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Nandi JS, Rathore SS, Mathur BR. Transmission of infectious viruses in the natural setting at human-animal interface. CURRENT RESEARCH IN VIROLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 2:100008. [PMID: 34250513 PMCID: PMC8256691 DOI: 10.1016/j.crviro.2021.100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Most viral pathogens causing epidemics and pandemics are zoonotic, emerging from wildlife reservoirs like SARS CoV2 causing the global Covid-19 pandemic, although animal origin of this virus remains a mystery. Cross-species transmission of pathogens from animals to humans is known as zoonosis. However, pathogens are also transmitted from humans to animals in regions where there is a close interaction between animals and humans by 'reverse transmission' (anthroponosis). Molecular evidence for the transmission of two zoonotic RNA viruses at the human-monkey interface in Rajasthan forests is presented here: a) the apathogenic Simian Foamy Viruses (SFV), and b): Influenza A viruses (IAV)-like virus, etiologic agent for human flu infecting wild Indian rhesus monkeys inhabiting Rajasthan forests. The data provide critical information on ecology and evolution of viruses of Public Health relevance. During replication, viral genomes mutate along the transmission route to adapt to the new hosts, generating new variants that are likely to have properties different from the founder viruses. Wild Indian monkeys are under-sampled for monitoring infectious diseases mainly because of the difficulties with sample collection. Monkeys are perceived as religious icons by the Hindus in India. It is extremely difficult to obtain permission from the Forest and Wildlife Department government authorities to collect wild simian blood samples for surveillance of infectious diseases caused by viral pathogens. Reducing animal-human contact and affordable vaccination are two relevant anti-viral strategies to counteract the spread of infectious zoonotic pathogens. Genbank Accession numbers: Indian SFVmac: ADN94420, IAV like virus: MZ298601.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shravan Singh Rathore
- Senior Wildlife Veterinarian, Machiya Biological Park, Post Office Saran Nagar Jodhpur, 342015, India
| | - Bajrang Raj Mathur
- Veterinary Expert, Government Veterinary Services, 6, Kamla Nehru Nagar, 1B1, Jodhpur, 342001, Rajasthan, India
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2
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The impact of candidate influenza virus and egg-based manufacture on vaccine effectiveness: Literature review and expert consensus. Vaccine 2020; 38:6047-6056. [PMID: 32600916 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza is associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Whilst vaccination is key for the prevention of influenza infection, there are many factors which may contribute to reduced vaccine effectiveness, including antigenic evolution via both antigenic drift and egg-adaptations. Due to the currently dissociated and indirect evidence supporting both the occurrence of these two phenomena in the egg-based manufacturing process and their effects on vaccine effectiveness, this topic remains a subject of debate. OBJECTIVE To review the evidence and level of agreement in expert opinion supporting a mechanistic basis for reduced vaccine effectiveness due to egg-based manufacturing, using an expert consensus-based methodology and literature reviews. METHODS Ten European influenza specialists were recruited to the expert panel. The overall research question was deconstructed into four component principles, which were examined in series using a novel, online, two-stage assessment of proportional group awareness and consensus. The first stage independently generated a list of supporting references for each component principle via literature searches and expert assessments. In the second stage, a summary of each reference was circulated amongst the experts, who rated their agreement that each reference supported the component principle on a 5-point Likert scale. Finally, the panel were asked if they agreed that, as a whole, the evidence supported a mechanistic basis for reduced vaccine effectiveness due to egg-based manufacturing. RESULTS All component principles were reported to have a majority of strong or very strong supporting evidence (70-90%). CONCLUSIONS On reviewing the evidence for all component principles, experts unanimously agreed that there is a mechanistic basis for reduced vaccine effectiveness resulting from candidate influenza virus variation due to egg-based manufacturing, particularly in the influenza A/H3N2 strain. Experts pointed to surveillance, candidate vaccine virus selection and manufacturing stages involving eggs as the most likely to impact vaccine effectiveness.
