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Schalamun M, Hinterdobler W, Schinnerl J, Brecker L, Schmoll M. The transcription factor STE12 influences growth on several carbon sources and production of dehydroacetic acid (DHAA) in Trichoderma reesei. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9625. [PMID: 38671155 PMCID: PMC11053031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The filamentous ascomycete Trichoderma reesei, known for its prolific cellulolytic enzyme production, recently also gained attention for its secondary metabolite synthesis. Both processes are intricately influenced by environmental factors like carbon source availability and light exposure. Here, we explore the role of the transcription factor STE12 in regulating metabolic pathways in T. reesei in terms of gene regulation, carbon source utilization and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. We show that STE12 is involved in regulating cellulase gene expression and growth on carbon sources associated with iron homeostasis. STE12 impacts gene regulation in a light dependent manner on cellulose with modulation of several CAZyme encoding genes as well as genes involved in secondary metabolism. STE12 selectively influences the biosynthesis of the sorbicillinoid trichodimerol, while not affecting the biosynthesis of bisorbibutenolide, which was recently shown to be regulated by the MAPkinase pathway upstream of STE12 in the signaling cascade. We further report on the biosynthesis of dehydroacetic acid (DHAA) in T. reesei, a compound known for its antimicrobial properties, which is subject to regulation by STE12. We conclude, that STE12 exerts functions beyond development and hence contributes to balance the energy distribution between substrate consumption, reproduction and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schalamun
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Hinterdobler
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
- MyPilz GmbH, Wienerbergstrasse 55/13-15, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Schinnerl
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lothar Brecker
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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Schalamun M, Molin EM, Schmoll M. RGS4 impacts carbohydrate and siderophore metabolism in Trichoderma reesei. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:372. [PMID: 37400774 PMCID: PMC10316542 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptation to complex, rapidly changing environments is crucial for evolutionary success of fungi. The heterotrimeric G-protein pathway belongs to the most important signaling cascades applied for this task. In Trichoderma reesei, enzyme production, growth and secondary metabolism are among the physiological traits influenced by the G-protein pathway in a light dependent manner. RESULTS Here, we investigated the function of the SNX/H-type regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) protein RGS4 of T. reesei. We show that RGS4 is involved in regulation of cellulase production, growth, asexual development and oxidative stress response in darkness as well as in osmotic stress response in the presence of sodium chloride, particularly in light. Transcriptome analysis revealed regulation of several ribosomal genes, six genes mutated in RutC30 as well as several genes encoding transcription factors and transporters. Importantly, RGS4 positively regulates the siderophore cluster responsible for fusarinine C biosynthesis in light. The respective deletion mutant shows altered growth on nutrient sources related to siderophore production such as ornithine or proline in a BIOLOG phenotype microarray assay. Additionally, growth on storage carbohydrates as well as several intermediates of the D-galactose and D-arabinose catabolic pathway is decreased, predominantly in light. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that RGS4 mainly operates in light and targets plant cell wall degradation, siderophore production and storage compound metabolism in T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schalamun
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln, 3430 Austria
| | - Eva Maria Molin
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln, 3430 Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln, 3430 Austria
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Centre of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, Vienna, 1030 Austria
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Yu W, Pei R, Zhou J, Zeng B, Tu Y, He B. Molecular regulation of fungal secondary metabolism. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:204. [PMID: 37209190 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many bioactive secondary metabolites synthesized by fungi have important applications in many fields, such as agriculture, food, medical and others. The biosynthesis of secondary metabolites is a complex process involving a variety of enzymes and transcription factors, which are regulated at different levels. In this review, we describe our current understanding on molecular regulation of fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis, such as environmental signal regulation, transcriptional regulation and epigenetic regulation. The effects of transcription factors on the secondary metabolites produced by fungi were mainly introduced. It was also discussed that new secondary metabolites could be found in fungi and the production of secondary metabolites could be improved. We also highlight the importance of understanding the molecular regulation mechanisms to activate silent secondary metabolites and uncover their physiological and ecological functions. By comprehensively understanding the regulatory mechanisms involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, we can develop strategies to improve the production of these compounds and maximize their potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Yu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rongqiang Pei
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jingyi Zhou
- Zhanjiang Preschool Education College, Zhanjiang, 524084, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, China
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yayi Tu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Bin He
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, China.
