1
|
Lemée V, Gréaume S, Gautier J, Dzamitika SA, Coignard C, Jortani SA, Grillet B, Badawi M, Plantier JC. Performance evaluation of the new Access HIV Ag/Ab combo assay on the DxI 9000 Access Immunoassay Analyzer. J Clin Virol 2024; 174:105712. [PMID: 39047323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Fourth-generation HIV immunoassays have been developed to reduce the window period of detection during seroconversion period, allowing for the detection of early and established infections. The aim of this work was to evaluate a newly developed assay, Access HIV Ag/Ab combo on the novel high throughput DxI 9000 Access Immunoassay Analyzer (Beckman Coulter, Inc.). The assay allows for simultaneous qualitative detection and differentiation of HIV-1 p24 antigen and HIV-1/2 antibodies. Assay performance was compared to two gold standard assays, the Abbott Architect HIV Ag/Ab Combo and Roche Elecsys HIV Duo, and assessed in a multicenter study, using a wide panel of samples (n > 9000, clinical samples and viral lysates) representative of genetic diversity for both antibodies and antigens, early phases of infection, negative, and cross-reacting samples. The clinical sensitivity was 100 % for clinical samples as well as for viral lysates. Data on viral lysates and early detection on seroconversion panels showed a better result with the Access assay. Analytical sensitivity showed a limit of p24 detection determined around 0.2 IU/mL. The overall specificity was 99.91 %, and no interference was found using the potentially cross-reactive samples. In conclusion, the Access HIV Ag/Ab combo assay demonstrated its ability for accurate diagnosis of chronic as well as primary HIV infections on the DxI 9000 Analyzer, despite the high level of genetic diversity of these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Lemée
- CHU Rouen, Department of Virology, National Reference Center of HIV, F-76000 Rouen, France; Univ Rouen Normandie, Univ de Caen, INSERM, DYNAMICURE UMR 1311, CHU Rouen, Department of Virology, National Reference Center of HIV, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - S Gréaume
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Hauts-de-France - Normandie (HFNO), Bois Guillaume, France
| | | | | | - C Coignard
- Eurofins Biomnis, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - S A Jortani
- Kentucky Clinical Trials Laboratory (KCTL), Louisville, KY, USA; University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - B Grillet
- Beckman Coulter Immunotech, Marseille, France
| | - M Badawi
- Beckman Coulter Immunotech, Marseille, France
| | - J-C Plantier
- CHU Rouen, Department of Virology, National Reference Center of HIV, F-76000 Rouen, France; Univ Rouen Normandie, Univ de Caen, INSERM, DYNAMICURE UMR 1311, CHU Rouen, Department of Virology, National Reference Center of HIV, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gudipati S, Shallal A, Peterson E, Cook B, Markowitz N. Increase in False-Positive Fourth-Generation Human Immunodeficiency Virus Tests in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:615-619. [PMID: 37158382 PMCID: PMC10443996 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We observed an increase in the frequency of false-positive (FP) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test results that correlated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prevalence. We measured FP rates of laboratory-based fourth-generation HIV antigen/antibody test among those with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2 compared with FP rate of those who tested SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative. METHODS All patients PCR tested for SARS-CoV-2 within 2 weeks of an HIV fourth-generation assay were selected. Positive HIV fourth-generation assays were reviewed and divided into groups of FP, true positive (TP), and presumptive negative (PN). Variables included age, race, ethnicity, gender, pregnancy, and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) immunization status. Associations with positive SARS-CoV-2 tests were assessed using linear logistic regression. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess sets of variables. RESULTS There were 31 910 medical records that met criteria. The frequency of SARS-CoV-2 positive tests was calculated in groups of HIV TP, FP, and PN. In total, 31 575 patients had PN HIV test result, 248 patients had TP, and 87 patients had FP. Those with HIV FP tests had the highest percentage of COVID-19-positive test results at 19.5%, which was significantly higher than HIV PN (11.3%; P = .016) and HIV TP (7.7%; P = .002). After adjustment for all covariates, only FP HIV was significantly associated with COVID-19 (odds ratio, 4.22; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests are significantly more likely to have an FP fourth-generation HIV test than those with negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Gudipati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Anita Shallal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Edward Peterson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Bernard Cook
