approaches for monitoring three-dimensional cell and tissue culture systems. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100380. [PMID: 35357086 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen an increasing demand for more complex, reproducible and physiologically relevant tissue cultures that can mimic the structural and biological features of living tissues. Monitoring the viability, development and responses of such tissues in real-time are challenging due to the complexities of cell culture physical characteristics and the environments in which these cultures need to be maintained in. Significant developments in optics, such as optical manipulation, improved detection and data analysis, have made optical imaging a preferred choice for many three-dimensional (3D) cell culture monitoring applications. The aim of this review is to discuss the challenges associated with imaging and monitoring 3D tissues and cell culture, and highlight topical label-free imaging tools that enable bioengineers and biophysicists to non-invasively characterise engineered living tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geva Hilzenrat
- Bioengineering Engineering Group, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma T Gill
- Bioengineering Engineering Group, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally L McArthur
- Bioengineering Engineering Group, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Francis AT, Manifold B, Carlson EC, Hu R, Hill AH, Men S, Fu D. In vivo simultaneous nonlinear absorption Raman and fluorescence (SNARF) imaging of mouse brain cortical structures. Commun Biol 2022; 5:222. [PMID: 35273325 PMCID: PMC8913696 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Label-free multiphoton microscopy is a powerful platform for biomedical imaging. Recent advancements have demonstrated the capabilities of transient absorption microscopy (TAM) for label-free quantification of hemoglobin and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy for pathological assessment of label-free virtual histochemical staining. We propose the combination of TAM and SRS with two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) to characterize, quantify, and compare hemodynamics, vessel structure, cell density, and cell identity in vivo between age groups. In this study, we construct a simultaneous nonlinear absorption, Raman, and fluorescence (SNARF) microscope with the highest reported in vivo imaging depth for SRS and TAM at 250–280 μm to enable these multimodal measurements. Using machine learning, we predict capillary-lining cell identities with 90% accuracy based on nuclear morphology and capillary relationship. The microscope and methodology outlined herein provides an exciting route to study several research topics, including neurovascular coupling, blood-brain barrier, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study a microscope is constructed that carries out simultaneous nonlinear absorption, Raman, and fluorescence (SNARF). Machine learning is then used to predict capillary-lining cell identities with 90% accuracy based on nuclear morphology and capillary relationship, which in combination with the developed microscope, can provide a means to study several fields such as neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Bryce Manifold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Elena C Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ruoqian Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Andrew H Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shuaiqian Men
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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5
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Espinoza R, Wong B, Fu D. Real-Time, Two-Color Stimulated Raman Scattering Imaging of Mouse Brain for Tissue Diagnosis. JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS : JOVE 2022:10.3791/63484. [PMID: 35188120 PMCID: PMC8957265 DOI: 10.3791/63484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has emerged as a powerful optical imaging technique for tissue diagnosis. In recent years, two-color SRS has been shown to be able to provide hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-equivalent images that allow fast and reliable diagnosis of brain cancer. Such capability has enabled exciting intraoperative cancer diagnosis applications. Two-color SRS imaging of tissue can be done with either a picosecond or femtosecond laser source. Femtosecond lasers have the advantage of enabling flexible imaging modes, including fast hyperspectral imaging and real-time, two-color SRS imaging. A spectral-focusing approach with chirped laser pulses is typically used with femtosecond lasers to achieve high spectral resolution. Two-color SRS acquisition can be realized with orthogonal modulation and lock-in detection. The complexity of pulse chirping, modulation, and characterization is a bottleneck for the widespread adoption of this method. This article provides a detailed protocol to demonstrate the implementation and optimization of spectral-focusing SRS and real-time, two-color imaging of mouse brain tissue in the epi-mode. This protocol can be used for a broad range of SRS imaging applications that leverage the high speed and spectroscopic imaging capability of SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington
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6
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Pence IJ, Kuzma BA, Brinkmann M, Hellwig T, Evans CL. Multi-window sparse spectral sampling stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6095-6114. [PMID: 34745724 PMCID: PMC8547998 DOI: 10.1364/boe.432177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is a nondestructive and rapid technique for imaging of biological and clinical specimens with label-free chemical specificity. SRS spectral imaging is typically carried out either via broadband methods, or by tuning narrowband ultrafast light sources over narrow spectral ranges thus specifically targeting vibrational frequencies. We demonstrate a multi-window sparse spectral sampling SRS (S4RS) approach where a rapidly-tunable dual-output all-fiber optical parametric oscillator is tuned into specific vibrational modes across more than 1400 cm-1 during imaging. This approach is capable of collecting SRS hyperspectral images either by scanning a full spectrum or by rapidly tuning into select target frequencies, hands-free and automatically, across the fingerprint, silent, and high wavenumber windows of the Raman spectrum. We further apply computational techniques for spectral decomposition and feature selection to identify a sparse subset of Raman frequencies capable of sample discrimination. Here we have applied this novel method to monitor spatiotemporal dynamic changes of active pharmaceutical ingredients in skin, which has particular relevance to topical drug product delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Pence
