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Creamer DR, Beynon RJ, Hubbard SJ, Ashe MP, Grant CM. Isoform-specific sequestration of protein kinase A fine-tunes intracellular signaling during heat stress. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114360. [PMID: 38865242 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) is a conserved kinase crucial for fundamental biological processes linked to growth, development, and metabolism. The PKA catalytic subunit is expressed as multiple isoforms in diverse eukaryotes; however, their contribution to ensuring signaling specificity in response to environmental cues remains poorly defined. Catalytic subunit activity is classically moderated via interaction with an inhibitory regulatory subunit. Here, a quantitative mass spectrometry approach is used to examine heat-stress-induced changes in the binding of yeast Tpk1-3 catalytic subunits to the Bcy1 regulatory subunit. We show that Tpk3 is not regulated by Bcy1 binding but, instead, is deactivated upon heat stress via reversible sequestration into cytoplasmic granules. These "Tpk3 granules" are enriched for multiple PKA substrates involved in various metabolic processes, with the Hsp42 sequestrase required for their formation. Hence, regulated sequestration of Tpk3 provides a mechanism to control isoform-specific kinase signaling activity during stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan R Creamer
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Robert J Beynon
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Systems and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Simon J Hubbard
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Mark P Ashe
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Chris M Grant
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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2
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Zhou C, Liu L, Jiang M, Wang L, Pan X. Identification of Philaster apodigitiformis in aquaculture and functional characterization of its β-PKA gene and expression analysis of infected Poecilia reticulata. Parasitology 2024; 151:370-379. [PMID: 38343157 PMCID: PMC11044068 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) is a distinctive member of the serine–threonine protein AGC kinase family and an effective kinase for cAMP signal transduction. In recent years, scuticociliate has caused a lot of losses in domestic fishery farming, therefore, we have carried out morphological and molecular biological studies. In this study, diseased guppies (Poecilia reticulata) were collected from an ornamental fish market, and scuticociliate Philaster apodigitiformis Miao et al., 2009 was isolated. In our prior transcriptome sequencing research, we discovered significant expression of the β-PKA gene in P. apodigitiformis during its infection process, leading us to speculate its involvement in pathogenesis. A complete sequence of the β-PKA gene was cloned, and quantified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to analyse or to evaluate the functional characteristics of the β-PKA gene. Morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis based on small subunit rRNA sequence, infection experiments and haematoxylin–eosin staining method were also carried out, in order to study the pathological characteristics and infection mechanism of scuticociliate. The present results showed that: (1) our results revealed that β-PKA is a crucial gene involved in P. apodigitiformis infection in guppies, and the findings provide valuable insights for future studies on scuticociliatosis; (2) we characterized a complete gene, β-PKA, that is generally expressed in parasitic organisms during infection stage and (3) the present study indicates that PKA plays a critical role in scuticociliate when infection occurs by controlling essential steps such as cell growth, development and regulating the activity of the sensory body structures and the irritability system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhou
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Lihui Liu
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Mingyue Jiang
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Xuming Pan
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
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3
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Glebov-McCloud AGP, Saide WS, Gaine ME, Strack S. Protein Kinase A in neurological disorders. J Neurodev Disord 2024; 16:9. [PMID: 38481146 PMCID: PMC10936040 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-024-09525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine 3', 5' monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent Protein Kinase A (PKA) is a multi-functional serine/threonine kinase that regulates a wide variety of physiological processes including gene transcription, metabolism, and synaptic plasticity. Genomic sequencing studies have identified both germline and somatic variants of the catalytic and regulatory subunits of PKA in patients with metabolic and neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review we discuss the classical cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and the disease phenotypes that result from PKA variants. This review highlights distinct isoform-specific cognitive deficits that occur in both PKA catalytic and regulatory subunits, and how tissue-specific distribution of these isoforms may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders in comparison to more generalized endocrine dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G P Glebov-McCloud
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Bowen Science Building, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Walter S Saide
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Bowen Science Building, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Marie E Gaine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy Building, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 180 S. Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stefan Strack
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Bowen Science Building, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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4
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Domingo G, Marsoni M, Chiodaroli L, Fortunato S, Bracale M, De Pinto MC, Gehring C, Vannini C. Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals novel roles of cAMP in plants. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2300165. [PMID: 37264754 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is finally recognized as an essential signaling molecule in plants where cAMP-dependent processes include responses to hormones and environmental stimuli. To better understand the role of 3',5'-cAMP at the systems level, we have undertaken a phosphoproteomic analysis to elucidate the cAMP-dependent response of tobacco BY-2 cells. These cells overexpress a molecular "sponge" that buffers free intracellular cAMP level. The results show that, firstly, in vivo cAMP dampening profoundly affects the plant kinome and notably mitogen-activated protein kinases, receptor-like kinases, and calcium-dependent protein kinases, thereby modulating the cellular responses at the systems level. Secondly, buffering cAMP levels also affects mRNA processing through the modulation of the phosphorylation status of several RNA-binding proteins with roles in splicing, including many serine and arginine-rich proteins. Thirdly, cAMP-dependent phosphorylation targets appear to be conserved among plant species. Taken together, these findings are consistent with an ancient role of cAMP in mRNA processing and cellular programming and suggest that unperturbed cellular cAMP levels are essential for cellular homeostasis and signaling in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Domingo
- Biotechnology and Life Science Department, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Milena Marsoni
- Biotechnology and Life Science Department, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | | | - Marcella Bracale
- Biotechnology and Life Science Department, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Chris Gehring
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Candida Vannini
- Biotechnology and Life Science Department, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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5
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Jeong MH, Urquhart G, Lewis C, Chi Z, Jewell JL. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4D suppresses mTORC1 signaling and pancreatic cancer growth. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e158098. [PMID: 37427586 PMCID: PMC10371348 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) senses multiple upstream stimuli to orchestrate anabolic and catabolic events that regulate cell growth and metabolism. Hyperactivation of mTORC1 signaling is observed in multiple human diseases; thus, pathways that suppress mTORC1 signaling may help to identify new therapeutic targets. Here, we report that phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) promotes pancreatic cancer tumor growth by increasing mTORC1 signaling. GPCRs paired to Gαs proteins activate adenylyl cyclase, which in turn elevates levels of 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), whereas PDEs catalyze the hydrolysis of cAMP to 5'-AMP. PDE4D forms a complex with mTORC1 and is required for mTORC1 lysosomal localization and activation. Inhibition of PDE4D and the elevation of cAMP levels block mTORC1 signaling via Raptor phosphorylation. Moreover, pancreatic cancer exhibits an upregulation of PDE4D expression, and high PDE4D levels predict the poor overall survival of patients with pancreatic cancer. Importantly, FDA-approved PDE4 inhibitors repress pancreatic cancer cell tumor growth in vivo by suppressing mTORC1 signaling. Our results identify PDE4D as an important activator of mTORC1 and suggest that targeting PDE4 with FDA-approved inhibitors may be beneficial for the treatment of human diseases with hyperactivated mTORC1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyeon Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, and
| | - Greg Urquhart
- Department of Molecular Biology
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, and
| | | | - Zhikai Chi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jenna L. Jewell
- Department of Molecular Biology
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, and
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6
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Role of Protein Kinase A Activation in the Immune System with an Emphasis on Lipopolysaccharide-Responsive and Beige-like Anchor Protein in B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043098. [PMID: 36834508 PMCID: PMC9962394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) is a ubiquitous enzymatic complex that is involved in a broad spectrum of intracellular receptor signaling. The activity of PKA depends on A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) that attach to PKAs close to their substrates to control signaling. Although the relevance of PKA-AKAP signaling in the immune system is evident in T cells, its relevance in B and other immune cells remains relatively unclear. In the last decade, lipopolysaccharide-responsive and beige-like anchor protein (LRBA) has emerged as an AKAP that is ubiquitously expressed in B and T cells, specifically after activation. A deficiency of LRBA leads to immune dysregulation and immunodeficiency. The cellular mechanisms regulated by LRBA have not yet been investigated. Therefore, this review summarizes the functions of PKA in immunity and provides the most recent information regarding LRBA deficiency to deepen our understanding of immune regulation and immunological diseases.