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Zhang X, Hou X, Xu D, Xue M, Zhang J, Wang J, Yang Y, Lai D, Zhou L. Effects of Carbon, Nitrogen, Ambient pH and Light on Mycelial Growth, Sporulation, Sorbicillinoid Biosynthesis and Related Gene Expression in Ustilaginoidea virens. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040390. [PMID: 37108845 PMCID: PMC10142091 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorbicillinoids are a class of hexaketide metabolites produced by Ustilaginoidea virens (teleomorph: Villosiclava virens), an important fungal pathogen that causes a devastating rice disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of environmental factors, including carbon and nitrogen sources, ambient pH and light exposure, on mycelial growth, sporulation, as well as the accumulation of sorbicillinoids, and the expression of related genes involved in sorbicillinoid biosynthesis. It was found that the environmental factors had great influences on mycelial growth and sporulation of U. virens. Fructose and glucose, complex nitrogen sources, acidic conditions and light exposure were favorable for sorbicillinoid production. The relative transcript levels of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis genes were up-regulated when U. virens was separately treated with those environmental factors that favored sorbicillinoid production, indicating that sorbicillinoid biosynthesis was mainly regulated at the transcriptional level by different environmental factors. Two pathway-specific transcription factor genes, UvSorR1 and UvSorR2, were found to participate in the regulation of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis. These results will provide useful information to better understand the regulation mechanisms of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis, and be conducive to develop effective means for controlling sorbicillinoid production in U. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuwen Hou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengyao Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiayin Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yonglin Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Daowan Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Schalamun M, Beier S, Hinterdobler W, Wanko N, Schinnerl J, Brecker L, Engl DE, Schmoll M. MAPkinases regulate secondary metabolism, sexual development and light dependent cellulase regulation in Trichoderma reesei. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1912. [PMID: 36732590 PMCID: PMC9894936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28938-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is a prolific producer of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, which are regulated in response to diverse environmental signals for optimal adaptation, but also produces a wide array of secondary metabolites. Available carbon source and light are the strongest cues currently known to impact secreted enzyme levels and an interplay with regulation of secondary metabolism became increasingly obvious in recent years. While cellulase regulation is already known to be modulated by different mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, the relevance of the light signal, which is transmitted by this pathway in other fungi as well, is still unknown in T. reesei as are interconnections to secondary metabolism and chemical communication under mating conditions. Here we show that MAPkinases differentially influence cellulase regulation in light and darkness and that the Hog1 homologue TMK3, but not TMK1 or TMK2 are required for the chemotropic response to glucose in T. reesei. Additionally, MAPkinases regulate production of specific secondary metabolites including trichodimerol and bisorbibutenolid, a bioactive compound with cytostatic effect on cancer cells and deterrent effect on larvae, under conditions facilitating mating, which reflects a defect in chemical communication. Strains lacking either of the MAPkinases become female sterile, indicating the conservation of the role of MAPkinases in sexual fertility also in T. reesei. In summary, our findings substantiate the previously detected interconnection of cellulase regulation with regulation of secondary metabolism as well as the involvement of MAPkinases in light dependent gene regulation of cellulase and secondary metabolite genes in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schalamun
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Sabrina Beier
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Hinterdobler
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
- MyPilz GmbH, Wienerbergstrasse 55/13-15, 1120, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Wanko
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Johann Schinnerl
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lothar Brecker
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorothea Elisa Engl
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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Elhamouly NA, Hewedy OA, Zaitoon A, Miraples A, Elshorbagy OT, Hussien S, El-Tahan A, Peng D. The hidden power of secondary metabolites in plant-fungi interactions and sustainable phytoremediation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1044896. [PMID: 36578344 PMCID: PMC9790997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1044896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The global environment is dominated by various small exotic substances, known as secondary metabolites, produced by plants and microorganisms. Plants and fungi are particularly plentiful sources of these molecules, whose physiological functions, in many cases, remain a mystery. Fungal secondary metabolites (SM) are a diverse group of substances that exhibit a wide range of chemical properties