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Benjamin A Kuzma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | - Tim Hellwig
- Refined Laser Systems GmbH, Münster, Germany
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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7
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Zhang C, Aldana-Mendoza JA. Coherent Raman scattering microscopy for chemical imaging of biological systems. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/abfd09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) processes, including both the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and stimulated Raman scattering, have been utilized in state-of-the-art microscopy platforms for chemical imaging of biological samples. The key advantage of CRS microscopy over fluorescence microscopy is label-free, which is an attractive characteristic for modern biological and medical sciences. Besides, CRS has other advantages such as higher selectivity to metabolites, no photobleaching, and narrow peak width. These features have brought fast-growing attention to CRS microscopy in biological research. In this review article, we will first briefly introduce the history of CRS microscopy, and then explain the theoretical background of the CRS processes in detail using the classical approach. Next, we will cover major instrumentation techniques of CRS microscopy. Finally, we will enumerate examples of recent applications of CRS imaging in biological and medical sciences.
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8
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Bai Y, Yin J, Cheng JX. Bond-selective imaging by optically sensing the mid-infrared photothermal effect. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg1559. [PMID: 33990332 PMCID: PMC8121423 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopic imaging using inherent vibrational contrast has been broadly used as a powerful analytical tool for sample identification and characterization. However, the low spatial resolution and large water absorption associated with the long IR wavelengths hinder its applications to study subcellular features in living systems. Recently developed mid-infrared photothermal (MIP) microscopy overcomes these limitations by probing the IR absorption-induced photothermal effect using a visible light. MIP microscopy yields submicrometer spatial resolution with high spectral fidelity and reduced water background. In this review, we categorize different photothermal contrast mechanisms and discuss instrumentations for scanning and widefield MIP microscope configurations. We highlight a broad range of applications from life science to materials. We further provide future perspective and potential venues in MIP microscopy field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeran Bai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jiaze Yin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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9
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Yang Y, Yang Y, Liu Z, Guo L, Li S, Sun X, Shao Z, Ji M. Microcalcification-Based Tumor Malignancy Evaluation in Fresh Breast Biopsies with Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6223-6231. [PMID: 33826297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Precise evaluation of breast tumor malignancy based on tissue calcifications has important practical value in the disease diagnosis, as well as the understanding of tumor development. Traditional X-ray mammography provides the overall morphologies of the calcifications but lacks intrinsic chemical information. In contrast, spontaneous Raman spectroscopy offers detailed chemical analysis but lacks the spatial profiles. Here, we applied hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy to extract both the chemical and morphological features of the microcalcifications, based on the spectral and spatial domain analysis. A total of 211 calcification sites from 23 patients were imaged with SRS, and the results were analyzed with a support vector machine (SVM) based classification algorithm. With optimized combinations of chemical and geometrical features of microcalcifications, we were able to reach a precision of 98.21% and recall of 100.00% for classifying benign and malignant cases, significantly improved from the pure spectroscopy or imaging based methods. Our findings may provide a rapid means to accurately evaluate breast tumor malignancy based on fresh tissue biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yinlong Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shiping Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiangjie Sun
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiming Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Minbiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Human Phenome Institute, Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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10
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Shi L, Fung AA, Zhou A. Advances in stimulated Raman scattering imaging for tissues and animals. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:1078-1101. [PMID: 33654679 PMCID: PMC7829158 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has emerged in the last decade as a powerful optical imaging technology with high chemical selectivity, speed, and subcellular resolution. Since the invention of SRS microscopy, it has been extensively employed in life science to study composition, structure, metabolism, development, and disease in biological systems. Applications of SRS in research and the clinic have generated new insights in many fields including neurobiology, tumor biology, developmental biology, metabolomics, pharmacokinetics, and more. Herein we review the advances and applications of SRS microscopy imaging in tissues and animals, as well as envision future applications and development of SRS imaging in life science and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anthony A Fung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andy Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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11