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7
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Salimi K, Alvandi M, Saberi Pirouz M, Rakhshan K, Howatson G. Regulating eEF2 and eEF2K in skeletal muscle by exercise. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-12. [PMID: 36633938 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2164898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a flexible and adaptable tissue that strongly responds to exercise training. The skeletal muscle responds to exercise by increasing muscle protein synthesis (MPS) when energy is available. One of protein synthesis's major rate-limiting and critical regulatory steps is the translation elongation pathway. The process of translation elongation in skeletal muscle is highly regulated. It requires elongation factors that are intensely affected by various physiological stimuli such as exercise and the total available energy of cells. Studies have shown that exercise involves the elongation pathway by numerous signalling pathways. Since the elongation pathway, has been far less studied than the other translation steps, its comprehensive prospect and quantitative understanding remain in the dark. This study highlights the current understanding of the effect of exercise training on the translation elongation pathway focussing on the molecular factors affecting the pathway, including Ca2+, AMPK, PKA, mTORC1/P70S6K, MAPKs, and myostatin. We further discussed the mode and volume of exercise training intervention on the translation elongation pathway.What is the topic of this review? This review summarises the impacts of exercise training on the translation elongation pathway in skeletal muscle focussing on eEF2 and eEF2K.What advances does it highlight? This review highlights mechanisms and factors that profoundly influence the translation elongation pathway and argues that exercise might modulate the response. This review also combines the experimental observations focussing on the regulation of translation elongation during and after exercise. The findings widen our horizon to the notion of mechanisms involved in muscle protein synthesis (MPS) through translation elongation response to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia Salimi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Alvandi
- Department of Biological Science in Sport and Health, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Saberi Pirouz
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Rakhshan
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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8
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Cavalcante IP, Berthon A, Fragoso MC, Reincke M, Stratakis CA, Ragazzon B, Bertherat J. Primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia: definitely a genetic disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:699-711. [PMID: 35922573 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH) is an adrenal cause of Cushing syndrome. Nowadays, a PBMAH diagnosis is more frequent than previously, as a result of progress in the diagnostic methods for adrenal incidentalomas, which are widely available. Although some rare syndromic forms of PBMAH are known to be of genetic origin, non-syndromic forms of PBMAH have only been recognized as a genetic disease in the past 10 years. Genomics studies have highlighted the molecular heterogeneity of PBMAH and identified molecular subgroups, allowing improved understanding of the clinical heterogeneity of this disease. Furthermore, the generation of these subgroups permitted the identification of new genes responsible for PBMAH. Constitutive inactivating variants in ARMC5 and KDM1A are responsible for the development of distinct forms of PBMAH. To date, pathogenic variants of ARMC5 are responsible for 20-25% of PBMAH, whereas germline KDM1A alterations have been identified in >90% of PBMAH causing food-dependent Cushing syndrome. The identification of pathogenic variants in ARMC5 and KDM1A demonstrated that PBMAH, despite mostly being diagnosed in adults aged 45-60 years, is a genetic disorder. This Review summarizes the important progress made in the past 10 years in understanding the genetics of PBMAH, which have led to a better understanding of the pathophysiology, opening new clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora P Cavalcante
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Annabel Berthon
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Maria C Fragoso
- Department of Endocrinology, Adrenal Unit, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | | | - Bruno Ragazzon
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Department of Endocrinology and National Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Disorders, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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9
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A comprehensive review on acridone based derivatives as future anti-cancer agents and their structure activity relationships. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 239:114527. [PMID: 35717872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The development of drug resistance and severe side-effects has reduced the clinical efficacy of the existing anti-cancer drugs available in the market. Thus, there is always a constant need to develop newer anti-cancer drugs with minimal adverse effects. Researchers all over the world have been focusing on various alternative strategies to discover novel, potent, and target specific molecules for cancer therapy. In this direction, several heterocyclic compounds are being explored but amongst them one promising heterocycle is acridone which has attracted the attention of medicinal chemists and gained huge biological importance as acridones are found to act on different therapeutically proven molecular targets, overcome ABC transporters mediated drug resistance and DNA intercalation in cancer cells. Some of these acridone derivatives have reached clinical studies as these heterocycles have shown huge potential in cancer therapeutics and imaging. Here, the authors have attempted to compile and make some recommendations of acridone based derivatives concerning their cancer biological targets and in vitro-cytotoxicity based on drug design and novelty to increase their therapeutic potential. This review also provides some important insights on the design, receptor targeting and future directions for the development of acridones as possible clinically effective anti-cancer agents.
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10
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Tang C, Li J, Yang Z, Chen Y, Zeng C. Different lipid metabolic profiles and their associated genes in sessile serrated adenoma or polyps compared to hyperplastic polyps. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:1982-1994. [PMID: 35693083 PMCID: PMC9185600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The serrated pathway is important in the development of colorectal cancer; currently, knowledge about the lipid metabolism profiles of serrated lesions is limited. Clinical characteristics were compared via Pearson's chi-squared test, nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and ANOVA. For some missing values, the MCAR test and multiple imputations were performed. Compared to patients with HP, the rates of younger patients (<50) and male patients with SSA or SSP were increased (P<0.05). Additionally, the BMI index and triglyceride levels were increased in patients with SSA or SSP. Inversely, patients with SSA/P had lower levels of HDL (P<0.05). Interestingly, the value of uric acid and tumor size in SSA/P patients tended to be greater than those in HP patients, and the ratio of patients who smoked was also increased. Other characteristics, such as LDL, ALB, γ-GT, and the N/L ratio, were similar among the subtypes of serrated lesions. Analysis of GEO data (GSE43841) showed that 9 genes were associated with lipid metabolism, including ADRB3, DEGS2, PRKACB, SLC44A1, and CA4. PRKACB was downregulated in SSA/P tissue compared to HP tissue samples from the GSE76987 dataset and our hospital. In conclusion, compared to benign HP, lower HDL levels and higher triglyceride levels tended to occur in CRC precursor SSA/P lesions, and these factors may be associated with metabolic genomic markers, such as PRKACB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaotao Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Youxiang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chunyan Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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11
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D’Incal C, Broos J, Torfs T, Kooy RF, Vanden Berghe W. Towards Kinase Inhibitor Therapies for Fragile X Syndrome: Tweaking Twists in the Autism Spectrum Kinase Signaling Network. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081325. [PMID: 35456004 PMCID: PMC9029738 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Absence of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) causes autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability, commonly referred to as the Fragile X syndrome. FMRP is a negative regulator of protein translation and is essential for neuronal development and synapse formation. FMRP is a target for several post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation and methylation, which tightly regulate its cellular functions. Studies have indicated the involvement of FMRP in a multitude of cellular pathways, and an absence of FMRP was shown to affect several neurotransmitter receptors, for example, the GABA receptor and intracellular signaling molecules such as Akt, ERK, mTOR, and GSK3. Interestingly, many of these molecules function as protein kinases or phosphatases and thus are potentially amendable by pharmacological treatment. Several treatments acting on these kinase-phosphatase systems have been shown to be successful in preclinical models; however, they have failed to convincingly show any improvements in clinical trials. In this review, we highlight the different protein kinase and phosphatase studies that have been performed in the Fragile X syndrome. In our opinion, some of the paradoxical study conclusions are potentially due to the lack of insight into integrative kinase signaling networks in the disease. Quantitative proteome analyses have been performed in several models for the FXS to determine global molecular processes in FXS. However, only one phosphoproteomics study has been carried out in Fmr1 knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and it showed dysfunctional protein kinase and phosphatase signaling hubs in the brain. This suggests that the further use of phosphoproteomics approaches in Fragile X syndrome holds promise for identifying novel targets for kinase inhibitor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D’Incal
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.D.); (J.B.); (T.T.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Jitse Broos
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.D.); (J.B.); (T.T.)
