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Enyedi EE, Petukhov PA, Kozuch AJ, Dudek SM, Toth A, Fagyas M, Danilov SM. ACE Phenotyping in Human Blood and Tissues: Revelation of ACE Outliers and Sex Differences in ACE Sialylation. Biomedicines 2024; 12:940. [PMID: 38790902 PMCID: PMC11117852 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12050940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) metabolizes a number of important peptides participating in blood pressure regulation and vascular remodeling. Elevated ACE expression in tissues (which is generally reflected by blood ACE levels) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Elevated blood ACE is also a marker for granulomatous diseases. Decreased blood ACE activity is becoming a new risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. We applied our novel approach-ACE phenotyping-to characterize pairs of tissues (lung, heart, lymph nodes) and serum ACE in 50 patients. ACE phenotyping includes (1) measurement of ACE activity with two substrates (ZPHL and HHL); (2) calculation of the ratio of hydrolysis of these substrates (ZPHL/HHL ratio); (3) determination of ACE immunoreactive protein levels using mAbs to ACE; and (4) ACE conformation with a set of mAbs to ACE. The ACE phenotyping approach in screening format with special attention to outliers, combined with analysis of sequencing data, allowed us to identify patient with a unique ACE phenotype related to decreased ability of inhibition of ACE activity by albumin, likely due to competition with high CCL18 in this patient for binding to ACE. We also confirmed recently discovered gender differences in sialylation of some glycosylation sites of ACE. ACE phenotyping is a promising new approach for the identification of ACE phenotype outliers with potential clinical significance, making it useful for screening in a personalized medicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikő E. Enyedi
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, 22 Moricz Zs., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (A.T.)
- Kálmán Laki Doctoral School of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pavel A. Petukhov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Alexander J. Kozuch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, CSB 915, MC 719, 840 S. Wood Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (A.J.K.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Steven M. Dudek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, CSB 915, MC 719, 840 S. Wood Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (A.J.K.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Attila Toth
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, 22 Moricz Zs., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (A.T.)
| | - Miklós Fagyas
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, 22 Moricz Zs., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary (A.T.)
| | - Sergei M. Danilov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, CSB 915, MC 719, 840 S. Wood Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (A.J.K.); (S.M.D.)
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Kozuch AJ, Petukhov PA, Fagyas M, Popova IA, Lindeblad MO, Bobkov AP, Kamalov AA, Toth A, Dudek SM, Danilov SM. Urinary ACE Phenotyping as a Research and Diagnostic Tool: Identification of Sex-Dependent ACE Immunoreactivity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:953. [PMID: 36979933 PMCID: PMC10045976 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is highly expressed in renal proximal tubules, but ACE activity/levels in the urine are at least 100-fold lower than in the blood. Decreased proximal tubular ACE has been associated with renal tubular damage in both animal models and clinical studies. Because ACE is shed into urine primarily from proximal tubule epithelial cells, its urinary ACE measurement may be useful as an index of tubular damage. OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY We applied our novel approach-ACE phenotyping-to characterize urinary ACE in volunteer subjects. ACE phenotyping includes (1) determination of ACE activity using two substrates (ZPHL and HHL); (2) calculation of the ratio of hydrolysis of the two substrates (ZPHL/HHL ratio); (3) quantification of ACE immunoreactive protein levels; and (4) fine mapping of local ACE conformation with mAbs to ACE. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In normal volunteers, urinary ACE activity was 140-fold less than in corresponding plasma/serum samples and did not differ between males and females. However, urinary ACE immunoreactivity (normalized binding of 25 mAbs to different epitopes) was strongly sex-dependent for the several mAbs tested, an observation likely explained by differences in tissue ACE glycosylation/sialylation between males and females. Urinary ACE phenotyping also allowed the identification of ACE outliers. In addition, daily variability of urinary ACE has potential utility as a feedback marker for dieting individuals pursuing weight loss. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Urinary ACE phenotyping is a promising new approach with potential clinical significance to advance precision medicine screening techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Kozuch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, CSB 915, MC 719, 840 S. Wood Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pavel A. Petukhov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Miklos Fagyas
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 94, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Isolda A. Popova
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Matthew O. Lindeblad
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | - Attila Toth
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 94, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Steven M. Dudek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, CSB 915, MC 719, 840 S. Wood Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sergei M. Danilov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, CSB 915, MC 719, 840 S. Wood Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Medical Center, Moscow University, Moscow 119435, Russia