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Lee M, Herrington CS, Ravindra M, Sepp K, Davies A, Hulme AN, Brunton VG. Recent advances in the use of stimulated Raman scattering in histopathology. Analyst 2021; 146:789-802. [PMID: 33393954 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01972k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman histopathology (SRH) utilises the intrinsic vibrational properties of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids to generate contrast providing rapid image acquisition that allows visualisation of histopathological features. It is currently being trialled in the intraoperative setting, where the ability to image unprocessed samples rapidly and with high resolution offers several potential advantages over the use of conventional haematoxylin and eosin stained images. Here we review recent advances in the field including new updates in instrumentation and computer aided diagnosis. We also discuss how other non-linear modalities can be used to provide additional diagnostic contrast which together pave the way for enhanced histopathology and open up possibilities for in vivo pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lee
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - C Simon Herrington
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - Manasa Ravindra
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Kristel Sepp
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK. and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Amy Davies
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - Alison N Hulme
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
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12
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Figueroa B, Hu R, Rayner SG, Zheng Y, Fu D. Real-Time Microscale Temperature Imaging by Stimulated Raman Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7083-7089. [PMID: 32786960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microscale thermometry of aqueous solutions is essential to understand the dynamics of local heat generation and dissipation in chemical and biological systems. A wide variety of fluorescent probes have been developed to map temperature changes with submicrometer resolution, but they often suffer from the uncertainty associated with microenvironment-dependent fluorescent properties. In this work, we develop a label-free ratiometric stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy technique to quantify microscale temperature by monitoring the O-H Raman stretching modes of water. By tracking the ratio changes of the hydrogen-bonding O-H band and the isosbestic band, we can directly quantify the temperature of water-based environments in real time without exogenous contrast agents. We demonstrate real-time measurement of localized intracellular and extracellular temperature changes due to laser absorption. This high-speed nonlinear optical imaging technique has the potential for in situ microscale imaging of thermogenesis in both chemical and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ruoqian Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Samuel G Rayner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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13
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Francis AT, Shears MJ, Murphy SC, Fu D. Direct Quantification of Single Red Blood Cell Hemoglobin Concentration with Multiphoton Microscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12235-12241. [PMID: 32786430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Blood disorders, diseases, and infections often affect the shape, number, and content of red blood cells (RBCs) dramatically. To combat these pathologies, many therapies target RBCs and their contents directly. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is an important pathological metric in both identification and treatment. However, current methods for RBC analysis and MCHC quantification rely on bulk measurements. Single RBC measurements could provide necessary insight into the heterogeneity of RBC health and improve therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we present a novel multimodal multiphoton approach for quantifying hemoglobin concentration at single RBC resolution. We achieve this by collecting two images simultaneously that allows us to excite water with stimulated Raman scattering and hemoglobin with transient absorption. This multimodal imaging is enabled by a newly designed orthogonal modulation theme for dual-channel lock-in detection. By leveraging water as an internal standard, we quantify MCHC of healthy RBCs and RBCs infected with Plasmodium yoelii, a commonly studied rodent parasite model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Melanie J Shears
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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14
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Payne TD, Moody AS, Wood AL, Pimiento PA, Elliott JC, Sharma B. Raman spectroscopy and neuroscience: from fundamental understanding to disease diagnostics and imaging. Analyst 2020; 145:3461-3480. [PMID: 32301450 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00083c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroscience would directly benefit from more effective detection techniques, leading to earlier diagnosis of disease. The specificity of Raman spectroscopy is unparalleled, given that a molecular fingerprint is attained for each species. It also allows for label-free detection with relatively inexpensive instrumentation, minimal sample preparation, and rapid sample analysis. This review summarizes Raman spectroscopy-based techniques that have been used to advance the field of neuroscience in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D Payne
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Amber S Moody
- National Center of Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Avery L Wood
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Paula A Pimiento
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - James C Elliott
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Bhavya Sharma
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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15