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Castillejos M, Cabello-Gutiérrez C, Alberto Choreño-Parra J, Hernández V, Romo J, Hernández-Sánchez F, Martínez D, Hernández A, Jiménez-Álvarez L, Hernández-Cardenas CM, Becerril-Vargas E, Martínez-Orozco JA, Luis Sandoval-Gutiérrez J, Guadarrama C, Olvera-Masetto E, Alfaro-Ramos L, Cruz-Lagunas A, Ramírez G, Márquez E, Pimentel L, Regino-Zamarripa NE, Mendoza-Milla C, Goodina A, Hernández-Montiel E, Barquera R, Santibañez A, Domínguez-Cherit G, Pérez-Padilla R, Regalado J, Santillán-Doherty P, Salas-Hernández J, Zúñiga J. High performance of rapid influenza diagnostic test and variable effectiveness of influenza vaccines in Mexico. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 89:87-95. [PMID: 31493523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the performance of rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDT) and influenza vaccines' effectiveness (VE) during an outbreak setting. METHODS We compared the performance of a RIDT with RT-PCR for influenza virus detection in influenza-like illness (ILI) patients enrolled during the 2016/17 season in Mexico City. Using the test-negative design, we estimated influenza VE in all participants and stratified by age, virus subtype, and vaccine type (trivalent vs quadrivalent inactivated vaccines). The protective value of some clinical variables was evaluated by regression analyses. RESULTS We enrolled 592 patients. RT-PCR detected 93 cases of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 55 of AH3N2, 141 of B, and 13 A/B virus infections. RIDT showed 90.7% sensitivity and 95.7% specificity for influenza A virus detection, and 91.5% sensitivity and 95.3% specificity for influenza B virus detection. Overall VE was 33.2% (95% CI: 3.0-54.0; p = 0.02) against any laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. VE estimates against influenza B were higher for the quadrivalent vaccine. Immunization and occupational exposure were protective factors against influenza. CONCLUSIONS The RIDT was useful to detect influenza cases during an outbreak setting. Effectiveness of 2016/17 influenza vaccines administered in Mexico was low but significant. Our data should be considered for future local epidemiological policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Castillejos
- Institutional Influenza Committee, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cabello-Gutiérrez
- Department of Research in Virology and Mycology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Alberto Choreño-Parra
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor Hernández
- Department of Research in Virology and Mycology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Romo
- Institutional Influenza Committee, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernando Hernández-Sánchez
- Department of Research in Virology and Mycology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dina Martínez
- Institutional Influenza Committee, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrés Hernández
- Institutional Influenza Committee, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Jiménez-Álvarez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carmen M Hernández-Cardenas
- Institutional Influenza Committee, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Becerril-Vargas
- Institutional Influenza Committee, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José A Martínez-Orozco
- Institutional Influenza Committee, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Sandoval-Gutiérrez
- Institutional Influenza Committee, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristóbal Guadarrama
- Institutional Influenza Committee, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Olvera-Masetto
- Institutional Influenza Committee, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leticia Alfaro-Ramos
- Institutional Influenza Committee, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Lagunas
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ramírez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Márquez
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lisa Pimentel
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nora E Regino-Zamarripa
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Criselda Mendoza-Milla
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aminadab Goodina
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erika Hernández-Montiel
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Barquera
- Laboratory of Archeogenomics, Max Planck Institute, Gena, Germany
| | - Alfredo Santibañez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratory of Archeogenomics, Max Planck Institute, Gena, Germany
| | - Guillermo Domínguez-Cherit
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico; Critical Care Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Pérez-Padilla
- Institutional Influenza Committee, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Justino Regalado
- Institutional Influenza Committee, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Dirección Médica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricio Santillán-Doherty
- Institutional Influenza Committee, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Dirección Médica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Salas-Hernández
- Institutional Influenza Committee, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Dirección General, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Joaquín Zúñiga