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The association of ACE I/D polymorphism with the severity of COVID-19 in Iranian patients: A case-control study. HUMAN GENE 2022. [PMID: 37521445 PMCID: PMC9364667 DOI: 10.1016/j.humgen.2022.201099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have tried to find the reason behind the variety of the symptoms and disease severity among patients. It seems that genetic background may contribute in severity of this infection. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. An Insertion/Deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the ACE1 gene may explain the genetic risk for disease severity. Methods We genotyped 251 COVID-19 patients: 151 patients with mild or asymptomatic disease compared with 100 patients with severe to critical illness (without any comorbidities for the disease severity). Results There was a significant association between the ACE1 DD genotype and disease severity (p-value = 1 × 10-2; OR = 2.004, 95%CI = 1.147-3.499) and our results showed that it was inherited under recessive or codominant inheritance patterns. Also, the I allele showed a protective role against the severe form of COVID-19 disease (p-value = 1 × 10-4). Conclusion We concluded that ACE1 DD genotype can predict the risk of severe form of COVID-19 infection in the absence of known comorbidities as disease severity risk factors. Further studies with larger sample sizes in other populations are still needed to clarify the role of ACE I/D polymorphism in SARS-CoV-2 infection severity.
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Danilov SM, Kurilova OV, Sinitsyn VE, Kamalov AA, Garcia JGN, Dudek SM. Predictive potential of ACE phenotyping in extrapulmonary sarcoidosis. Respir Res 2022; 23:211. [PMID: 35996109 PMCID: PMC9396819 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated ACE expression in tissues (reflected by blood ACE levels) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and is also a marker for granulomatous diseases. We developed a new approach for characterization of ACE status in the blood—ACE phenotyping and established normal values of ACE levels 50–150% of control pooled plasma. ACE phenotyping was performed in citrated plasma of 120 patients with known interstitial lung diseases. In the 1st set of 100 patients we found 22 patients with ACE levels > 150%; ACE phenotyping also objectively identified the presence of ACE inhibitors in the plasma of 15 patients. After excluding these patients and patient with ACE mutation that increases ACE shedding, 17 patients were identified as a suspicious for systemic sarcoidosis based on elevation of blood ACE (> 150% of mean). A new parameter that we have established–ACE immunoreactivity (with mAb 9B9)—allowed us to detect 22 patients with decreased values (< 80%) of this parameter, which may indicate the presence of ACE in the blood that originates from macrophages/dendritic cells of granulomas. In the remaining 20 patients, this new parameter (mAbs binding/activity ratio) was calculated using 3 mAbs (9B9, 3A5 and i1A8—having overlapping epitopes), and 8 patients were identified as having decreases in this parameter, thus increasing dramatically the sensitivity for detection of patients with systemic sarcoidosis. Whole body PET scan confirmed extrapulmonary granulomas in some patients with lower immunoreactivity towards anti-ACE mAbs. ACE phenotyping has novel potential to noninvasively detect patients with systemic sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei M Danilov
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, CSB 915, MC 719, 840 S. Wood Ave., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. .,Medical Center, Moscow University, Moscow, Russia. .,University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven M Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, CSB 915, MC 719, 840 S. Wood Ave., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Boginskaya I, Safiullin R, Tikhomirova V, Kryukova O, Nechaeva N, Bulaeva N, Golukhova E, Ryzhikov I, Kost O, Afanasev K, Kurochkin I. Human Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Produced by Different Cells: Classification of the SERS Spectra with Linear Discriminant Analysis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061389. [PMID: 35740411 PMCID: PMC9219671 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) is a peptidase widely presented in human tissues and biological fluids. ACE is a glycoprotein containing 17 potential N-glycosylation sites which can be glycosylated in different ways due to post-translational modification of the protein in different cells. For the first time, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of human ACE from lungs, mainly produced by endothelial cells, ACE from heart, produced by endothelial heart cells and miofibroblasts, and ACE from seminal fluid, produced by epithelial cells, have been compared with full assignment. The ability to separate ACEs’ SERS spectra was demonstrated using the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) method with high accuracy. The intervals in the spectra with maximum contributions of the spectral features were determined and their contribution to the spectrum of each separate ACE was evaluated. Near 25 spectral features forming three intervals were enough for successful separation of the spectra of different ACEs. However, more spectral information could be obtained from analysis of 50 spectral features. Band assignment showed that several features did not correlate with band assignments to amino acids or peptides, which indicated the carbohydrate contribution to the final spectra. Analysis of SERS spectra could be beneficial for the detection of tissue-specific ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Boginskaya
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics RAS, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.); (I.R.); (K.A.)
- Bakulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiology Department, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (N.B.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert Safiullin
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics RAS, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.); (I.R.); (K.A.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Victoria Tikhomirova
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.T.); (O.K.); (O.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Olga Kryukova
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.T.); (O.K.); (O.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Natalia Nechaeva
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Naida Bulaeva
- Bakulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiology Department, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (N.B.); (E.G.)
| | - Elena Golukhova
- Bakulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiology Department, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (N.B.); (E.G.)
| | - Ilya Ryzhikov
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics RAS, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.); (I.R.); (K.A.)
- FMN Laboratory, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Kost
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.T.); (O.K.); (O.K.); (I.K.)
| | - Konstantin Afanasev
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics RAS, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (R.S.); (I.R.); (K.A.)
| | - Ilya Kurochkin
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.T.); (O.K.); (O.K.); (I.K.)
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
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The Influence of ACE Insertion/Deletion Gene Polymorphism on the Risk of IgA Nephropathy: A Debatable Topic. Genet Res (Camb) 2021; 2021:3112123. [PMID: 34867085 PMCID: PMC8616648 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3112123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The connection between angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion (ACE I/D) gene polymorphisms and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) was conflicting. This pooled analysis was performed to explore this issue. Methods All eligible investigations were identified from various electronic databases, and the pooled analysis was evaluated using Stata software. Results 27 studies with 2538 IgAN cases and 3592 controls were included. In overall subjects, ACE D allele, DD, and II genotype were associated with IgAN susceptibility (D vs. I: OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.10–1.32, P < 0.001; DD vs. ID + II: OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.20–1.60, P < 0.001; and II vs. DD + ID: OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.73–0.95, P=0.007). In Asian and Chinese patients, ACE I/D gene polymorphism was also correlated with IgAN vulnerability. Moreover, ACE D allele, DD, and II genotype were correlated with the progression of IgAN (D vs. I: OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.09–1.73, P=0.008; DD vs. ID + II: OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.06–2.31, P=0.024; and II vs. DD + ID: OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.49–0.99, P=0.045). Conversely, in Caucasian subjects, there was no link between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and the risk of IgAN. Conclusion ACE I/D gene polymorphism was correlated with the vulnerability and progression of IgAN in Asian and Chinese patients, and ACE D allele and DD homozygote genotype could be adverse factors for IgAN, while the II homozygote genotype could be an advantage factor. But, no significant association was found between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and IgAN in Caucasians.
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Abstract
Background Pulmonary vascular endothelium is the main metabolic site for Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE)-mediated degradation of several biologically-active peptides (angiotensin I, bradykinin, hemo-regulatory peptide Ac-SDKP). Primary lung cancer growth and lung cancer metastases decrease lung vascularity reflected by dramatic decreases in both lung and serum ACE activity. We performed precise ACE phenotyping in tissues from subjects with lung cancer. Methodology ACE phenotyping included: 1) ACE immunohistochemistry with specific and well-characterized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to ACE; 2) ACE activity measurement with two ACE substrates (HHL, ZPHL); 3) calculation of ACE substrates hydrolysis ratio (ZPHL/HHL ratio); 4) the pattern of mAbs binding to 17 different ACE epitopes to detect changes in ACE conformation induced by tumor growth (conformational ACE fingerprint). Results ACE immunostaining was dramatically decreased in lung cancer tissues confirmed by a 3-fold decrease in ACE activity. The conformational fingerprint of ACE from tumor lung tissues differed from normal lung (6/17 mAbs) and reflected primarily higher ACE sialylation. The increase in ZPHL/HHL ratio in lung cancer tissues was consistent with greater conformational changes of ACE. Limited analysis of the conformational ACE fingerprint in normal lung tissue and lung cancer tissue form the same patient suggested a remote effect of tumor tissue on ACE conformation and/or on “field cancerization” in a morphologically-normal lung tissues. Conclusions/Significance Local conformation of ACE is significantly altered in tumor lung tissues and may be detected by conformational fingerprinting of human ACE.