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Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) activates PPARγ signaling leading to cell cycle exit, lipid accumulation, and autophagy in human meibomian gland epithelial cells (hMGEC). Ocul Surf 2020; 18:427-437. [PMID: 32360782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to access the ability of the natural PPAR agonist, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), to activate PPAR gamma (γ) signaling leading to meibocyte differentiation in human meibomian gland epithelial cell (hMGEC). METHODS HMGEC were exposed to EPA, alone and in combination with the specific PPARγ antagonist, T0070907, to selectively block PPARγ signaling. Expression of PPARγ response genes were evaluated by qPCR. Effect on cell cycle was evaluated using Ki-67 labelling and western blots. During differentiation, autophagy was monitored using the Autophagy Tandem Sensor (ATS) and LysoTracker. Lipid accumulation was characterized by Stimulated Raman Scattering microscopy (SRS) and neutral lipid staining in combination with ER-Tracker, LysoTracker, and ATS. Autophagy was also investigated using western blotting. Seahorse XF analysis was performed to monitor mitochondrial function. RESULTS EPA specifically upregulated expression of genes related to lipid synthesis and induced cell cycle exit through reduced cyclin D1 expression and increased p21 and p27 expression. EPA also induced accumulation of lipid droplets in a time and dose dependent manner (P < 0.05) by specific PPARγ signaling. Lipid analysis identified both de novo synthesis and extracellular transport of lipid to form lipid droplets that were localized to the ER. PPARγ signaling also induced activation of AMPK-ULK1 signaling and autophagy, while inhibition of autophagy induced mitochondrial crisis with no effect on lipid accumulation. CONCLUSIONS EPA induces meibocyte differentiation through PPARγ activation that is characterized by cell cycle exit, de novo and transported lipid accumulation in the ER, and autophagy.
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16
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Hybrid Label-Free Molecular Microscopies for Simultaneous Visualization of Changes in Cell Wall Polysaccharides of Peach at Single- and Multiple-Cell Levels during Postharvest Storage. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030761. [PMID: 32244921 PMCID: PMC7140658 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Softening of fruit during the postharvest storage, which is mainly associated with both compositional and spatial changes of polysaccharides within cell wall, affects the texture and quality of fruit. Current research on the fruit softening mechanism lacks an understanding of the overall softening at the cell level. The objective of this work was to investigate the change in the spatial distribution of cell wall polysaccharides in peach flesh cells at both single- and multiple-cell levels in a label-free way during the postharvest storage. Nonmelting peaches (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv."Zhonghuashoutao") at commercial maturity were stored at 0 °C and 20 °C. Firmness measurement and chemical analysis were performed at each storage time. In addition, three molecular imaging techniques, namely confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM), Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM), and stimulated Raman scattering microscopy (SRS) were used to visualize changes in the spatial distribution of cell wall polysaccharides of peach fruit in a label-free way during the postharvest storage. The combination of CRM and FTIRM provided complementary spectral information to visualize the spatial changes of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin in the cell wall of peach flesh during softening at the single-cell level, and found that the cell wall polysaccharides tended to be concentrated in the cell corner of parenchymal cells at the late stage. Furthermore, SRS, which is an ultrafast Raman imaging technique (approximately three or four orders of magnitude faster than CRM), was used for high-throughput cell wall phenotypes measurement. Different degradation degrees of parenchymal cells during fruit softening were found based on the gray-scale statistical analysis of SRS data. In general, cell wall polysaccharides decreased during softening and tended to be concentrated in the cell corner for most parenchymal cells at the late stage, but there were also some cells not in line with the whole softening trends. The results show that there were differences in the content and spatial changes of cell wall polysaccharides among parenchymal cells of peach fruit during the softening process, and the hybrid use of CRM, FTIRM, and SRS is a promising method for simultaneous visualization of changes in cell wall polysaccharides of peach.
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Intraoperative assessment of skull base tumors using stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20392. [PMID: 31892723 PMCID: PMC6938502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56932-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraoperative consultations, used to guide tumor resection, can present histopathological findings that are challenging to interpret due to artefacts from tissue cryosectioning and conventional staining. Stimulated Raman histology (SRH), a label-free imaging technique for unprocessed biospecimens, has demonstrated promise in a limited subset of tumors. Here, we target unexplored skull base tumors using a fast simultaneous two-channel stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging technique and a new pseudo-hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) recoloring methodology. To quantitatively evaluate the efficacy of our approach, we use modularized assessment of diagnostic accuracy beyond cancer/non-cancer determination and neuropathologist confidence for SRH images contrasted to H&E-stained frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. Our results reveal that SRH is effective for establishing a diagnosis using fresh tissue in most cases with 87% accuracy relative to H&E-stained FFPE sections. Further analysis of discrepant case interpretation suggests that pseudo-H&E recoloring underutilizes the rich chemical information offered by SRS imaging, and an improved diagnosis can be achieved if full SRS information is used. In summary, our findings show that pseudo-H&E recolored SRS images in combination with lipid and protein chemical information can maximize the use of SRS during intraoperative pathologic consultation with implications for tissue preservation and augmented diagnostic utility.