- Institutional Influenza Committee, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Adam DC, Scotch M, MacIntyre CR. Phylodynamics of Influenza A/H1N1pdm09 in India Reveals Circulation Patterns and Increased Selection for Clade 6b Residues and Other High Mortality Mutants. Viruses 2019; 11:E791. [PMID: 31462006 PMCID: PMC6783925 DOI: 10.3390/v11090791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical severity and observed case fatality ratio of influenza A/H1N1pdm09 in India, particularly in 2015 and 2017 far exceeds current global estimates. Reasons for these frequent and severe epidemic waves remain unclear. We used Bayesian phylodynamic methods to uncover possible genetic explanations for this, while also identifying the transmission dynamics of A/H1N1pdm09 between 2009 and 2017 to inform future public health interventions. We reveal a disproportionate selection at haemagglutinin residue positions associated with increased morbidity and mortality in India such as position 222 and clade 6B characteristic residues, relative to equivalent isolates circulating globally. We also identify for the first time, increased selection at position 186 as potentially explaining the severity of recent A/H1N1pdm09 epidemics in India. We reveal national routes of A/H1N1pdm09 transmission, identifying Maharashtra as the most important state for the spread throughout India, while quantifying climactic, ecological, and transport factors as drivers of within-country transmission. Together these results have important implications for future A/H1N1pdm09 surveillance and control within India, but also for epidemic and pandemic risk prediction around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon C Adam
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Matthew Scotch
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - C Raina MacIntyre
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- College of Public Service & Community Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85004, USA
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5
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Vázquez-Pérez JA, De La Rosa-Zamboni D, Vega-Sánchez ÁE, Gutiérrez-González LH, Téllez-Navarrete NA, Campos F, Guadarrama-Pérez C, Sandoval JL, Castillejos-López M, Jiménez-Juárez RN, Sánchez-Huerta JL, Pérez-Méndez BB, Pérez-Padilla R. Amino acid changes in HA and determinants of pathogenicity associated with influenza virus A H1N1pdm09 during the winter seasons 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 in Mexico. Virus Res 2019; 272:197731. [PMID: 31445105 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Biennial H1N1pdm09 influenza A virus (IAV) epidemics have been associated with major severity of respiratory disease in Mexico. Atypically and in contrast with what happened in USA, Canada and Europe during 2017, an increase of infections due to the H1N1pdm09 pandemic virus instead of H3N2 was observed. In order to determine the viral contribution to severe acute respiratory disease, we characterized the pathogenicity determinants of IAV in Mexico during the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 seasons. The RNA segments of 20 IAV samples were sequenced by NGS platform and phylogenetic analysis was conducted. The analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) sequences established that all virus samples, except one, belong to clade (6B.1). The IAVs presented the substitution S162 N, which introduces a new glycosylation site in the hemagglutinin. We also found the D222 G substitution, which has been associated with a higher tropism towards the lower respiratory tract, and a non-reported insertion of one Ile in NS1 (Ile113). The IAVs from 2016 to 2017 in Mexico belong to the new clade 6B.1. The new glycosylation site in HA (S162 N) is a major change that may affect the efficacy of the current vaccine. We detected in several patients pathogenicity determinants associated with the severity of the respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fernando Campos
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - José Luis Sandoval
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Rogelio Pérez-Padilla
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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6
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Sankar S, Ramamurthy M, Suganya S, Nandagopal B, Sridharan G. Design of peptide epitope from the neuraminidase protein of influenza A and influenza B towards short peptide vaccine development. Bioinformation 2018; 14:183-189. [PMID: 30108413 PMCID: PMC6077822 DOI: 10.6026/97320630014183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses A and B are important human respiratory pathogens causing seasonal, endemic and pandemic infections in several parts of the globe with high morbidity and considerable mortality. The current inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are not effective. Therefore, it is of interest to design universal influenza virus vaccines with high efficacy. The peptide GQSVVSVKLAGNSSL of pandemic influenza, the peptide DKTSVTLAGNSSLCS of seasonal influenza and the peptide DILLKFSPTEITAPT of influenza B were identified as potential linear cell mediated epitopes. The epitopes predicted by BepiPred (B-cell epitope designer) program was subjected to docking experiment-using HexDock and CABS dock programs. The epitopes of pandemic H1N1 influenza A gave similar score of high affinity in docking. The epitope DKTSVTLAGNSSLCS of seasonal influenza A and epitope DILLKFSPTEITAPT of influenza B had high binding energy. It is further observed that the peptides GQSVVSVKLAGNSSL (pandemic influenza), DKTSVTLAGNSSLCS (seasonal influenza) DILLKFSPTEITAPT (influenza B) are found to interact with some known MHC class II alleles. These peptides have high-affinity binding with known MHC class II alleles. Thus, they have the potential to elicit cell immune response. These vaccines have to be further evaluated in animal models and human volunteers. These findings have application in the development of peptide B-cell epitope vaccines against influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Sankar