and generally fall into one of four main family groups: Terpenoids, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, or a combination of the latter two. They are incredibly varied in their functions and are often related to the increased fitness of the respective fungus in its environment, often competing with other microbes or interacting with plant species. Several of these metabolites have essential roles in the biological control of plant diseases by various beneficial microorganisms used for crop protection and biofertilization worldwide. Besides direct toxic effects against phytopathogens, natural metabolites can promote root and shoot development and/or disease resistance by activating host systemic defenses. The ability of these microorganisms to synthesize and store biologically active metabolites that are a potent source of novel natural compounds beneficial for agriculture is becoming a top priority for SM fungi research. In this review, we will discuss fungal-plant secondary metabolites with antifungal properties and the role of signaling molecules in induced and acquired systemic resistance activities. Additionally, fungal secondary metabolites mimic plant promotion molecules such as auxins, gibberellins, and abscisic acid, which modulate plant growth under biotic stress. Moreover, we will present a new trend regarding phytoremediation applications using fungal secondary metabolites to achieve sustainable food production and microbial diversity in an eco-friendly environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Atta Elhamouly
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Omar A. Hewedy
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Amr Zaitoon
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Angelica Miraples
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Omnia T. Elshorbagy
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Suzan Hussien
- Botany Department Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amira El-Tahan
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, the City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Schalamun M, Schmoll M. Trichoderma - genomes and genomics as treasure troves for research towards biology, biotechnology and agriculture. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:1002161. [PMID: 37746224 PMCID: PMC10512326 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.1002161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The genus Trichoderma is among the best studied groups of filamentous fungi, largely because of its high relevance in applications from agriculture to enzyme biosynthesis to biofuel production. However, the physiological competences of these fungi, that led to these beneficial applications are intriguing also from a scientific and ecological point of view. This review therefore summarizes recent developments in studies of fungal genomes, updates on previously started genome annotation efforts and novel discoveries as well as efforts towards bioprospecting for enzymes and bioactive compounds such as cellulases, enzymes degrading xenobiotics and metabolites with potential pharmaceutical value. Thereby insights are provided into genomes, mitochondrial genomes and genomes of mycoviruses of Trichoderma strains relevant for enzyme production, biocontrol and mycoremediation. In several cases, production of bioactive compounds could be associated with responsible genes or clusters and bioremediation capabilities could be supported or predicted using genome information. Insights into evolution of the genus Trichoderma revealed large scale horizontal gene transfer, predominantly of CAZyme genes, but also secondary metabolite clusters. Investigation of sexual development showed that Trichoderma species are competent of repeat induced point mutation (RIP) and in some cases, segmental aneuploidy was observed. Some random mutants finally gave away their crucial mutations like T. reesei QM9978 and QM9136 and the fertility defect of QM6a was traced back to its gene defect. The Trichoderma core genome was narrowed down to 7000 genes and gene clustering was investigated in the genomes of multiple species. Finally, recent developments in application of CRISPR/Cas9 in Trichoderma, cloning and expression strategies for the workhorse T. reesei as well as the use genome mining tools for bioprospecting Trichoderma are highlighted. The intriguing new findings on evolution, genomics and physiology highlight emerging trends and illustrate worthwhile perspectives in diverse fields of research with Trichoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schalamun
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Schüller A, Studt-Reinhold L, Strauss J. How to Completely Squeeze a Fungus-Advanced Genome Mining Tools for Novel Bioactive Substances. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1837. [PMID: 36145585 PMCID: PMC9505985 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal species have the capability of producing an overwhelming diversity of bioactive substances that can have beneficial but also detrimental effects on human health. These so-called secondary metabolites naturally serve as antimicrobial "weapon systems", signaling molecules or developmental effectors for fungi and hence are produced only under very specific environmental conditions or stages in their life cycle. However, as these complex conditions are difficult or even impossible to mimic in laboratory settings, only a small fraction of the true chemical diversity of fungi is known so far. This also implies that a large space for potentially new pharmaceuticals remains unexplored. We here present an overview on current developments in advanced methods that can be used to explore this chemical space. We focus on genetic and genomic methods, how to detect genes that harbor the blueprints for the production of these compounds (i.e., biosynthetic gene clusters, BGCs), and ways to activate these silent chromosomal regions. We provide an in-depth view of the chromatin-level regulation of BGCs and of the potential to use the CRISPR/Cas technology as an activation tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Strauss