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Manifold B, Thomas E, Francis AT, Hill AH, Fu D. Denoising of stimulated Raman scattering microscopy images via deep learning. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3860-3874. [PMID: 31452980 PMCID: PMC6701518 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a label-free quantitative chemical imaging technique that has demonstrated great utility in biomedical imaging applications ranging from real-time stain-free histopathology to live animal imaging. However, similar to many other nonlinear optical imaging techniques, SRS images often suffer from low signal to noise ratio (SNR) due to absorption and scattering of light in tissue as well as the limitation in applicable power to minimize photodamage. We present the use of a deep learning algorithm to significantly improve the SNR of SRS images. Our algorithm is based on a U-Net convolutional neural network (CNN) and significantly outperforms existing denoising algorithms. More importantly, we demonstrate that the trained denoising algorithm is applicable to images acquired at different zoom, imaging power, imaging depth, and imaging geometries that are not included in the training. Our results identify deep learning as a powerful denoising tool for biomedical imaging at large, with potential towards in vivo applications, where imaging parameters are often variable and ground-truth images are not available to create a fully supervised learning training set.
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Francis AT, Berry K, Thomas EC, Hill AH, Fu D. In Vitro Quantification of Single Red Blood Cell Oxygen Saturation by Femtosecond Transient Absorption Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3312-3317. [PMID: 31141669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying protein, ferries nearly all bodily oxygen from the lungs to cells and tissues in need. Blood oxygen saturation (sO2) thus plays an important role in maintaining energy homeostasis throughout the body. Clinical and research tools have been developed to monitor sO2 at a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. However, real-time quantification of sO2 at single red blood cell (RBC) resolution remains challenging. Such capability is critically important to study energy metabolism in heterogeneous tissues including brain and tumor tissue. In this work, we develop a ratiometric transient absorption microscopy technique to image hemoglobin sO2. By exploiting differences in transient lifetime kinetics between oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin, we directly quantified the sO2 of single RBCs in real-time without the need for injection of exogenous agents. This simple and high-speed nonlinear optical imaging technique is well suited for in vitro and in vivo quantification of sO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Francis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Kyla Berry
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Elena C Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Andrew H Hill
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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20
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Ferrara MA, Filograna A, Ranjan R, Corda D, Valente C, Sirleto L. Three-dimensional label-free imaging throughout adipocyte differentiation by stimulated Raman microscopy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216811. [PMID: 31112567 PMCID: PMC6528968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets are lipid-storage organelles with a key role in lipid accumulation pathologies such as diabetes, obesity and atherosclerosis. Despite their important functions many aspects of lipid droplets biology are still unknown. This is partially due to the current use of exogenous labels to monitor their formation and remodelling by invasive imaging methods. Here, we apply stimulated Raman scattering microscopy to acquire images with high spatial resolution along with resolving capabilities of lipids and proteins and three-dimensional sectioning. Our images and data analysis demonstrate an increase in the number of large (>15μm2) lipid droplets in human adipocyte cells during differentiation process. In addition, spatially-resolved maps of lipids and proteins inside cells and three dimensional reconstructions of lipids at the initial and final steps of adipocyte differentiation are reported, too.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Filograna
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Naples, Italy
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Corda
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Valente
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (LS); (CV)
| | - Luigi Sirleto
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (LS); (CV)
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21
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Zhang L, Wu Y, Zheng B, Su L, Chen Y, Ma S, Hu Q, Zou X, Yao L, Yang Y, Chen L, Mao Y, Chen Y, Ji M. Rapid histology of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma with deep-learning based stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Theranostics 2019; 9:2541-2554. [PMID: 31131052 PMCID: PMC6526002 DOI: 10.7150/thno.32655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximal resection of tumor while preserving the adjacent healthy tissue is particularly important for larynx surgery, hence precise and rapid intraoperative histology of laryngeal tissue is crucial for providing optimal surgical outcomes. We hypothesized that deep-learning based stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy could provide automated and accurate diagnosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma on fresh, unprocessed surgical specimens without fixation, sectioning or staining. Methods: We first compared 80 pairs of adjacent frozen sections imaged with SRS and standard hematoxylin and eosin histology to evaluate their concordance. We then applied SRS imaging on fresh surgical tissues from 45 patients to reveal key diagnostic features, based on which we have constructed a deep learning based model to generate automated histologic results. 