| | - Thierry Torfs
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.D.); (J.B.); (T.T.)
| | - R. Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.D.); (J.B.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0032-(0)-32-652-657
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12
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Ahmadi-Mahmoodabadi N, Emamghoreishi M, Nasehi M, Zarrindast MR. The bidirectional effect of prelimbic 5-hydroxytryptamine type-4 (5-HT4) receptors on ACPA-mediated aversive memory impairment in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:726-733. [PMID: 34630949 PMCID: PMC8487599 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.49501.11317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed at investigating the effect of serotonergic 5-HT4 receptor agonist/antagonist on memory consolidation deficit induced by ACPA (a potent, selective CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonist) in the pre-limbic (PL) cortex. Materials and Methods We used the step-through passive avoidance test to evaluate memory consolidation of male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Bilateral post-training microinjections of the drugs were done in a volume of 0.6 μl/rat into the PL area (0.3 μl per side). Results The results showed a significant interaction between RS67333 hydrochloride (5-HT4 receptor agonist) or RS23597-190 hydrochloride (5-HT4 receptor antagonist) and ACPA on consolidation of aversive memory. RS67333 hydrochloride (0.5 μg/rat) enhanced consolidation of memory and its co-administration at the ineffective dose of 0.005 μg/rat with ineffective (0.001 μg/rat) or effective (0.1 μg/rat) doses of ACPA improved and prevented impairment of memory caused by ACPA, respectively. In other words, RS67333 had a bidirectional effect on ACPA-caused amnesia. While RS23597-190 hydrochloride had no effect on memory at the doses used (0.005, 0.01, 0.1, or 0.5 μg/rat); but its concomitant use with an effective dose of ACPA (0.1 μg/rat) potentiated amnesia. None of the drugs had an effect on locomotor activity. Conclusion This study revealed that activation or deactivation of the 5-HT4 receptors in the PL may mediate the IA memory impairment induced by ACPA indicating a modulatory role for the 5-HT4 serotonergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargol Ahmadi-Mahmoodabadi
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Basic Sciences, Campus of Shahid Bahonar, Farhangian University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Emamghoreishi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran.,Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Ramms DJ, Raimondi F, Arang N, Herberg FW, Taylor SS, Gutkind JS. G αs-Protein Kinase A (PKA) Pathway Signalopathies: The Emerging Genetic Landscape and Therapeutic Potential of Human Diseases Driven by Aberrant G αs-PKA Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:155-197. [PMID: 34663687 PMCID: PMC11060502 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the fundamental concepts of signal transduction and kinase activity are attributed to the discovery and crystallization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, or protein kinase A. PKA is one of the best-studied kinases in human biology, with emphasis in biochemistry and biophysics, all the way to metabolism, hormone action, and gene expression regulation. It is surprising, however, that our understanding of PKA's role in disease is largely underappreciated. Although genetic mutations in the PKA holoenzyme are known to cause diseases such as Carney complex, Cushing syndrome, and acrodysostosis, the story largely stops there. With the recent explosion of genomic medicine, we can finally appreciate the broader role of the Gαs-PKA pathway in disease, with contributions from aberrant functioning G proteins and G protein-coupled receptors, as well as multiple alterations in other pathway components and negative regulators. Together, these represent a broad family of diseases we term the Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies. The Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies encompass diseases caused by germline, postzygotic, and somatic mutations in the Gαs-PKA pathway, with largely endocrine and neoplastic phenotypes. Here, we present a signaling-centric review of Gαs-PKA-driven pathophysiology and integrate computational and structural analysis to identify mutational themes commonly exploited by the Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies. Major mutational themes include hotspot activating mutations in Gαs, encoded by GNAS, and mutations that destabilize the PKA holoenzyme. With this review, we hope to incite further study and ultimately the development of new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of a wide range of human diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Little recognition is given to the causative role of Gαs-PKA pathway dysregulation in disease, with effects ranging from infectious disease, endocrine syndromes, and many cancers, yet these disparate diseases can all be understood by common genetic themes and biochemical signaling connections. By highlighting these common pathogenic mechanisms and bridging multiple disciplines, important progress can be made toward therapeutic advances in treating Gαs-PKA pathway-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana J Ramms
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Nadia Arang
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
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14
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Ragone A, Salzillo A, Spina A, Zappavigna S, Caraglia M, Sapio L, Naviglio S. Protein Kinase A Detection in Human Urine Samples. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4096. [PMID: 34575203 PMCID: PMC8464865 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Actively involved in tumor maintenance, cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) has been proposed as a putative biomarker in cancer. Recently, an active PKA form has been identified in human sera and PKA autoantibodies have been detected in cancer patients. However, their serum functions, as well as diagnostic significance, remain largely unknown. Although several PKA detection assays have been developed, none refer to a laboratory diagnostic procedure. Among these, ELISA and Western blotting (WB) assays have been employed in PKA detection. Since, to the best of our knowledge, there are no data showing its presence in human urine samples, herein, we explore the possibility of PKA's existence in this biological specimen. Interestingly, among the 30 screened urines by quantitative sandwich ELISA, we recognized detectable PKA levels in 5 different samples, and of those two exhibited a considerable high concentration. To corroborate these results, we also evaluated PKA's presence in both positive and negative ELISA urines by WB. Remarkably, immunoblotting analysis confirmed PKA's existence in certain, but not in all, human urine specimens. Despite being quite preliminary, these findings firstly identify PKA in urine samples and provide evidence for its potential clinic usage as a diagnostic analyte in laboratory medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luigi Sapio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (S.Z.); (M.C.); (S.N.)