- Division of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Norman Markowitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mashishi BR, Makatini Z, Adu-Gyamfi CG. The evolving HIV epidemic and its impact on the HIV testing algorithm: Is it time to change the HIV testing algorithm in South Africa? J Clin Virol 2021; 144:104990. [PMID: 34610486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1/2 testing is the first step in ensuring HIV-infected individuals are diagnosed and appropriately managed. The impact of suboptimal HIV-1/2 testing algorithms significantly contributes to the increased rates of misdiagnosis of HIV infection. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that high burden countries revise their testing algorithm from a 2 to 3-test testing strategy in the context of an evolving HIV epidemic. Implementation of a new HIV-testing algorithm must be tailor-made within a national framework and must be balanced out with operational feasibility, patient outcomes, and cost-effectiveness. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of the HIV epidemic and its impact on HIV testing, further we highlight areas of concern in changing from a 2-step to a 3-step test algorithm in the context of South Africa's HIV epidemic and public health program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bonolo Rankotsane Mashishi
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Zinhle Makatini
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Clement Gascua Adu-Gyamfi
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Brain Function Research Group,School of Physiology,Faculty of Health Sciences,University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Linström MA, Preiser W, Nkosi NN, Vreede HW, Korsman SNJ, Zemlin AE, van Zyl GU. HIV false positive screening serology due to sample contamination reduced by a dedicated sample and platform in a high prevalence environment. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245189. [PMID: 33428663 PMCID: PMC7799780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Automated testing of HIV serology on clinical chemistry analysers has become common. High sample throughput, high HIV prevalence and instrument design could all contribute to sample cross-contamination by microscopic droplet carry-over from seropositive samples to seronegative samples resulting in false positive low-reactive results. Following installation of an automated shared platform at our public health laboratory, we noted an increase in low reactive and false positive results. Subsequently, we investigated HIV serology screening test results for a period of 21 months. Of 485 initially low positive or equivocal samples 411 (85%) tested negative when retested using an independently collected sample. As creatinine is commonly requested with HIV screening, we used it as a proxy for concomitant clinical chemistry testing, indicating that a sample had likely been tested on a shared high-throughput instrument. The contamination risk was stratified between samples passing the clinical chemistry module first versus samples bypassing it. The odds ratio for a false positive HIV serology result was 4.1 (95% CI: 1.69-9.97) when creatinine level was determined first, versus not, on the same sample, suggesting contamination on the chemistry analyser. We subsequently issued a notice to obtain dedicated samples for HIV serology and added a suffix to the specimen identifier which restricted testing to a dedicated instrument. Low positive and false positive rates were determined before and after these interventions. Based on measured rates in low positive samples we estimate that before the intervention, of 44 117 HIV screening serology samples, 753 (1.71%) were false positive, declining to 48 of 7 072 samples (0.68%) post-intervention (p<0.01). Our findings showed that automated high throughput shared diagnostic platforms are at risk of generating false-positive HIV test results, due to sample contamination and that measures are required to address this. Restricting HIV serology samples to a dedicated platform resolved this problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Linström
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nokwazi N Nkosi
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helena W Vreede
- National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephen N J Korsman
- National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Annalise E Zemlin
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gert U van Zyl
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
High positive HIV serology results can still be false positive. IDCases 2020; 21:e00849. [PMID: 32514397 PMCID: PMC7267741 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of falsely reactive HIV test results can be significant, for patients and healthcare providers. This case describes a diagnostic investigation of a patient with pronounced discordant HIV serological results, to determine HIV status. The fourth generation serological screening assay (Roche COBAS Elecsys HIV combiPT) had high positive results but confirmatory testing was negative (Abbott HIV Ag/Ab Combo). Five separate samples over 13 days were tested using multiple fourth generation HIV immunoassays and molecular tests for HIV-1 and HIV-2. Potential causes of falsely reactive serological results were investigated. Samples were sent to the manufacturer for analysis. The screening assay was positive on all samples with a very high signal to cut-off ratio (S/CO) of greater than 400. However, multiple serological and molecular assays did not detect HIV-1 or HIV-2 specific antibodies, antigen or nucleic acid. A recombinant immunochromatographic assay had faint reactivity to gp41 peptide and the manufacturer investigation reported cross-reactivity to one of the screening assay’s synthetic peptides. Possible causes of the false positive result include cross reactivity to other antigens, including prior schistosomiasis infection, or the patient’s previously excised ameloblastoma (a rare germ cell tumor of the jaw). This is a rare case of false high positive results on fourth-generation HIV serology testing due to high level non-specific reactivity to an isolated synthetic peptide component of the assay. It highlights the need for confirmatory testing even in settings with HIV high prevalence and awareness that false-positive serological results may have a high S/CO.