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Yu H, Zhou J, Zhang J, He X, Peng S, Ling H, Dong Z, Lu X, Tian Y, Guan G, Tang Q, Zhong X, He Y. Functional Identification of HhUGT74AG11-A Key Glycosyltransferase Involved in Biosynthesis of Oleanane-Type Saponins in Hedera helix. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4067. [PMID: 38612877 PMCID: PMC11012674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hedera helix is a traditional medicinal plant. Its primary active ingredients are oleanane-type saponins, which have extensive pharmacological effects such as gastric mucosal protection, autophagy regulation actions, and antiviral properties. However, the glycosylation-modifying enzymes responsible for catalyzing oleanane-type saponin biosynthesis remain unidentified. Through transcriptome, cluster analysis, and PSPG structural domain, this study preliminarily screened four candidate UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), including Unigene26859, Unigene31717, CL11391.Contig2, and CL144.Contig9. In in vitro enzymatic reactions, it has been observed that Unigene26859 (HhUGT74AG11) has the ability to facilitate the conversion of oleanolic acid, resulting in the production of oleanolic acid 28-O-glucopyranosyl ester. Moreover, HhUGT74AG11 exhibits extensive substrate hybridity and specific stereoselectivity and can transfer glycosyl donors to the C-28 site of various oleanane-type triterpenoids (hederagenin and calenduloside E) and the C-7 site of flavonoids (tectorigenin). Cluster analysis found that HhUGT74AG11 is clustered together with functionally identified genes AeUGT74AG6, CaUGT74AG2, and PgUGT74AE2, further verifying the possible reason for HhUGT74AG11 catalyzing substrate generalization. In this study, a novel glycosyltransferase, HhUGT74AG11, was characterized that plays a role in oleanane-type saponins biosynthesis in H. helix, providing a theoretical basis for the production of rare and valuable triterpenoid saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (H.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.H.); (S.P.); (H.L.); (Z.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (H.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.H.); (S.P.); (H.L.); (Z.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (H.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.H.); (S.P.); (H.L.); (Z.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xinyi He
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (H.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.H.); (S.P.); (H.L.); (Z.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Siqing Peng
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (H.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.H.); (S.P.); (H.L.); (Z.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Hao Ling
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (H.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.H.); (S.P.); (H.L.); (Z.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhuang Dong
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (H.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.H.); (S.P.); (H.L.); (Z.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (X.L.); (Y.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (X.L.); (Y.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Guiping Guan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (X.L.); (Y.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Qi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (H.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.H.); (S.P.); (H.L.); (Z.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaohong Zhong
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (H.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (X.H.); (S.P.); (H.L.); (Z.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yuedong He
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (X.L.); (Y.T.); (G.G.)
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Lu J, Yao J, Pu J, Wang D, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zha L. Transcriptome analysis of three medicinal plants of the genus Polygonatum: identification of genes involved in polysaccharide and steroidal saponins biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1293411. [PMID: 38046616 PMCID: PMC10691381 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1293411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides and saponins are the main active components of Polygonati Rhizoma. Studying the molecular mechanism of their synthesis pathway is helpful in improving the content of active components at the molecular level. At present, transcriptome analysis of three Polygonatum species (Polygonatum sibiricum Red., Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl.) has been reported, but no comparative study has been found on the transcriptome data of the three species. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on the rhizomes of three Polygonatum species based on high-throughput sequencing technology, and all transcripts were assembled. A total of 168,108 unigenes were generated after the removal of redundancy, of which 121,642 were annotated in seven databases. Through differential analysis and expression analysis of key enzyme genes in the synthesis pathway of three Polygonatum polysaccharides and steroidal saponins, 135 differentially expressed genes encoding 18 enzymes and 128 differentially expressed genes encoding 28 enzymes were identified, respectively. Numerous transcription factors are involved in the carbohydrate synthesis pathway. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to further verify the gene expression level. In this paper, we present a public transcriptome dataset of three medicinal plants of the genus Polygonatum, and analyze the key enzyme genes of polysaccharide and steroidal saponins synthesis pathway, which lays a foundation for improving the active component content of Polygonati Rhizoma by molecular means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimei Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jinchen Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jingzhe Pu
- Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
| | - Duomei Wang
- Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
| | - Junling Liu
- Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
| | - Yazhong Zhang
- Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
| | - Liangping Zha