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15
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Grisan F, Iannucci LF, Surdo NC, Gerbino A, Zanin S, Di Benedetto G, Pozzan T, Lefkimmiatis K. PKA compartmentalization links cAMP signaling and autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2436-2449. [PMID: 33742135 PMCID: PMC8328970 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated degradative process crucial for maintaining cell homeostasis. This important catabolic mechanism can be nonspecific, but usually occurs with fine spatial selectivity (compartmentalization), engaging only specific subcellular sites. While the molecular machines driving autophagy are well understood, the involvement of localized signaling events in this process is not well defined. Among the pathways that regulate autophagy, the cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) cascade can be compartmentalized in distinct functional units called microdomains. However, while it is well established that, depending on the cell type, cAMP can inhibit or promote autophagy, the role of cAMP/PKA microdomains has not been tested. Here we show not only that the effects on autophagy of the same cAMP elevation differ in different cell types, but that they depend on a highly complex sub-compartmentalization of the signaling cascade. We show in addition that, in HT-29 cells, in which autophagy is modulated by cAMP rising treatments, PKA activity is strictly regulated in space and time by phosphatases, which largely prevent the phosphorylation of soluble substrates, while membrane-bound targets are less sensitive to the action of these enzymes. Interestingly, we also found that the subcellular distribution of PKA type-II regulatory PKA subunits hinders the effect of PKA on autophagy, while displacement of type-I regulatory PKA subunits has no effect. Our data demonstrate that local PKA activity can occur independently of local cAMP concentrations and provide strong evidence for a link between localized PKA signaling events and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Grisan
- Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Liliana F Iannucci
- Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta C Surdo
- Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Sofia Zanin
- Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulietta Di Benedetto
- Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Lefkimmiatis
- Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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16
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Taylor SS, Søberg K, Kobori E, Wu J, Pautz S, Herberg FW, Skålhegg BS. The tails of PKA. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 101:219-225. [PMID: 34330820 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic subunit of PKA is regulated by two tails that each wrap around the N- and C-lobes of the kinase core. While the Ct-Tail is classified as an intrinsically disordered region (IDR), the Nt-Tail is dominated by a strong helix that is flanked by short IDRs. In contrast to the Ct-Tail, which is a conserved and highly regulated feature of all AGC kinases, the Nt-Tail has evolved more recently and is not even conserved in non-mammalian PKAs. In addition, and most importantly, there is a large family of Cb subunits that are highly expressed in mammalian cells in a tissue-specific manner. While we know so much about the Ca1 subunit, we know almost nothing about these Cb isoforms where Cb2 is highly expressed in lymphocytes and Cb3 and Cb4 isoforms account for ~50% of PKA signaling in brain. Based on recent disease mutations, the Cb proteins appear to be functionally important and non-redundant with the Ca isoforms. Imaging in retina also supports non-redundant roles for Cb as well as isoform-specific localization to mitochondria. This represents a new frontier in PKA signaling. Significance Statement How tails and adjacent domains regulate each protein kinase is a fundamental challenge for the biological community. Here we highlight how the N- and C-terminal tails of PKA (Nt-Tails/Ct-Tails) regulate the structure and function of the kinase core and show the combinatorial variations that are introduced into the Nt-Tail of the Ca and Cb subunits of PKA in contrast to the Ct-Tail which is conserved across the entire AGC subfamily of protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristoffer Søberg
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway, Norway
| | - Evan Kobori
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0654,, United States
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0654,, United States
| | - Sabine Pautz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, 34132 Kassel, Germany, Germany
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PKA Cβ: a forgotten catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase opens new windows for PKA signaling and disease pathologies. Biochem J 2021; 478:2101-2119. [PMID: 34115095 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) dependent protein kinase or protein kinase A (PKA) has served as a prototype for the large family of protein kinases that are crucially important for signal transduction in eukaryotic cells. The PKA catalytic subunits are encoded by the two major genes PRKACA and PRKACB, respectively. The PRKACA gene encodes two known splice variants, the ubiquitously expressed Cα1 and the sperm-specifically expressed Cα2. In contrast, the PRKACB gene encodes several splice variants expressed in a highly cell and tissue-specific manner. The Cβ proteins are called Cβ1, Cβ2, Cβ3, Cβ4 and so-called abc variants of Cβ3 and Cβ4. Whereas Cβ1 is ubiquitously expressed, Cβ2 is enriched in immune cells and the Cβ3, Cβ4 and their abc variants are solely expressed in neuronal cells. All Cα and Cβ splice variants share a kinase-conserved catalytic core and a C-terminal tail encoded by exons 2 through 10 in the PRKACA and PRKACB genes, respectively. All Cα and Cβ splice variants with the exception of Cα1 and Cβ1 are hyper-variable at the N-terminus. Here, we will discuss how the PRKACA and PRKACB genes have developed as paralogs that encode distinct and functionally non-redundant proteins. The fact that Cα and Cβ splice variant mutations are associated with numerous diseases further opens new windows for PKA-induced disease pathologies.
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18
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Taylor SS, Wu J, Bruystens JGH, Del Rio JC, Lu TW, Kornev AP, Ten Eyck LF. From structure to the dynamic regulation of a molecular switch: A journey over 3 decades. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100746. [PMID: 33957122 PMCID: PMC8144671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to imagine where the signaling community would be today without the Protein Data Bank. This visionary resource, established in the 1970s, has been an essential partner for sharing information between academics and industry for over 3 decades. We describe here the history of our journey with the protein kinases using cAMP-dependent protein kinase as a prototype. We summarize what we have learned since the first structure, published in 1991, why our journey is still ongoing, and why it has been essential to share our structural information. For regulation of kinase activity, we focus on the cAMP-binding protein kinase regulatory subunits. By exploring full-length macromolecular complexes, we discovered not only allostery but also an essential motif originally attributed to crystal packing. Massive genomic data on disease mutations allows us to now revisit crystal packing as a treasure chest of possible protein:protein interfaces where the biological significance and disease relevance can be validated. It provides a new window into exploring dynamic intrinsically disordered regions that previously were deleted, ignored, or attributed to crystal packing. Merging of crystallography with cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-electron tomography, NMR, and millisecond molecular dynamics simulations is opening a new world for the signaling community where those structure coordinates, deposited in the Protein Data Bank, are just a starting point!
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jessica G H Bruystens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jason C Del Rio
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tsan-Wen Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alexandr P Kornev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Lynn F Ten Eyck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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19
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Panagopoulos I, Heim S. Interstitial Deletions Generating Fusion Genes. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 18:167-196. [PMID: 33893073 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A fusion gene is the physical juxtaposition of two different genes resulting in a structure consisting of the head of one gene and the tail of the other. Gene fusion is often a primary neoplasia-inducing event in leukemias, lymphomas, solid malignancies as well as benign tumors. Knowledge about fusion genes is crucial not only for our understanding of tumorigenesis, but also for the diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment of cancer. Balanced chromosomal rearrangements, in particular translocations and inversions, are the most frequent genetic events leading to the generation of fusion genes. In the present review, we summarize the existing knowledge on chromosome deletions as a mechanism for fusion gene formation. Such deletions are mostly submicroscopic and, hence, not detected by cytogenetic analyses but by array comparative genome hybridization (aCGH) and/or high throughput sequencing (HTS). They are found across the genome in a variety of neoplasias. As tumors are increasingly analyzed using aCGH and HTS, it is likely that more interstitial deletions giving rise to fusion genes will be found, significantly impacting our understanding and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Panagopoulos
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Sverre Heim
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Tanski D, Skowronska A, Tanska M, Lepiarczyk E, Skowronski MT. The In Vitro Effect of Steroid Hormones, Arachidonic Acid, and Kinases Inhibitors on Aquaporin 1, 2, 5, and 7 Gene Expression in the Porcine Uterine Luminal Epithelial Cells during the Estrous Cycle. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040832. [PMID: 33917112 PMCID: PMC8067835 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are integral membrane proteins, which play an important role in water homeostasis in the uterus. According to the literature, the expression of aquaporins in reproductive structures depends on the local hormonal milieu. The current study investigated the effect of selected PKA kinase inhibitor H89 and MAPK kinase inhibitor PD98059, on the expression of AQP1, 2, 5, and 7, and steroid hormones (E2), progesterone (P4), and arachidonic acid (AA) in the porcine endometrium on days 18–20 and 2–4 of the estrous cycle (the follicular phase where estrogen and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are secreted increasingly in preparation for estrus and the luteal phase where the ovarian follicles begin the process of luteinization with the formation of the corpus luteum and progesterone secretion, respectively). The luminal epithelial cells were incubated in vitro in the presence of the aforementioned factors. The expression of mRNA was determined by the quantitative real-time PCR technique. In general, in Experiment 1, steroid hormones significantly increased expression of AQP1, 2, and 5 while arachidonic acid increased expression of AQP2 and AQP7. On the other hand, MAPK kinase inhibitor significantly decreased the expression of AQP1 and 5. In Experiment 2, E2, P4, or AA combined with kinase inhibitors differentially affected on AQPs expression. E2 in combination with PKA inhibitor significantly decreased expression of AQP1 but E2 or P4 combined with this inhibitor increased the expression of AQP5 and 7. On the contrary, E2 with PD98059 significantly increased AQP5 and AQP7 expression. Progesterone in combination with MAPK kinase inhibitor significantly downregulated the expression of AQP5 and upregulated AQP7. Arachidonic acid mixed with H89 or PD98059 caused a decrease in the expression of AQP5 and an increase of AQP7. The obtained results indicate that estradiol, progesterone, and arachidonic acid through PKA and MAPK signaling pathways regulate the expression of AQP1 and AQP5 in the porcine luminal epithelial cells in the periovulatory period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Tanski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-752 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Skowronska
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-752 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.S.); (E.L.)