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore - 632055, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mageshbabu Ramamurthy
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore - 632055, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Suganya
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore - 632055, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balaji Nandagopal
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore - 632055, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopalan Sridharan
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore - 632055, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Canche-Pech JR, Conde-Ferraez L, Puerto-Solis M, Gonzalez-Losa R, Granja-Pérez P, Villanueva-Jorge S, Chan-Gasca M, Gómez-Carballo J, López-Ochoa L, Jiménez-Delgadillo B, Rodríguez-Sánchez I, Ramírez-Prado J, Ayora-Talavera G. Temporal distribution and genetic variants in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulating in Mexico, seasons 2012 and 2013. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189363. [PMID: 29220381 PMCID: PMC5722308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2012 and 2013 annual influenza epidemics in Mexico were characterized by presenting different seasonal patterns. In 2012 the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus caused a high incidence of influenza infections after a two-year period of low circulation; whereas the 2013 epidemic presented circulation of the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus throughout the year. We have characterized the molecular composition of the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) genes of the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus from both epidemic seasons, emphasizing the genetic characteristics of viruses isolated from Yucatan in Southern Mexico. The molecular analysis of viruses from the 2012 revealed that all viruses from Mexico were predominantly grouped in clade 7. Strikingly, the molecular characterization of viruses from 2013 revealed that viruses circulating in Yucatan were genetically different to viruses from other regions of Mexico. In fact, we identified the occurrence of two genetic variants containing relevant mutations at both the HA and NA surface antigens. There was a difference on the temporal circulation of each genetic variant, viruses containing the mutations HA-A141T / NA-N341S were detected in May, June and July; whereas viruses containing the mutations HA-S162I / NA-L206S circulated in August and September. We discuss the significance of these novel genetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Reyes Canche-Pech
- Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan. Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr.Hideyo Noguchi. Av. Centro. C.P. Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Laura Conde-Ferraez
- Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan. Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr.Hideyo Noguchi. Av. Centro. C.P. Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Marylin Puerto-Solis
- Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan. Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr.Hideyo Noguchi. Av. Centro. C.P. Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Refugio Gonzalez-Losa
- Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan. Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr.Hideyo Noguchi. Av. Centro. C.P. Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Pilar Granja-Pérez
- Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Publica. Servicios de Salud de Yucatan, Yucatan, México
| | | | - Maria Chan-Gasca
- Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Publica. Servicios de Salud de Yucatan, Yucatan, México
| | - Jesus Gómez-Carballo
- Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan. Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr.Hideyo Noguchi. Av. Centro. C.P. Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Luisa López-Ochoa
- Unidad de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica de Yucatan, A.C., Calle, Col. Chuburna de Hidalgo, C.P. Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | | | - Iram Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon. Av. Gonzalitos s/n cruce con Av. Madero. Col. Mitras Centro. C.P. Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | | | - Guadalupe Ayora-Talavera
- Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan. Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr.Hideyo Noguchi. Av. Centro. C.P. Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
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