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Christenhusz MJM, Bell D, Twyford AD. The genome sequence of common ivy, Hedera helix L., 1753. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:325. [PMID: 38046190 PMCID: PMC10690035 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19662.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from a specimen of Hedera helix (common ivy; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Apiales; Araliaceae). The genome sequence is 1,199.4 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 24 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial and plastid genomes have also been assembled and are 609.2 and 162.2 kilobases in length respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Bell
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Alex D. Twyford
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | - Plant Genome Sizing collective
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, England, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Lei Y, Harris AJ, Wang A, Zhao L, Luo M, Li J, Chen H. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of genes in the triterpene saponin biosynthesis pathway in leaves and roots of
Ardisia kteniophylla
A. DC., a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8920. [PMID: 35600685 PMCID: PMC9120893 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ardisia kteniophylla (Primulaceae) is highly valued in traditional medicine due to its production of the pharmacologically active secondary metabolites, especially triterpenoid saponins in its roots. Although A. kteniophylla is very important in traditional medicine, the genetic basis for its production of triterpenoid saponins remains largely unknown. Therefore, we sequenced transcriptomes of A. kteniophylla to identify putative genes involved in production of triterpenoid saponins in both leaves and roots, and we used the transcriptomes to compare expression levels of these genes between the two organ systems. The production of triterpenoid saponins in plants is usually induced through hormonal signaling on account of the presence of pests. Thus, we treated plants with the hormones salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and used quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) to investigate expression levels of genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. In total, we obtained transcriptomes for leaf and root tissues representing 52,454 unigenes. Compared with the leaf transcriptome, we found that 6092 unigenes were upregulated in the root, especially enzymes involved in the direct synthesis of triterpenoid saponins, while 6001 genes appeared downregulated, including those involved in precursory steps in the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis pathway. Our results from qRT‐PCR indicate that genes within the upstream parts of the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis pathway may be upregulated under exposure to the applied hormones, but downstream genes are downregulated. This suggests possible conflicting effects of SA and MeJA in promoting the production of secondary metabolites on the one hand, and, on the other, limiting plant growth processes to devote energy to combating pests. We also performed an analysis of transcription factors (TFs) and found 997 unique transcripts belonging to 16 TF families. Our data may help to facilitate future work on triterpene saponins biosynthesis in A. kteniophylla with potential pharmacological and molecular breeding applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- Wuhan Guishan Mountain Scenic Management Office Wuhan China
| | - AJ Harris
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Aihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf (Nanning Normal University) Ministry of Education Nanning China
| | - Liyun Zhao
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Vegetation Ecosystem Restoration on Islands and Coastal Zones South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Ji Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
| | - Hongfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China
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Li D, Wang Q, Chen S, Liu H, Pan K, Li J, Luo C, Wang H. De novo assembly and analysis of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and identification of genes involved in polysaccharide and saponin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:195. [PMID: 35272619 PMCID: PMC8915509 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The investigation of molecular mechanisms involved in polysaccharides and saponin metabolism is critical for genetic engineering of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua to raise major active ingredient content. Up to now, the transcript sequences are available for different tissues of P. cyrtonema, a wide range scanning about temporal transcript at different ages’ rhizomes was still absent in P. cyrtonema. Results Transcriptome sequencing for rhizomes at different ages was performed. Sixty-two thousand six hundred thirty-five unigenes were generated by assembling transcripts from all samples. A total of 89 unigenes encoding key enzymes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis and 56 unigenes encoding key enzymes involved in saponin biosynthesis. The content of total polysaccharide and total saponin was positively correlated with the expression patterns of mannose-6-phosphate isomerase (MPI), GDP-L-fucose synthase (TSTA3), UDP-apiose/xylose synthase (AXS), UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (UGDH), Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA synthase (HMGS), Mevalonate kinase (MVK), 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (ispF), (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate synthase (ispG), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (ispH), Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS). Finally, a number of key genes were selected and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to validate the transcriptome analysis results. Conclusions These results create the link between polysaccharides and saponin biosynthesis and gene expression, provide insight for underlying key active substances, and reveal novel candidate genes including TFs that are worth further exploration for their functions and values. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08421-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Construction Service Center of Wudang District Agricultural Science and Technology Zone, Wudang, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550018, P. R. China
| | - Songshu Chen
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Hongchang Liu
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Keqin Pan
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Jinling Li
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Luo
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China. .,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China.