| | - Malgorzata Tanska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Ewa Lepiarczyk
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-752 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.S.); (E.L.)
| | - Mariusz T. Skowronski
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (M.T.S.)
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21
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Adenylate control in cAMP signaling: implications for adaptation in signalosomes. Biochem J 2021; 477:2981-2998. [PMID: 32722762 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In cAMP-Protein Kinase A (PKA) signaling, A-kinase anchoring protein scaffolds assemble PKA in close proximity to phosphodiesterases (PDE), kinase-substrates to form signaling islands or 'signalosomes'. In its basal state, inactive PKA holoenzyme (R2:C2) is activated by binding of cAMP to regulatory (R)-subunits leading to dissociation of active catalytic (C)-subunits. PDEs hydrolyze cAMP-bound to the R-subunits to generate 5'-AMP for termination and resetting the cAMP signaling. Mechanistic basis for cAMP signaling has been derived primarily by focusing on the proteins in isolation. Here, we set out to simulate cAMP signaling activation-termination cycles in a signalosome-like environment with PDEs and PKA subunits in close proximity to each other. Using a combination of fluorescence polarization and amide hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry with regulatory (RIα), C-subunit (Cα) and PDE8 catalytic domain, we have tracked movement of cAMP through activation-termination cycles. cAMP signaling operates as a continuum of four phases: (1) Activation and dissociation of PKA into R- and C-subunits by cAMP and facilitated by substrate (2) PDE recruitment to R-subunits (3) Hydrolysis of cAMP to 5'-AMP (4) Reassociation of C-subunit to 5'-AMP-bound-RIα in the presence of excess ATP to reset cAMP signaling to form the inactive PKA holoenzyme. Our results demonstrate that 5'-AMP is not merely a passive hydrolysis end-product of PDE action. A 'ligand-free' state R subunit does not exist in signalosomes as previously assumed. Instead the R-subunit toggles between cAMP- or 5'-AMP bound forms. This highlights, for the first time, the importance of 5'-AMP in promoting adaptation and uncovers adenylate control in cAMP signaling.
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Chronic exposure of humans to high level natural background radiation leads to robust expression of protective stress response proteins. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1777. [PMID: 33469066 PMCID: PMC7815775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding exposures to low doses of ionizing radiation are relevant since most environmental, diagnostic radiology and occupational exposures lie in this region. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive cellular responses at these doses, and the subsequent health outcomes, remain unclear. A local monazite-rich high level natural radiation area (HLNRA) in the state of Kerala on the south-west coast of Indian subcontinent show radiation doses extending from ≤ 1 to ≥ 45 mGy/y and thus, serve as a model resource to understand low dose mechanisms directly on healthy humans. We performed quantitative discovery proteomics based on multiplexed isobaric tags (iTRAQ) coupled with LC–MS/MS on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HLNRA individuals. Several proteins involved in diverse biological processes such as DNA repair, RNA processing, chromatin modifications and cytoskeletal organization showed distinct expression in HLNRA individuals, suggestive of both recovery and adaptation to low dose radiation. In protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks, YWHAZ (14-3-3ζ) emerged as the top-most hub protein that may direct phosphorylation driven pro-survival cellular processes against radiation stress. PPI networks also identified an integral role for the cytoskeletal protein ACTB, signaling protein PRKACA; and the molecular chaperone HSPA8. The data will allow better integration of radiation biology and epidemiology for risk assessment [Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD022380].
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Adhikari N, Kuburich NA, Hadwiger JA. Mitogen-activated protein kinase regulation of the phosphodiesterase RegA in early Dictyostelium development. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2020; 166:129-140. [PMID: 31730032 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) regulation of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase function has been demonstrated in mammalian cells and suspected to occur in other eukaryotes. Epistasis analysis in the soil amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum suggests the atypical MAPK Erk2 downregulates the function of the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase RegA to regulate progression of the developmental life cycle. A putative MAPK docking motif located near a predicted MAPK phosphorylation site was characterized for contributions to RegA function and binding to Erk2 because a similar docking motif has been previously characterized in the mammalian PDE4D phosphodiesterase. The overexpression of RegA with alterations to this docking motif (RegAD-) restored RegA function to regA- cells based on developmental phenotypes, but low-level expression of RegAD- from the endogenous regA promoter failed to rescue wild-type morphogenesis. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that Erk2 associates with both RegA and RegAD-, suggesting the docking motif is not required for this association. Epistasis analysis between regA and the only other Dictyostelium MAPK, erk1, suggests Erk1 and RegA can function in different pathways but that some erk1- phenotypes may require cAMP signalling. These results imply that MAPK downregulation of RegA in Dictyostelium is accomplished through a different mechanism than MAPK regulation of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases in mammalian cells and that the regulation in Dictyostelium does not require a proximal MAPK docking motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirakar Adhikari
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3020, USA
| | - Nick A Kuburich
- Present address: Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3020, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hadwiger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3020, USA
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Baro Graf C, Ritagliati C, Stival C, Luque GM, Gentile I, Buffone MG, Krapf D. Everything you ever wanted to know about PKA regulation and its involvement in mammalian sperm capacitation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110992. [PMID: 32853743 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The 3', 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a tetrameric holoenzyme comprising a set of two regulatory subunits (PKA-R) and two catalytic (PKA-C) subunits. The PKA-R subunits act as sensors of cAMP and allow PKA-C activity. One of the first signaling events observed during mammalian sperm capacitation is PKA activation. Thus, understanding how PKA activity is restricted in space and time is crucial to decipher the critical steps of sperm capacitation. It is widely accepted that PKA specificity depends on several levels of regulation. Anchoring proteins play a pivotal role in achieving proper localization signaling, subcellular targeting and cAMP microdomains. These multi-factorial regulation steps are necessary for a precise spatio-temporal activation of PKA. Here we discuss recent understanding of regulatory mechanisms of PKA in mammalian sperm, such as post-translational modifications, in the context of its role as the master orchestrator of molecular events conducive to capacitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Baro Graf
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction Networks, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET-UNR, Rosario, Argentina; Laboratorio de Medicina Reproductiva (LMR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carla Ritagliati
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction Networks, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET-UNR, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cintia Stival
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction Networks, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET-UNR, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Guillermina M Luque
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Reproductive Biology, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iñaki Gentile