18,750 SRS fields of views were used to train and cross-validate our 34-layered residual convolutional neural network, which was used to classify 33 untrained fresh larynx surgical samples into normal and neoplasia. Furthermore, we simulated intraoperative evaluation of resection margins on totally removed larynxes. Results: We demonstrated near-perfect diagnostic concordance (Cohen's kappa, κ > 0.90) between SRS and standard histology as evaluated by three pathologists. And deep-learning based SRS correctly classified 33 independent surgical specimens with 100% accuracy. We also demonstrated that our method could identify tissue neoplasia at the simulated resection margins that appear grossly normal with naked eyes. Conclusion: Our results indicated that SRS histology integrated with deep learning algorithm provides potential for delivering rapid intraoperative diagnosis that could aid the surgical management of laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongzheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lizhong Su
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shuang Ma
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qinqin Hu
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiang Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lie Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yinlong Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minbiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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22
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Figueroa B, Fu W, Nguyen T, Shin K, Manifold B, Wise F, Fu D. Broadband hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering microscopy with a parabolic fiber amplifier source. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:6116-6131. [PMID: 31065417 PMCID: PMC6490995 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.006116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (hsSRS) microscopy has recently emerged as a powerful non-destructive technique for the label-free chemical imaging of biological samples. In most hsSRS imaging experiments, the SRS spectral range is limited by the total bandwidth of the excitation laser to ~300 cm-1 and a spectral resolution of ~25 cm-1. Here we present a novel approach for broadband hsSRS microscopy based on parabolic fiber amplification to provide linearly chirped broadened Stokes pulses. This novel hsSRS instrument provides >600 cm-1 spectral coverage and ~10 cm-1 spectral resolution. We further demonstrated broadband hsSRS imaging of the entire Raman fingerprint region for resolving the distribution of major biomolecules in fixed cells. Moreover, we applied broadband hsSRS in imaging amyloid plaques in human brain tissue with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Walter Fu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tai Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Current address: Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kseniya Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bryce Manifold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Frank Wise
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Byrne HJ, Bonnier F, Casey A, Maher M, McIntyre J, Efeoglu E, Farhane Z. Advancing Raman microspectroscopy for cellular and subcellular analysis: towards in vitro high-content spectralomic analysis. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:E11-E19. [PMID: 30117916 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.000e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the confocal mode, Raman microspectroscopy can profile the biochemical content of biological cells at a subcellular level, and any changes to it by exogenous agents, such as therapeutic drugs or toxicants. As an exploration of the potential of the technique as a high-content, label-free analysis technique, this report reviews work to monitor the spectroscopic signatures associated with the uptake and response pathways of commercial chemotherapeutic agents and polymeric nanoparticles by human lung cells. It is demonstrated that the signatures are reproducible and characteristic of the cellular event, and can be used, for example, to identify the mode of action of the agent as well as the subsequent cell death pathway, and even mechanisms of cellular resistance. Data mining approaches are discussed and a spectralomics approach is proposed.
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24
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Baker MJ, Byrne HJ, Chalmers J, Gardner P, Goodacre R, Henderson A, Kazarian SG, Martin FL, Moger J, Stone N, Sulé-Suso J. Clinical applications of infrared and Raman spectroscopy: state of play and future challenges. Analyst 2018; 143:1735-1757. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01871a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the state-of-the-art of clinical applications of infrared absorption and Raman spectroscopy, outstanding challenges, and progress towards translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Baker
- WestCHEM
- Technology and Innovation Centre
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Glasgow G1 1RD
| | - Hugh J. Byrne
- FOCAS Research Institute
- Dublin Institute of Technology
- Dublin 8
- Ireland
| | | | - Peter Gardner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB)
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB)
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Alex Henderson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB)
- University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Sergei G. Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Imperial College London
- South Kensington Campus
- London
- UK
| | - Francis L. Martin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
- University of Central Lancashire
- Preston PR1 2HE
- UK
| | - Julian Moger
- Biomedical Physics
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Exeter
- Exeter EX4 4QL
- UK
| | - Nick Stone
- Biomedical Physics
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Exeter
- Exeter EX4 4QL
- UK
| | - Josep Sulé-Suso
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine
- Keele University
- Guy Hilton Research Centre
- Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB
- UK
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