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, A-3430 Tulln/Donau, Austria
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Li C, Gu R, Lin F, Xiao H. Sorbicillinoids hyperproduction without affecting the cellulosic enzyme production in Trichoderma reesei JNTR5. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:85. [PMID: 35996177 PMCID: PMC9394075 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Microbial production of bioactive secondary metabolites is challenging as most of the encoding genes are silent; and even if they are activated, the biosynthetic pathways are usually complex. Sorbicillinoids with multifunctional bioactivities are examples of these problems, which if solved can result in a more sustainable, simple supply of these important compounds to the pharmaceutical industry. As an excellent producer of cellulosic enzymes, Trichoderma reesei can secrete various sorbicillinoids. Results Here, we obtained a T. reesei mutant strain JNTR5 from the random mutation during overexpression of gene Tr69957 in T. reesei RUT-C30. JNTR5 exhibited a significant constitutive increase in sorbicillinoids production without affecting the cellulosic enzyme production. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) results indicated that sorbicillinoids were distributed in both mycelium and spores of JNTR5 with blue and green fluorescence. Compared with RUT-C30, JNTR5 displayed different cell morphology, reduced growth rate, and increased sporulation, but a similar biomass accumulation. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed that all genes belonging to the sorbicillinoid gene cluster were upregulated, while most cellulase-encoding genes were downregulated. The cell wall integrity of JNTR5 was damaged, which might benefit the cellulase secretion and contribute to the almost unchanged cellulase and hemicellulase activity given that the damaged cell wall can enhance the secretion of the enzymes. Conclusions For the first time, we constructed a sorbicillinoids hyperproduction T. reesei platform with comparable cellulosic enzymes production. This outperformance of JNTR5, which is strain-specific, is proposed to be attributed to the overexpression of gene Tr69957, causing the chromosome remodeling and subsequently changing the cell morphology, structure, and the global gene expression as shown by phenotype and the transcriptome analysis of JNTR5. Overall, JNTR5 shows great potential for industrial microbial production of sorbicillinoids from cellulose and serves as an excellent model for investigating the distribution and secretion of yellow pigments in T. reesei. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13068-022-02183-1.
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Schmoll M, Hinterdobler W. Tools for adapting to a complex habitat: G-protein coupled receptors in Trichoderma. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 193:65-97. [PMID: 36357080 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensing the environment and interpretation of the received signals are crucial competences of living organisms in order to properly adapt to their habitat, succeed in competition and to reproduce. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are members of a large family of sensors for extracellular signals and represent the starting point of complex signaling cascades regulating a plethora of intracellular physiological processes and output pathways in fungi. In Trichoderma spp. current research involves a wide range of topics from enzyme production, light response and secondary metabolism to sexual and asexual development as well as biocontrol, all of which require delicate balancing of resources in response to the environmental challenges or biotechnological needs at hand, which are crucially impacted by the surroundings of the fungi and their intercellular signaling cascades triggering a precisely tailored response. In this review we summarize recent findings on sensing by GPCRs in Trichoderma, including the function of pheromone receptors, glucose sensing by CSG1 and CSG2, regulation of secondary metabolism by GPR8 and impacts on mycoparasitism by GPR1. Additionally, we provide an overview on structural determinants, posttranslational modifications and interactions for regulation, activation and signal termination of GPCRs in order to inspire future in depth analyses of their function and to understand previous regulatory outcomes of natural and biotechnological processes modulated or enabled by GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schmoll
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Beier S, Stiegler M, Hitzenhammer E, Monika S. Screening for genes involved in cellulase regulation by expression under the control of a novel constitutive promoter in Trichoderma reesei. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Rosolen RR, Aono AH, Almeida DA, Ferreira Filho JA, Horta MAC, De Souza AP. Network Analysis Reveals Different Cellulose Degradation Strategies Across Trichoderma harzianum Strains Associated With XYR1 and CRE1. Front Genet 2022; 13:807243. [PMID: 35281818 PMCID: PMC8912865 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.807243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum, whose gene expression is tightly controlled by the transcription factors (TFs) XYR1 and CRE1, is a potential candidate for hydrolytic enzyme production. Here, we performed a network analysis of T. harzianum IOC-3844 and T. harzianum CBMAI-0179 to explore how the regulation of these TFs varies between these strains. In addition, we explored the evolutionary relationships of XYR1 and CRE1 protein sequences among Trichoderma spp. The results of the T. harzianum strains were compared with those of Trichoderma atroviride CBMAI-0020, a mycoparasitic species. Although transcripts encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), TFs, transporters, and proteins with unknown functions were coexpressed with cre1 or xyr1, other proteins indirectly related to cellulose degradation were identified. The enriched GO terms describing the transcripts of these groups differed across all strains, and several metabolic pathways with high similarity between both regulators but strain-specific differences were identified. In addition, the CRE1 and XYR1 subnetworks presented different topology profiles in each strain, likely indicating differences in the influences of these regulators according to the fungi. The hubs of the cre1 and xyr1 groups included transcripts not yet characterized or described as being related to cellulose degradation. The first-neighbor analyses confirmed the results of the profile of the coexpressed transcripts in cre1 and xyr1. The analyses of the shortest paths revealed that CAZymes upregulated under cellulose degradation conditions are most closely related to both regulators, and new targets between such signaling pathways were discovered. Although the evaluated T. harzianum strains are phylogenetically close and their amino acid sequences related to XYR1 and CRE1 are very similar, the set of transcripts related to xyr1 and cre1 differed, suggesting that each T. harzianum strain used a specific regulation strategy for cellulose degradation. More interestingly, our findings may suggest that XYR1 and CRE1 indirectly regulate genes encoding proteins related to cellulose degradation in the evaluated T. harzianum strains. An improved understanding of the basic biology of fungi during the cellulose degradation process can contribute to the use of their enzymes in several biotechnological applications and pave the way for further studies on the differences across strains of the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Rossi Rosolen
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Hild Aono
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Déborah Aires Almeida
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jaire Alves Ferreira Filho
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Anete Pereira De Souza
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Anete Pereira De Souza,
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13
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Recent Advances in Sorbicillinoids from Fungi and Their Bioactivities (Covering 2016–2021). J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010062. [PMID: 35050002 PMCID: PMC8779745 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorbicillinoids are a family of hexaketide metabolites with a characteristic sorbyl side chain residue. Sixty-nine sorbicillinoids from fungi, newly identified from 2016 to 2021, are summarized in this review, including their structures and bioactivities. They are classified into monomeric, dimeric, trimeric, and hybrid sorbicillinoids according to their basic structural features, with the main groups comprising both monomeric and dimeric sorbicillinoids. Some of the identified sorbicillinoids have special structures such as ustilobisorbicillinol A, and sorbicillasins A and B. The majority of sorbicillinoids have been reported from fungi genera such as Acremonium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, and Ustilaginoidea, with some sorbicillinoids exhibiting cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, phytotoxic, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. In recent years, marine-derived, extremophilic, plant endophytic, and phytopathogenic fungi have emerged as important resources for diverse sorbicillinoids with unique skeletons. The recently revealed biological activities of sorbicillinoids discovered before 2016 are also described in this review.
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Chen X, Song B, Liu M, Qin L, Dong Z. Understanding the Role of Trichoderma reesei Vib1 in Gene Expression during Cellulose Degradation. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080613. [PMID: 34436152 PMCID: PMC8397228 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vib1, a member of the Ndt80/PhoG-like transcription factor family, has been shown to be essential for cellulase production of Trichoderma reesei. Here, we combined transcriptomic and genetic analyses to gain mechanistic insights into the roles of Vib1 during cellulose degradation. Our transcriptome analysis showed that the vib1 deletion caused 586 genes with decreased expression and 431 genes with increased expression on cellulose. The downregulated genes were enriched for Gene Ontology terms associated with carbohydrate metabolism, transmembrane transport, oxidoreductase activity, and transcription factor activity. Of the 258 genes induced by cellulose, 229 showed no or decreased expression in Δvib1 on cellulose, including almost all (hemi)cellulase genes, crucial sugar transporter genes (IDs:69957, 3405), and the genes encoding main transcriptional activators Xyr1 and Ace3. Additionally, Vib1 also regulated the expression of genes involved in secondary metabolism. Further comparison of the transcriptomes of Δvib1 and Δxyr1 in cellulose revealed that the genes regulated by Vib1 had much overlap with Xyr1 targets especially for the gene set induced by cellulose, presumably whose expression requires the cooperativity between Vib1 and Xyr1. Genetic evidence indicated that Vib1 regulates cellulase gene expression partially via Xyr1. Our results will provide new clues for strain improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.C.); (B.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Bingran Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.C.); (B.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Minglu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.C.); (B.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Lina Qin