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction Networks, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET-UNR, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mariano G Buffone
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Reproductive Biology, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dario Krapf
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction Networks, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET-UNR, Rosario, Argentina; Laboratorio de Medicina Reproductiva (LMR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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Ji S, Sun J, Bian C, Huang X, Chang Z, Yang M, Lu RH, Ji H. cAMP-dependent protein kinase A in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella: Molecular characterization, gene structure, tissue distribution and mRNA expression in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced adipocyte lipolysis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 250:110479. [PMID: 32687978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA), one of the most widely studied protein kinases, has many functions in cells, including regulating the metabolism of sugar and lipid. Here we identified nine isoforms of the PKA family in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and obtained their complete coding sequences (CDS), including PRKACAa, PRKACAb, PRKACBa, PRKACBb, PRKAR1A, PRKAR1B, PRKAR2Aa, PRKAR2Ab and PRKAR2B, and PRKACA, PRKACB and PRKAR2A, which may experience fish-specific genome duplication. Sequence analysis showed that the predicted protein structures of PKA gene family members in grass carp were different. Grass carp PRKACAa, PRKACAb, PRKACBa, and PRKACBb contained serine/threonine protein kinases, while PRKAR1A, PRKAR1B, PRKAR2Aa, PRKAR2Ab and PRKAR2B contained two cyclic nucleotide-monophosphate binding domains. PRKACAa, PRKACBa, PRKACBb, PRKAR1A, PRKAR1B and PRKAR2Aa contained 10 coding exons, while PRKACAb and PRKAR2Ab consisted of 12 coding exons and 5 coding exons, respectively. The messenger RNA (mRNA) of the nine PKA isoforms was detected in a wide range of tissues, but their abundance showed tissue-dependent expression patterns. In tunicamycin-induced adipocyte lipolysis, only the mRNA levels of PRKACAb and PRKACBa showed a significant increase in adipocyte (p < .05), indicating that nine PKA isoforms may serve somewhat different roles in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated lipolysis in fish. These results suggested that nine grass carp PKA isoforms may play different roles in tissues, and their expression levels were differently modulated by ER stress in adipocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanghong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chenchen Bian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaocheng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhiguang Chang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Rong-Hua Lu
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Trcka F, Durech M, Vankova P, Vandova V, Simoncik O, Kavan D, Vojtesek B, Muller P, Man P. The interaction of the mitochondrial protein importer TOMM34 with HSP70 is regulated by TOMM34 phosphorylation and binding to 14-3-3 adaptors. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8928-8944. [PMID: 32371396 PMCID: PMC7335785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 34 (TOMM34) orchestrates heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)/HSP90-mediated transport of mitochondrial precursor proteins. Here, using in vitro phosphorylation and refolding assays, analytical size-exclusion chromatography, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange MS, we found that TOMM34 associates with 14-3-3 proteins after its phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). PKA preferentially targeted two serine residues in TOMM34: Ser93 and Ser160, located in the tetratricopeptide repeat 1 (TPR1) domain and the interdomain linker, respectively. Both of these residues were necessary for efficient 14-3-3 protein binding. We determined that phosphorylation-induced structural changes in TOMM34 are further augmented by binding to 14-3-3, leading to destabilization of TOMM34's secondary structure. We also observed that this interaction with 14-3-3 occludes the TOMM34 interaction interface with ATP-bound HSP70 dimers, which leaves them intact and thereby eliminates an inhibitory effect of TOMM34 on HSP70-mediated refolding in vitro In contrast, we noted that TOMM34 in complex with 14-3-3 could bind HSP90. Both TOMM34 and 14-3-3 participated in cytosolic precursor protein transport mediated by the coordinated activities of HSP70 and HSP90. Our results provide important insights into how PKA-mediated phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding regulate the availability of TOMM34 for its interaction with HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Trcka
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Durech
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Vankova
- BioCeV, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vandova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oliver Simoncik
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Kavan
- BioCeV, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Muller
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Man
- BioCeV, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
The rediscovery and reinterpretation of the Warburg effect in the year 2000 occulted for almost a decade the key functions exerted by mitochondria in cancer cells. Until recent times, the scientific community indeed focused on constitutive glycolysis as a hallmark of cancer cells, which it is not, largely ignoring the contribution of mitochondria to the malignancy of oxidative and glycolytic cancer cells, being Warburgian or merely adapted to hypoxia. In this review, we highlight that mitochondria are not only powerhouses in some cancer cells, but also dynamic regulators of life, death, proliferation, motion and stemness in other types of cancer cells. Similar to the cells that host them, mitochondria are capable to adapt to tumoral conditions, and probably to evolve to ‘oncogenic mitochondria' capable of transferring malignant capacities to recipient cells. In the wider quest of metabolic modulators of cancer, treatments have already been identified targeting mitochondria in cancer cells, but the field is still in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Grasso
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luca X Zampieri
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tânia Capelôa
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Justine A Van de Velde
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
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Swimming regulations for protein kinase A catalytic subunit. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1355-1366. [PMID: 31671183 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) plays a central role in important biological processes including synaptic plasticity and sympathetic stimulation of the heart. Elevations of cAMP trigger release of PKA catalytic (C) subunits from PKA holoenzymes, thereby coupling cAMP to protein phosphorylation. Uncontrolled C subunit activity, such as occurs in genetic disorders in which regulatory subunits are depleted, is pathological. Anchoring proteins that associate with PKA regulatory subunits are important for localising PKA activity in cells. However, anchoring does not directly explain how unrestrained 'free swimming' of C subunits is avoided following C subunit release. In this review, I discuss new mechanisms that have been posited to account for this old problem. One straightforward explanation is that cAMP does not trigger C subunit dissociation but instead activates intact PKA holoenzymes whose activity is restrained through anchoring. A comprehensive comparison of observations for and against cAMP-activation of intact PKA holoenzymes does not lend credence to this mechanism. Recent measurements have revealed that PKA regulatory subunits are expressed at very high concentrations, and in large molar excess relative to C subunits. I discuss the implications of these skewed PKA subunit concentrations, before considering how phosphorylation of type II regulatory subunits and myristylation of C subunits are likely to contribute to controlling C subunit diffusion and recapture in cells. Finally, I speculate on future research directions that may be pursued on the basis of these emerging mechanisms.