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Abstract
Epithelial cells of prostate express significant level of ACE and, as a result, seminal fluid has 50-fold more ACE than plasma. The substitution of highly specialized prostate epithelial cells by tumor cells results in dramatic decrease in ACE production in prostate tissues. We performed detailed characterization of ACE status in prostate tissues from patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PC) using new approach- ACE phenotyping, that includes evaluation of: 1) ACE activity with two substrates (HHL and ZPHL); 2) the ratio of the rates of their hydrolysis (ZPHL/HHL ratio); 3) the ratio of immunoreactive ACE protein to ACE activity; 4) the pattern of mAbs binding to different epitopes on ACE – ACE conformational fingerprint - to reveal conformational changes in prostate ACE due to prostate pathology. ACE activity dramatically decreased and the ratio of immunoreactive ACE protein to ACE activity increased in PC tissues. The catalytic parameter, ZPHL/HHL ratio, increased in prostate tissues from all patients with PC, but was did not change for most |BPH patients. Nevertheless, prostate tissues of several patients diagnosed with BPH based on histology, also demonstrated decreased ACE activity and increased immunoreactive ACE protein/ACE activity and ZPHL/HHL ratios, that could be considered as more early indicators of prostate cancer development than routine histology. Thus, ACE phenotyping of prostate biopsies has a potential to be an effective approach for early diagnostics of prostate cancer or at least for differential diagnostics of BPH and PC.
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Wu N, Xu W, Liu K, Xia Y, Shuangquan. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from Lactobacillus delbrueckii QS306 fermented milk. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5913-5921. [PMID: 31030932 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides were isolated and identified from milk fermented using Lactobacillus delbrueckii QS306. The peptide with the highest angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity (C5) was purified using ultrafiltration with 10 and 3 kDa molecular mass cut-off membranes, Sephadex G-15 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) gel filtration chromatography, reversed-phase HPLC, and Orbitrap Elite (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA) liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We obtained peptide LPYPY by microbial fermentation, which was derived from κ-casein f (AA 77-81). We synthesized LPYPY using an Fmoc solid-phase synthesis method and explored the secondary structure of the pentapeptide. The half maximal inhibitory concentration for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of LPYPY was 12.87 μg/mL. The results provide additional information for ongoing research and the development of functional foods having antihypertensive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihan Xu
- Department of College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangling Liu
- Department of College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Xia
- Department of College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangquan
- Department of College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, People's Republic of China.
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Danilov SM, Tikhomirova VE, Kryukova OV, Balatsky AV, Bulaeva NI, Golukhova EZ, Bokeria LA, Samokhodskaya LM, Kost OA. Conformational fingerprint of blood and tissue ACEs: Personalized approach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209861. [PMID: 30589901 PMCID: PMC6307727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pattern of binding of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to 18 epitopes on human angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)–“conformational fingerprint of ACE”–is a sensitive marker of subtle conformational changes of ACE due to mutations, different glycosylation in various cells, the presence of ACE inhibitors and specific effectors, etc. Methodology/Principal findings We described in detail the methodology of the conformational fingerprinting of human blood and tissue ACEs that allows detecting differences in surface topography of ACE from different tissues, as well detecting inter-individual differences. Besides, we compared the sensitivity of the detection of ACE inhibitors in the patient’s plasma using conformational fingerprinting of ACE (with only 2 mAbs to ACE, 1G12 and 9B9) and already accepted kinetic assay and demonstrated that the mAbs-based assay is an order of magnitude more sensitive. This approach is also very effective in detection of known (like bilirubin and lysozyme) and still unknown ACE effectors/inhibitors which nature and set could vary in different tissues or different patients. Conclusions/Significance Phenotyping of ACE (and conformational fingerprinting of ACE as a part of this novel approach for characterization of ACE) in individuals really became informative and clinically relevant. Appreciation (and counting on) of inter-individual differences in ACE conformation and accompanying effectors make the application of this approach for future personalized medicine with ACE inhibitors more accurate. This (or similar) methodology can be applied to any enzyme/protein for which there is a number of mAbs to its different epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei M. Danilov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Medical Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Victoria E. Tikhomirova
- Chemistry Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
- Bakulev Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V. Kryukova
- Chemistry Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