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China;
| | - Zhiyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.C.); (B.S.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Hinterdobler W, Beier S, Monroy AA, Berger H, Dattenböck C, Schmoll M. The G-protein Coupled Receptor GPR8 Regulates Secondary Metabolism in Trichoderma reesei. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:558996. [PMID: 33251193 PMCID: PMC7676458 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.558996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Changing environmental conditions are of utmost importance for regulation of secondary metabolism in fungi. Different environmental cues including the carbon source, light and the presence of a mating partner can lead to altered production of compounds. Thereby, the heterotrimeric G-protein pathway is of major importance for sensing and adjustment of gene regulation. Regulation of secondary metabolism is crucial in the biotechnological workhorse Trichoderma reesei for knowledge-based adjustment in industrial fermentations, but also with respect to the potential use as a host for heterologous compound production. We investigated the function of the class VII G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) gene gpr8 that is localized in the vicinity of the SOR cluster, which is responsible for biosynthesis of sorbicillinoids. GPR8 positively impacts regulation of the genes in this cluster in darkness. Accordingly, abundance of trichodimerol and dihydrotrichotetronine as well as other secondary metabolites is decreased in the deletion mutant. Transcriptome analysis moreover showed the major role of GPR8 being exerted in darkness with a considerable influence on regulation of secondary metabolism. Genes regulated in Δgpr8 overlap with those regulated directly or indirectly by the transcription factor YPR2, especially concerning genes related to secondary metabolism. The predicted FAD/FMN containing dehydrogenase gene sor7, one of the positive targets of the cascade triggered by GPR8, has a positive effect on secondary metabolite production, but also cellulase gene expression. Hence SOR7 has some overlapping, but also additional functions compared to GPR8. The G-protein coupled receptor GPR8 exerts a light dependent impact on secondary metabolism, which is in part mediated by the transcription factor YPR2 and the function of SOR7. Hence, T. reesei may apply GPR8 to adjust production of secondary metabolites and hence chemical communication to signals from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Hinterdobler
- Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Tulln, Austria
| | - Sabrina Beier
- Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Tulln, Austria
| | - Alberto Alonso Monroy
- Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Tulln, Austria
| | | | - Christoph Dattenböck
- Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Tulln, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Tulln, Austria
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16
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Li Y, Yan P, Lu X, Qiu Y, Liang S, Liu G, Li S, Mou L, Xie N. Involvement of PaSNF1 in Fungal Development, Sterigmatocystin Biosynthesis, and Lignocellulosic Degradation in the Filamentous Fungus Podospora anserina. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1038. [PMID: 32587577 PMCID: PMC7299030 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The sucrose non-fermenting 1/AMP-activated protein kinase (SNF1/AMPK) is a central regulator of carbon metabolism and energy production in the eukaryotes. In this study, the functions of the Podospora anserina SNF1 (PaSNF1) ortholog were investigated. The ΔPaSNF1 mutant displays a delayed development of mycelium and fruiting bodies and fails to form ascospores. The expression of the PaSNF1 gene in the strain providing female organs in a cross is sufficient to ensure fertility, indicating a maternal effect. Results of environmental stress showed that ΔPaSNF1 was hypersensitive to stress, such as osmotic pressure and heat shock, and resistant to fluconazole. Interestingly, the knockout of PaSNF1 significantly promoted sterigmatocystin (ST) synthesis but suppressed cellulase [filter paperase (FPA), endoglucanase (EG), and β-glucosidase (BG)] activity. Further, transcriptome analysis indicated that PaSNF1 made positive regulatory effects on the expression of genes encoding cellulolytic enzymes. These results suggested that PaSNF1 may function in balancing the operation of primary and secondary metabolism. This study suggested that SNF1 was a key regulator concerting vegetative growth, sexual development, and stress tolerance. Our study provided the first genetic evidence that SNF1 was involved in the ST biosynthesis and that it may also be a major actor of lignocellulose degradation in P. anserina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjing Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengfei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojie Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shang Liang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Mou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ning Xie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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17