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tagny CT, Bissim M, Djeumen R, Ngo Sack F, Angandji P, Ndoumba A, Kouanfack C, Eno L, Mbanya D, Murphy EL, Laperche S. The use of the Geenius TM HIV-1/2 Rapid confirmatory test for the enrolment of patients and blood donors in the WHO Universal Test and Treat Strategy in Cameroon, Africa. Vox Sang 2020; 115:686-694. [PMID: 32468573 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In the WHO Universal test and treat strategy, false-positive HIV blood donors and patients may be unnecessarily put under antiretroviral treatment and false-negative subjects may be lost to follow-up. This study assessed the false positivity rate of the Cameroonian national HIV screening testing algorithm and the benefit of a confirmation test in the enrolment of patients and donors in the HIV care programme. METHODS We included initial HIV reactive blood donors and patients in a cross-sectional study conducted in two Cameroonian hospitals. Samples were retested according to the Cameroon national algorithm for HIV diagnosis. A positive or discordant sample was retested with the Geenius Bio-Rad HIV 1&2 (Bio-Rad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) for confirmation. The Geenius HIV-1-positive results with 'poor' profiles were retested for RNA as well as the Geenius indeterminate results. RESULTS Of the 356 participants, 190/225 (84·4%) patients and 76/131 (58%) blood donors were declared positive with the national algorithm; 257 participants (96·6%) were confirmed HIV-1-positive. The study revealed that about 34/1000 blood donors and patients are false-positive and unnecessarily put on treatment; 89/1000 blood donors and patients declared discordant could have been included immediately in the HIV care programme if confirmatory testing was performed. The second test of the algorithm had a false-negative rate of 3%. Eleven samples (3·1%) were Geenius poor positive and NAT negative. CONCLUSION The universal test and treat strategy may identify and refer more individuals to HIV care if a third rapid confirmatory test is performed for discordant cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claude T Tagny
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Service, Yaoundé University Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, UY1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marie Bissim
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rolande Djeumen
- School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Annick Ndoumba
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, UY1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Laura Eno
- The US Center for Diseases' Control, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dora Mbanya
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Service, Yaoundé University Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, UY1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Candotti D, Sauvage V, Cappy P, Boullahi MA, Bizimana P, Mbensa GO, Oumar Coulibaly S, Rakoto Alson AO, Soumana H, Tagny-Tayou C, Murphy EL, Laperche S. High rate of hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus false-positive results in serologic screening in sub-Saharan Africa: adverse impact on the blood supply. Transfusion 2019; 60:106-116. [PMID: 31777096 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND False positivity in blood screening may cause unnecessary deferral of healthy donors and exacerbate blood shortages. An international multicenter study was conducted to estimate the frequency of HCV and HIV false seropositivity in seven African countries (Burundi, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Blood donations were tested for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with rapid detection tests (RDTs), third-generation enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), or fourth-generation EIAs. HCV (456/16,613 [2.74%]) and HIV (249/16,675 [1.49%]) reactive samples were then confirmed with antigen/antibody assays, immunoblots, and nucleic acid testing. Partial viral sequences were analyzed when possible. RESULTS The HCV reactivity rate with RDTs was significantly lower than with EIAs (0.55% vs. 3.52%; p < 0.0001). The HIV reactivity rate with RDTs was lower than with third-generation EIAs (1.02% vs. 2.38%; p < 0.0001) but similar to a fourth-generation assay (1.09%). Only 16.0% (57/357) and 21.5% (38/177) of HCV and HIV initial reactive samples, respectively, were repeatedly reactive. HCV and HIV infections were confirmed in 13.2% and 13.7%, respectively, of repeated reactive donations. The predominant HCV genotype 2 and 4 strains in West and Central Africa showed high genetic variability. HIV-1 subtype CRF02_AG was most prevalent. CONCLUSION High rates (>80%) of unconfirmed anti-HCV and anti-HIV reactivity observed in several sub-Saharan countries highlights the need for better testing and confirmatory strategies for donors screening in Africa. Without confirmatory testing, HCV and HIV prevalence in African blood donors has probably been overestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Candotti
- National Institute of Blood Transfusion/INTS, National Reference Center for Infectious Risk in Transfusion, Department of Blood-borne Agents, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Sauvage