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Singulani MP, Pereira CPM, Ferreira AFF, Garcia PC, Ferrari GD, Alberici LC, Britto LR. Impairment of PGC-1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis precedes mitochondrial dysfunction and Alzheimer's pathology in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 2020; 133:110882. [PMID: 32084533 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial dysfunction is a prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the extent to which the impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis influences mitochondrial dysfunction at the onset and during progression of AD is still unclear. Our study demonstrated that the protein expression pattern of the transcription factor pCREB/CREB, together with the protein expression of PGC-1α, NRF1 and TFAM are all significantly reduced in early ages of 3xTg-AD mice. We also found reduced mRNA expression levels of PKAC-α, CREB, PGC-1α, NRF1, NRF2 and TFAM as early as 1 month-of-age, an age at which there was no significant Aβ oligomer deposition, suggesting that mitochondrial biogenesis is likely impaired in ages preceding the development of the AD pathology. In addition, there was a decrease in VDAC2 expression, which is related to mitochondrial content and mitochondrial function, as demonstrated by protein expression of complex IV, as well as complex II + III, and complex IV activities, at later ages in 3xTg-AD mice. These results suggest that the impairment in mitochondrial biogenesis signaling mediated by PGC-1α at early ages of the AD mice model likely resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and manifestation of the AD pathology at later ages. Taken together, enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis may represent a potential pharmacological approach for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Patricio Singulani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Ana Flávia Fernandes Ferreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Crespo Garcia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Duarte Ferrari
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luciane Carla Alberici
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto Britto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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30
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Dey S, Brothag C, Vijayaraghavan S. Signaling Enzymes Required for Sperm Maturation and Fertilization in Mammals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:341. [PMID: 31921853 PMCID: PMC6930163 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, motility and fertilizing ability of spermatozoa develop during their passage through the epididymis. After ejaculation, sperm undergo capacitation and hyperactivation in the female reproductive tract - a motility transition that is required for sperm penetration of the egg. Both epididymal initiation of sperm motility and hyperactivation are essential for male fertility. Motility initiation in the epididymis and sperm hyperactivation involve changes in metabolism, cAMP (cyclic adenosine mono-phosphate), calcium and pH acting through protein kinases and phosphatases. Despite this knowledge, we still do not understand, in biochemical terms, how sperm acquire motility in the epididymis and how motility is altered in the female reproductive tract. Recent data show that the sperm specific protein phosphatase PP1γ2, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), and the calcium regulated phosphatase calcineurin (PP2B), are involved in epididymal sperm maturation. The protein phosphatase PP1γ2 is present only in testis and sperm in mammals. PP1γ2 has a isoform-specific requirement for normal function of mammalian sperm. Sperm PP1γ2 is regulated by three proteins - inhibitor 2, inhibitor 3 and SDS22. Changes in phosphorylation of these three inhibitors and their binding to PP1γ2 are involved in initiation and activation of sperm motility. The inhibitors are phosphorylated by protein kinases, one of which is GSK3. The isoform GSK3α is essential for epididymal sperm maturation and fertility. Calcium levels dramatically decrease during sperm maturation and initiation of motility suggesting that the calcium activated sperm phosphatase (PP2B) activity also decreases. Loss of PP2B results in male infertility due to impaired sperm maturation in the epididymis. Thus the three signaling enzymes PP1γ2, GSK3, and PP2B along with the documented PKA (protein kinase A) have key roles in sperm maturation and hyperactivation. Significantly, all these four signaling enzymes are present as specific isoforms only in placental mammals, a testimony to their essential roles in the unique aspects of sperm function in mammals. These findings should lead to a better biochemical understanding of the basis of male infertility and should lead to novel approaches to a male contraception and managed reproduction.
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He S, Wu W, Wan Y, Nandakumar KS, Cai X, Tang X, Liu S, Yao X. GLP-1 Receptor Activation Abrogates β-Cell Dysfunction by PKA Cα-Mediated Degradation of Thioredoxin Interacting Protein. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1230. [PMID: 31708773 PMCID: PMC6824261 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist (Exendin-4) is a well-known agent used to improve β-cell dysfunctions via protein kinase A (PKA), but the detailed downstream molecular mechanisms are still elusive. We have now found that PKA Cα mediated- TXNIP phosphorylation and degradation played a vital role in the β-cell protective role of exendin-4. After PKA activator (Exendin-4 or FSK) treatment, PKA Cα could directly interact with TXNIP by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and Co-IP assays in INS-1 cells. And PKA Cα overexpression decreased TXNIP level, whereas TXNIP level was largely increased in PKA Cα-KO β-cells by CRISPR-Cas9. Interestingly, TXNIP overexpression or PKA Cα-KO has impaired β-cell functions, including loss of insulin secretion and activation of inflammation. PKA Cα directly phosphorylated TXNIP at Ser307 and Ser308 positions, leading to its degradation via activation of cellular proteasome pathway. Consistent with this observation, TXNIP (S307/308A) mutant resisted the degradation effects of PKA Cα. However, exendin-4 neither affected TXNIP level in TXNIP (S307/308A) mutant overexpressed β-cells nor in PKA Cα-KO β-cells. Moreover, exendin-4 treatment reduced the inflammation gene expression in TXNIP overexpressed β-cells, but exendin-4 treatment has no effect on the inflammation gene expression in TXNIP (S307/308A) overexpressed β-cells. In conclusion, our study reveals the integral role of PKA Cα/TXNIP signaling in pancreatic β-cells and suggests that PKA Cα-mediated TXNIP degradation is vital in β-cell protective effects of exendin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihong Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuchao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Center of Pharmacy, Nanhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Xingang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Cao B, Lu TW, Martinez Fiesco JA, Tomasini M, Fan L, Simon SM, Taylor SS, Zhang P. Structures of the PKA RIα Holoenzyme with the FLHCC Driver J-PKAcα or Wild-Type PKAcα. Structure 2019; 27:816-828.e4. [PMID: 30905674 PMCID: PMC6506387 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FLHCC) is driven by J-PKAcα, a kinase fusion chimera of the J domain of DnaJB1 with PKAcα, the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA). Here we report the crystal structures of the chimeric fusion RIα2:J-PKAcα2 holoenzyme formed by J-PKAcα and the PKA regulatory (R) subunit RIα, and the wild-type (WT) RIα2:PKAcα2 holoenzyme. The chimeric and WT RIα holoenzymes have quaternary structures different from the previously solved WT RIβ and RIIβ holoenzymes. The WT RIα holoenzyme showed the same configuration as the chimeric RIα2:J-PKAcα2 holoenzyme and a distinct second conformation. The J domains are positioned away from the symmetrical interface between the two RIα:J-PKAcα heterodimers in the chimeric fusion holoenzyme and are highly dynamic. The structural and dynamic features of these holoenzymes enhance our understanding of the fusion chimera protein J-PKAcα that drives FLHCC as well as the isoform specificity of PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Cao
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tsan-Wen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juliana A Martinez Fiesco
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael Tomasini
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lixin Fan
- Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Core Facility, Center for Cancer Research of the National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sanford M Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
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Comprehensive Analysis of Aspergillus nidulans PKA Phosphorylome Identifies a Novel Mode of CreA Regulation. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02825-18. [PMID: 31040248 PMCID: PMC6495382 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02825-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway is well conserved across eukaryotes, and previous work has shown that it plays an important role in regulating development, growth, and virulence in a number of fungi. PKA is activated in response to extracellular nutrients and acts to regulate metabolism and growth. While a number of components in the PKA pathway have been defined in filamentous fungi, current understanding does not provide a global perspective on PKA function. Thus, this work is significant in that it comprehensively identifies proteins and functional pathways regulated by PKA in a model filamentous fungus. This information enhances our understanding of PKA action and may provide information on how to manipulate it for specific purposes. In filamentous fungi, an important kinase responsible for adaptation to changes in available nutrients is cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A [PKA]). This kinase has been well characterized at a molecular level, but its systemic action and direct/indirect targets are generally not well understood in filamentous fungi. In this work, we used a pkaA deletion strain (ΔpkaA) to identify Aspergillus nidulans proteins for which phosphorylation is dependent (either directly or indirectly) on PKA. A combination of phosphoproteomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed both direct and indirect targets of PKA and provided a global perspective on its function. One of these targets was the transcription factor CreA, the main repressor responsible for carbon catabolite repression (CCR). In the ΔpkaA strain, we identified a previously unreported phosphosite in CreA, S319, which (based on motif analysis) appears to be a direct target of Stk22 kinase (AN5728). Upon replacement of CreA S319 with an alanine (i.e., phosphonull mutant), the dynamics of CreA import to the nucleus are affected. Collectively, this work provides a global overview of PKA function while also providing novel insight regarding significance of a specific PKA-mediated phosphorylation event.