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Comparative transcriptome analysis of root, stem, and leaf tissues of Entada phaseoloides reveals potential genes involved in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:639. [PMID: 32933468 PMCID: PMC7493163 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. is an important traditional medicinal plant. The stem of Entada phaseoloides is popularly used as traditional medicine because of its significance in dispelling wind and dampness and remarkable anti-inflammatory activities. Triterpenoid saponins are the major bioactive compounds of Entada phaseoloides. However, genomic or transcriptomic technologies have not been used to study the triterpenoid saponin biosynthetic pathway in this plant. Results We performed comparative transcriptome analysis of the root, stem, and leaf tissues of Entada phaseoloides with three independent biological replicates and obtained a total of 53.26 Gb clean data and 116,910 unigenes, with an average N50 length of 1218 bp. Putative functions could be annotated to 42,191 unigenes (36.1%) based on BLASTx searches against the Non-redundant, Uniprot, KEGG, Pfam, GO, KEGG and COG databases. Most of the unigenes related to triterpenoid saponin backbone biosynthesis were specifically upregulated in the stem. A total of 26 cytochrome P450 and 17 uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase candidate genes related to triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis were identified. The differential expressions of selected genes were further verified by qPT-PCR. Conclusions The dataset reported here will facilitate the research about the functional genomics of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis and genetic engineering of Entada phaseoloides.
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Cheng Y, Liu H, Tong X, Liu Z, Zhang X, Li D, Jiang X, Yu X. Identification and analysis of CYP450 and UGT supergene family members from the transcriptome of Aralia elata (Miq.) seem reveal candidate genes for triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:214. [PMID: 32404131 PMCID: PMC7218531 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) gene superfamily have been shown to play essential roles in regulating secondary metabolite biosynthesis. However, the systematic identification of CYP450s and UGTs has not been reported in Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem, a highly valued medicinal plant. RESULTS In the present study, we conducted the RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the leaves, stems, and roots of A. elata, yielding 66,713 total unigenes. Following annotation and KEGG pathway analysis, we were able to identify 64 unigenes related to triterpenoid skeleton biosynthesis, 254 CYP450s and 122 UGTs, respectively. A total of 150 CYP450s and 92 UGTs encoding > 300 amino acid proteins were utilized for phylogenetic and tissue-specific expression analyses. This allowed us to cluster 150 CYP450s into 9 clans and 40 families, and then these CYP450 proteins were further grouped into two primary branches: A-type (53%) and non-A-type (47%). A phylogenetic analysis of 92 UGTs and other plant UGTs led to clustering into 16 groups (A-P). We further assessed the expression patterns of these CYP450 and UGT genes across A. elata tissues, with 23 CYP450 and 16 UGT members being selected for qRT-PCR validation, respectively. From these data, we identified CYP716A295 and CYP716A296 as the candidate genes most likely to be associated with oleanolic acid synthesis, while CYP72A763 and CYP72A776 were identified as being the most likely to play roles in hederagenin biosynthesis. We also selected five unigenes as the best candidates for oleanolic acid 3-O-glucosyltransferase. Finally, we assessed the subcellular localization of three CYP450 proteins within Arabidopsis protoplasts, highlighting the fact that they localize to the endoplasmic reticulum. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a systematic analysis of the CYP450 and UGT gene family in A. elata and provides a foundation for further functional characterization of these two multigene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cheng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hanbing Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuejiao Tong
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zaimin Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dalong Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinmei Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Xihong Yu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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Combined Approach to the Choice of Chromatographic Methods for Routine Determination of Hederacoside C in Ivy Leaf Extracts, Capsules, and Syrup. Sci Pharm 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm88020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Developed methods for routine analysis of medicines should be considered in terms of analytical efficiency, economic cost, as well as their environmental impact. Different chromatographic methods for the routine quantitative analysis of hederacoside C in ivy leaf extract and its original dosage forms (capsules and syrup) are developed. The performance of HPLC and UPLC methods should be done using ACE C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm) and ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) columns, respectively, and both of them require a mixture of water and acetonitrile in the ratio 71/29 as a mobile phase. The HPTLC procedure is carried out using the stationary phase pre-coated silica gel 60 F254 glass sheets and a mixture of anhydrous formic acid/acetone/methanol/ethyl acetate (4:20:20:30 v/v). The most suitable conditions of preparation for each sample are established, for instance, the solid-phase extraction (SPE) for the analysis of syrup is applied. Analytical methods are compered by analytical accuracy, calculation of expenses, and assessment of their influence on ecology. All methods are recognized as accurate, precise, and reliable. However, the assessment of the environmental impact shows that HPTLC is the less green method. On the another hand, it is found to be the cheapest, the costs of performing HPTLC are 2.3 and 1.6 times lower than for HPLC and UPLC, respectively.