- National Institute of Blood Transfusion/INTS, National Reference Center for Infectious Risk in Transfusion, Department of Blood-borne Agents, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Cappy
- National Institute of Blood Transfusion/INTS, National Reference Center for Infectious Risk in Transfusion, Department of Blood-borne Agents, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Claude Tagny-Tayou
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Edward L Murphy
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Epidemiology/Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Syria Laperche
- National Institute of Blood Transfusion/INTS, National Reference Center for Infectious Risk in Transfusion, Department of Blood-borne Agents, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zyl G, Maritz J, Newman H, Preiser W. Lessons in diagnostic virology: expected and unexpected sources of error. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2052. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gert Zyl
- Division of Medical Virology, Department PathologyStellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Parow South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service South Africa
| | - Jean Maritz
- Division of Medical Virology, Department PathologyStellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Parow South Africa
- PathCare Reference Laboratory Cape Town South Africa
| | - Howard Newman
- Division of Medical Virology, Department PathologyStellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Parow South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service South Africa
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, Department PathologyStellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Parow South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Parker J, Carrasco AF, Chen J. BioRad BioPlex® HIV Ag-Ab assay: Incidence of false positivity in a low-prevalence population and its effects on the current HIV testing algorithm. J Clin Virol 2019; 116:1-3. [PMID: 30981082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The BioPlex® HIV Ag-Ab assay, unlike other HIV 1/2 antigen/antibody immunoassays, is capable of differentiating positive HIV-1 antibodies (Groups M and O) from HIV-2 antibodies and/or HIV-1 p24 antigen in a single test. OBJECTIVE The Alaska State Virology Laboratory (ASVL) adopted the BioPlex® HIV Ag-Ab assay early 2017 and can report on its performance in terms of false positivity in a low-prevalence population and its effects on the current HIV testing algorithm recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). STUDY DESIGN Specimens received between March 2017 and August 2018 were screened using the BioPlex® HIV Ag-Ab assay. Specimens screening positive for HIV antibodies or antigen were further confirmed using the Geenius™ HIV 1/2 Supplemental Assay and/or HIV RNA testing. RESULTS Of the 12,338 sera screened by the BioPlex assay for HIV, 35 specimens were positive. Only 22 of the specimens were confirmed by supplemental testing and were considered to be truly positive (PPV, 62.9%). RNA was not detected in these cases suggesting initial false positivity on the BioPlex® HIV Ag-Ab assay. True positive results had index values (IDX) of >180 whereas false positive IDX's were between 1 and 4, with the exception of one specimen. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that specimens demonstrating positivity with low IDX values <4 on the BioPlex® HIV Ag-Ab assay proceed directly to RNA testing, essentially bypassing supplemental antibody confirmation tests, to reduce turnaround time and cost of HIV confirmation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayme Parker
- Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health, Alaska State Public Health Virology Laboratory, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States; Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska -Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.
| | - Ana Fiorella Carrasco
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska -Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
| | - Jack Chen
- Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health, Alaska State Public Health Virology Laboratory, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States; Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska -Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dowling W, Veldsman K, Grace Katusiime M, Maritz J, Bock P, Meehan SA, Van Schalkwyk M, Cotton MF, Preiser W, Van Zyl GU. HIV-1 RNA testing of pooled dried blood spots is feasible to diagnose acute HIV infection in resource limited settings. S Afr J Infect Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23120053.2017.1393247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wentzel Dowling
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Business Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kirsten Veldsman
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Jean Maritz
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Business Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Bock
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sue-Ann Meehan
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marije Van Schalkwyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark F Cotton
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Children’s Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Business Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gert U Van Zyl
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Business Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|