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Kuburich NA, Adhikari N, Hadwiger JA. Multiple phosphorylation sites on the RegA phosphodiesterase regulate Dictyostelium development. Cell Signal 2019; 57:65-75. [PMID: 30790701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Dictyostelium, the intracellular cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase RegA is a negative regulator of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), a key determinant in the timing of developmental morphogenesis and spore formation. To assess the role of protein kinases in the regulation of RegA function, this study identified phosphorylation sites on RegA and characterized the role of these modifications through the analysis of phospho-mimetic and phospho-ablative mutations. Mutations affecting residue T676 of RegA, a presumed target of the atypical MAP kinase Erk2, altered the rate of development and impacted cell distribution in chimeric organisms suggesting that phosphorylation of this residue reduces RegA function and regulates cell localization during multicellular development. Mutations affecting the residue S142 of RegA also impacted the rate developmental morphogenesis but in a manner opposite of changes at T676 suggesting the phosphorylation of the S142 residue increases RegA function. Mutations affecting residue S413 residue altered aggregate sizes and delayed developmental progression suggesting that PKA operates in a negative feedback mechanism to increase RegA function. These results suggest that the phosphorylation of different residues on RegA can lead to increased or decreased RegA function and therefore in turn regulate developmental processes such as aggregate formation, cell distribution, and the kinetics of developmental morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick A Kuburich
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3020, United States
| | - Nirakar Adhikari
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3020, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Hadwiger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3020, United States.
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Mo J, Enkhjargal B, Travis ZD, Zhou K, Wu P, Zhang G, Zhu Q, Zhang T, Peng J, Xu W, Ocak U, Chen Y, Tang J, Zhang J, Zhang JH. AVE 0991 attenuates oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis via Mas/PKA/CREB/UCP-2 pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Redox Biol 2019; 20:75-86. [PMID: 30296700 PMCID: PMC6174866 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis have been demonstrated to be key features in early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Previous studies have indicated that Mas receptor activation initiates an anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic role in the brain. However, whether Mas activation can attenuate oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis after SAH remains unknown. To investigate the beneficial effect of Mas on oxidative stress injury and neuronal apoptosis induced by SAH, a total of 196 rats were subjected to an endovascular perforation model of SAH. AVE 0991 (AVE), a selective agonist of Mas, was administered intranasally 1 h after SAH induction. A779, a selective inhibitor of Mas, and small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) for UCP-2 were administered by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injection at 1 h and 48 h before SAH induction respectively. Neurological tests, immunofluorescence, TUNEL, Fluoro-Jade C, DHE staining, and Western blot experiments were performed. We found that Mas activation with AVE significantly improved neurobehavioral scores and reduced oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in SAH+AVE group compared with SAH+vehicle group. Moreover, AVE treatment significantly promoted phosphorylation of CREB and the expression UCP-2, as well as upregulated expression of Bcl-2 and downregulation of Romo-1 and Bax. The protective effects of AVE were reversed by i.c.v injection of A779 and UCP-2 siRNA in SAH+AVE+A779 and SAH+AVE+UCP-2 siRNA groups, respectively. In conclusion, our data provides evidence that Mas activation with AVE reduces oxidative stress injury and neuronal apoptosis through Mas/PKA/p-CREB/UCP-2 pathway after SAH. Furthermore, our study indicates that Mas may be a novel therapeutic treatment target in early brain injury of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Mo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Budbazar Enkhjargal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Zachary D Travis
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Keren Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Qiquan Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Umut Ocak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Yili Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, Zhejiang, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China; Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Ling J, Yang S, Huang Y, Wei D, Cheng W. Identifying key genes, pathways and screening therapeutic agents for manganese-induced Alzheimer disease using bioinformatics analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e10775. [PMID: 29851783 PMCID: PMC6392515 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, the etiology of which remains largely unknown. Accumulating evidence indicates that elevated manganese (Mn) in brain exerts toxic effects on neurons and contributes to AD development. Thus, we aimed to explore the gene and pathway variations through analysis of high through-put data in this process.To screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that may play critical roles in Mn-induced AD, public microarray data regarding Mn-treated neurocytes versus controls (GSE70845), and AD versus controls (GSE48350), were downloaded and the DEGs were screened out, respectively. The intersection of the DEGs of each datasets was obtained by using Venn analysis. Then, gene ontology (GO) function analysis and KEGG pathway analysis were carried out. For screening hub genes, protein-protein interaction network was constructed. At last, DEGs were analyzed in Connectivity Map (CMAP) for identification of small molecules that overcome Mn-induced neurotoxicity or AD development.The intersection of the DEGs obtained 140 upregulated and 267 downregulated genes. The top 5 items of biological processes of GO analysis were taxis, chemotaxis, cell-cell signaling, regulation of cellular physiological process, and response to wounding. The top 5 items of KEGG pathway analysis were cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, apoptosis, oxidative phosphorylation, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and insulin signaling pathway. Afterwards, several hub genes such as INSR, VEGFA, PRKACB, DLG4, and BCL2 that might play key roles in Mn-induced AD were further screened out. Interestingly, tyrphostin AG-825, an inhibitor of tyrosine phosphorylation, was predicted to be a potential agent for overcoming Mn-induced neurotoxicity or AD development.The present study provided a novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of Mn-induced neurotoxicity or AD development and screened out several small molecular candidates that might be critical for Mn neurotoxicity prevention and Mn-induced AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunJun Ling
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing
| | - Shengyou Yang
- Department of Medical Image, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang
| | - Dongfeng Wei
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Cheng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou
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Jin N, Ma D, Gu J, Shi J, Xu X, Iqbal K, Gong CX, Liu F, Chu D. O-GlcNAcylation modulates PKA-CREB signaling in a manner specific to PKA catalytic subunit isoforms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:194-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Søberg K, Skålhegg BS. The Molecular Basis for Specificity at the Level of the Protein Kinase a Catalytic Subunit. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:538. [PMID: 30258407 PMCID: PMC6143667 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of multi enzyme complexes at subcellular localizations by anchoring- and scaffolding proteins represents a pivotal mechanism for achieving spatiotemporal regulation of cellular signaling after hormone receptor targeting [for review, see (1)]. In the 3' 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling pathway it is generally accepted that specificity is secured at several levels. This includes at the first level stimulation of receptors coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins which through stimulation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) forms the second messenger cAMP. Cyclic AMP has several receptors including PKA. PKA is a tetrameric holoenzyme consisting of a regulatory (R) subunit dimer and two catalytic (C) subunits. The R subunit is the receptor for cAMP and compartmentalizes cAMP signals through binding to cell and tissue-specifically expressed A kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). The current dogma tells that in the presence of cAMP, PKA dissociates into an R subunit dimer and two C subunits which are free to phosphorylate relevant substrates in the cytosol and nucleus. The release of the C subunit has raised the question how specificity of the cAMP and PKA signaling pathway is maintained when the C subunit no longer is attached to the R subunit-AKAP complex. An increasing body of evidence points toward a regulatory role of the cAMP and PKA signaling pathway by targeting the C subunits to various C subunit binding proteins in the cytosol and nucleus. Moreover, recent identification of isoform specific amino acid sequences, motifs and three dimensional structures have together provided new insight into how PKA at the level of the C subunit may act in a highly isoform-specific fashion. Here we discuss recent understanding of specificity of the cAMP and PKA signaling pathway based on C subunit subcellular targeting as well as evolution of the C subunit structure that may contribute to the dynamic regulation of C subunit activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Søberg
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Steen Skålhegg
- Section for Molecular Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Bjørn Steen Skålhegg
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