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Rahimi S, Kim J, Mijakovic I, Jung KH, Choi G, Kim SC, Kim YJ. Triterpenoid-biosynthetic UDP-glycosyltransferases from plants. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107394. [PMID: 31078628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are naturally occurring structurally diverse glycosides of triterpenes that are widely distributed among plant species. Great interest has been expressed by pharmaceutical and agriculture industries for the glycosylation of triterpenes. Such modifications alter their taste and bio-absorbability, affect their intra-/extracellular transport and storage in plants, and induce novel biological activities in the human body. Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze glycosylation using UDP sugar donors. These enzymes belong to a multigene family and recognize diverse natural products, including triterpenes, as the acceptor molecules. For this review, we collected and analyzed all of the UGT sequences found in Arabidopsis thaliana as well as 31 other species of triterpene-producing plants. To identify potential UGTs with novel functions in triterpene glycosylation, we screened and classified those candidates based on similarity with UGTs from Panax ginseng, Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, Saponaria vaccaria, and Barbarea vulgaris that are known to function in glycosylate triterpenes. We highlight recent findings on UGT inducibility by methyl jasmonate, tissue-specific expression, and subcellular localization, while also describing their catalytic activity in terms of regioselectivity for potential key UGTs dedicated to triterpene glycosylation in plants. Discovering these new UGTs expands our capacity to manipulate the biological and physicochemical properties of such valuable molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Rahimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea; Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Jaewook Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Li W, Xu R, Yan X, Liang D, Zhang L, Qin X, Caiyin Q, Zhao G, Xiao W, Hu Z, Qiao J. De novo leaf and root transcriptome analysis to explore biosynthetic pathway of Celangulin V in Celastrus angulatus maxim. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:7. [PMID: 30611193 PMCID: PMC6321707 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Celastrus angulatus Maxim is a kind of crucial and traditional insecticidal plant widely distributed in the mountains of southwest China. Celangulin V is the efficient insecticidal sesquiterpenoid of C. angulatus and widely used in pest control in China, but the low yield and discontinuous supply impeded its further popularization and application. Fortunately, the development of synthetic biology provided an opportunity for sustainable supply of Celangulin V, for which understanding its biosynthetic pathway is indispensable. Results In this study, six cDNA libraries were prepared from leaf and root of C. angulatus before global transcriptome analyses using the BGISEQ-500 platform. A total of 104,950 unigenes were finally obtained with an average length of 1200 bp in six transcriptome databases of C. angulatus, in which 51,817 unigenes classified into 25 KOG classifications, 39,866 unigenes categorized into 55 GO functional groups, and 48,810 unigenes assigned to 135 KEGG pathways, 145 of which were putative biosynthetic genes of sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid. 16 unigenes were speculated to be related to Celangulin V biosynthesis. De novo assembled sequences were verified by Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Conclusions This study is the first report on transcriptome analysis of C. angulatus, and 16 unigenes probably involved in the biosynthesis of Celangulin V were finally collected. The transcriptome data will make great contributions to research for this specific insecticidal plant and the further gene mining for biosynthesis of Celangulin V and other sesquiterpene polyol esters. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5397-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranran Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinggele Caiyin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangrong Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaonong Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Institute of Pesticide Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Roy NS, Kim JA, Choi AY, Ban YW, Park NI, Park KC, Yang HS, Choi IY, Kim S. RNA-Seq De Novo Assembly and Differential Transcriptome Analysis of Korean Medicinal Herb Cirsium japonicum var. spinossimum. Genomics Inform 2018; 16:e34. [PMID: 30602095 PMCID: PMC6440657 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2018.16.4.e34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirsium japonicum belongs to the Asteraceae or Compositae family and is a medicinal plant in Asia that has a variety of effects, including tumour inhibition, improved immunity with flavones, and antidiabetic and hepatoprotective effects. Silymarin is synthesized by 4-coumaroyl-CoA via both the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid pathways to produce the immediate precursors taxifolin and coniferyl alcohol. Then, the oxidative radicalization of taxifolin and coniferyl alcohol produces silymarin. We identified the expression of genes related to the synthesis of silymarin in C. japonicum in three different tissues, namely, flowers, leaves, and roots, through RNA sequencing. We obtained 51,133 unigenes from transcriptome sequencing by de novo assembly using Trinity v2.1.1, TransDecoder v2.0.1, and CD-HIT v4.6 software. The differentially expressed gene analysis revealed that the expression of genes related to the flavonoid pathway was higher in the flowers, whereas the phenylpropanoid pathway was more highly expressed in the roots. In this study, we established a global transcriptome dataset for C. japonicum. The data shall not only be useful to focus more deeply on the genes related to product medicinal metabolite including flavolignan but also to study the functional genomics for genetic engineering of C. japonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Samir Roy
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jung-A Kim
- Biological Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | | | - Yong-Wook Ban
- Department of Forest Environmental System, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Nam-Il Park
- Department of Plant Science, Gangneung Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea
| | - Kyong-Cheul Park
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Yang
- Biological Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | - Ik-Young Choi
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Soonok Kim
- Biological Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea
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12
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Chen C, Xu M, Wang C, Qiao G, Wang W, Tan Z, Wu T, Zhang Z. Characterization of the Lycium barbarum fruit transcriptome and development of EST-SSR markers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187738. [PMID: 29125846 PMCID: PMC5695279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycium barbarum, commonly known as goji, is important in Chinese herbal medicine and its fruit is a very important agricultural and biological product. However, the molecular mechanism of formation of its fruit and associated medicinal and nutritional components is unexplored. Moreover, this species lacks SSR markers due to lack of genomic and transcriptomic information. In this study, a total of 139,333 unigenes with average length of 1049 bp and N50 of 1579 bp are obtained by trinity assembly from Illumina sequencing reads. A total of 92,498 (66.38%) unigenes showed similarities in at least one database including Nr (46.15%), Nt (56.56%), KO (15.56%), Swiss-prot (33.34%), Pfam (33.43%), GO (33.62%) and KOG/COG (17.55%). Genes in flavonoid and taurine biosynthesis pathways were found and validated by RT-qPCR. A total of 50,093 EST-SSRs were identified from 38,922 unigenes, and 22,537 EST-SSR primer pairs were designed. Four hundred pairs of SSR markers were randomly selected to validate assembly quality, of which 352 (88%) were successful in PCR amplification of genomic DNA from 11 Lycium accessions and 210 produced polymorphisms. The polymorphic loci showed that the genetic similarity of the 11 Lycium accessions ranged from 0.50 to 0.99 and the accessions could be divided into 4 groups. These results will facilitate investigations of the molecular mechanism of formation of L. barbarum fruit and associated medicinal and nutritional components, and will be of value to novel gene discovery and functional genomic studies. The EST-SSR markers will be useful for genetic diversity evaluation, genetic mapping and marker-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Chen
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Seedling Bioengineering, Ningxia Forestry Institute, Yinchuan, China
| | - Meilong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Seedling Bioengineering, Ningxia Forestry Institute, Yinchuan, China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Seedling Bioengineering, Ningxia Forestry Institute, Yinchuan, China
| | - Gaixia Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Seedling Bioengineering, Ningxia Forestry Institute, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaoyun Tan
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengsheng Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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