- Bakulev Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Leo A. Bokeria
- Bakulev Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Olga A. Kost
- Chemistry Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
- Bakulev Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia
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Danilov SM, Tikhomirova VE, Metzger R, Naperova IA, Bukina TM, Goker-Alpan O, Tayebi N, Gayfullin NM, Schwartz DE, Samokhodskaya LM, Kost OA, Sidransky E. ACE phenotyping in Gaucher disease. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 123:501-510. [PMID: 29478818 PMCID: PMC5891352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gaucher disease is characterized by the activation of splenic and hepatic macrophages, accompanied by dramatically increased levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). To evaluate the source of the elevated blood ACE, we performed complete ACE phenotyping using blood, spleen and liver samples from patients with Gaucher disease and controls. METHODS ACE phenotyping included 1) immunohistochemical staining for ACE; 2) measuring ACE activity with two substrates (HHL and ZPHL); 3) calculating the ratio of the rates of substrate hydrolysis (ZPHL/HHL ratio); 4) assessing the conformational fingerprint of ACE by evaluating the pattern of binding of monoclonal antibodies to 16 different ACE epitopes. RESULTS We show that in patients with Gaucher disease, the dramatically increased levels of ACE originate from activated splenic and/or hepatic macrophages (Gaucher cells), and that both its conformational fingerprint and kinetic characteristics (ZPHL/HHL ratio) differ from controls and from patients with sarcoid granulomas. Furthermore, normal spleen was found to produce high levels of endogenous ACE inhibitors and a novel, tightly-bound 10-30 kDa ACE effector which is deficient in Gaucher spleen. CONCLUSIONS The conformation of ACE is tissue-specific. In Gaucher disease, ACE produced by activated splenic macrophages differs from that in hepatic macrophages, as well as from macrophages and dendritic cells in sarcoid granulomas. The observed differences are likely due to altered ACE glycosylation or sialylation in these diseased organs. The conformational differences in ACE may serve as a specific biomarker for Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei M Danilov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Roman Metzger
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Irina A Naperova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | | | - Ozlem Goker-Alpan
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nahid Tayebi
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nurshat M Gayfullin
- Medical Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia; Department of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - David E Schwartz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Olga A Kost
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section of Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Efimov GA, Raats JMH, Chirivi RGS, van Rosmalen JWG, Nedospasov SA. Humanization of Murine Monoclonal anti-hTNF Antibody: The F10 Story. Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317060061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Danilov SM. Conformational Fingerprinting Using Monoclonal Antibodies (on the Example of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme-ACE). Mol Biol 2017; 51:906-920. [PMID: 32287393 PMCID: PMC7102274 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317060048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During the past 30 years my laboratory has generated 40+ monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to structural and conformational epitopes on human ACE as well as ACE from rats, mice and other species. These mAbs were successfully used for detection and quantification of ACE by ELISA, Western blotting, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. In all these applications mainly single mAbs were used. We hypothesized that we can obtain a completely new kind of information about ACE structure and function if we use the whole set of mAbs directed to different epitopes on the ACE molecule. When we finished epitope mapping of all mAbs to ACE (and especially, those recognizing conformational epitopes), we realized that we had obtained a new tool to study ACE. First, we demonstrated that binding of some mAbs is very sensitive to local conformational changes on the ACE surface-due to local denaturation, inactivation, ACE inhibitor or mAbs binding or due to diseases. Second, we were able to detect, localize and characterize several human ACE mutations. And, finally, we established a new concept-conformational fingerprinting of ACE using mAbs that in turn allowed us to obtain evidence for tissue specificity of ACE, which has promising scientific and diagnostic perspectives. The initial goal for the generation of mAbs to ACE 30 years ago was obtaining mAbs to organ-specific endothelial cells, which could be used for organ-specific drug delivery. Our systematic work on characterization of mAbs to numerous epitopes on ACE during these years has lead not only to the generation of the most effective mAbs for specific drug/gene delivery into the lung capillaries, but also to the establishment of the concept of conformational fingerprinting of ACE, which in turn gives a theoretical base for the generation of mAbs, specific for ACE from different organs. We believe that this concept could be applicable for any glycoprotein against which there is a set of mAbs to different epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Danilov
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
- Arizona University, Tucson, USA
- Medical Scientific and Educational Center of Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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