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Beier S, Hinterdobler W, Monroy AA, Bazafkan H, Schmoll M. The Kinase USK1 Regulates Cellulase Gene Expression and Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis in Trichoderma reesei. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:974. [PMID: 32508786 PMCID: PMC7251307 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex environment of fungi requires a delicate balance between the efforts to acquire nutrition, to reproduce, and to fend off competitors. In Trichoderma reesei, an interrelationship between regulation of enzyme gene expression and secondary metabolism was shown. In this study, we investigated the physiological relevance of the unique YPK1-type kinase USK1 of T. reesei. Usk1 is located in the vicinity of the SOR cluster and is involved in regulation of several genes from this secondary metabolite cluster as well as dihydrotrichotetronine and other secondary metabolites. Moreover, USK1 is required for biosynthesis of normal levels of secondary metabolites in liquid culture. USK1 positively influences cellulase gene regulation, secreted cellulase activity, and biomass formation upon growth in constant darkness on cellulose. Positive effects of USK1 on transcript abundance of the regulator of secondary metabolism, vel1, and the carbon catabolite repressor gene cre1 are in agreement with these functions. In summary, we found that with USK1, T. reesei comprises a unique kinase that adds an additional layer of regulation to the connection of secondary metabolism and enzyme production in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Beier
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Hinterdobler
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Alberto Alonso Monroy
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Hoda Bazafkan
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
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Beier S, Hinterdobler W, Bazafkan H, Schillinger L, Schmoll M. CLR1 and CLR2 are light dependent regulators of xylanase and pectinase genes in Trichoderma reesei. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 136:103315. [PMID: 31816399 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of plant cell wall degradation is of utmost importance for understanding the carbon cycle in nature, but also to improve industrial processes aimed at enzyme production for next generation biofuels. Thereby, the transcription factor networks in different fungi show conservation as well as striking differences, particularly between Trichoderma reesei and Neurospora crassa. Here, we aimed to gain insight into the function of the transcription factors CLR1 and CLR2 in T. reesei, which are crucial for cellulase gene expression in N. crassa. We studied impacts on gene regulation with cellulose, xylan, pectin and chitin, growth on 95 different carbon sources as well as an involvement in regulation of secondary metabolism or development. We found that CLR1 is present in the genome of T. reesei and other Trichoderma spp., albeit with considerably lower homology compared to other ascomycetes. CLR1 and CLR2 regulate pectinase transcript levels upon growth on pectin, no major function was detected on chitin. CLR1 and CLR2 form a positive feedback cycle on xylan and were found to be responsible for balancing co-regulation of xylanase genes in light and darkness with distinct and in part opposite regulatory effects of up to 8fold difference. Our data suggest that CLR1 and CLR2 have evolved differently in T. reesei compared to other fungi. We propose a model in which their main function is in adjustment of regulation of xylanase gene expression to different light conditions and to balance transcript levels of genes involved in plant cell wall degradation according to their individual relevance for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Beier
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Hinterdobler
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Hoda Bazafkan
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Lukas Schillinger
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Monika Schmoll
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
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19
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Hinterdobler W, Schuster A, Tisch D, Özkan E, Bazafkan H, Schinnerl J, Brecker L, Böhmdorfer S, Schmoll M. The role of PKAc1 in gene regulation and trichodimerol production in Trichoderma reesei. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2019; 6:12. [PMID: 31528353 PMCID: PMC6734591 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-019-0075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichoderma reesei represents a model system for investigation of plant cell wall degradation and its connection to light response. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway (cAMP pathway) plays an important role in both physiological outputs, being crucial for regulation of photoreceptor function as well as for cellulase regulation on different carbon sources. Phosphorylation of photoreceptors and of the carbon catabolite repressor CRE1 was shown in ascomycetes, indicating a relevance of protein kinase A in regulation of the target genes of these transcription factors as well as an impact on regulation of induction specific genes. Moreover, the cAMP pathway impacts growth and development. Results Here, we investigated gene regulation by the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKAc1) upon growth on cellulose. We found distinct gene sets for regulation upon growth in light and darkness with an overlap of only 13 genes. PKAc1 regulates metabolic genes as well as transport and defense functions. The overlap of gene regulation by PKAc1 with the genes representing the cAMP dependent regulatory output of the photoreceptor ENV1 indicates an involvement of PKA in this pathway, which counteracts its effects by contrasting regulation. Moreover, we found considerable overlap with the gene sets regulated under cellulase inducing conditions and by the carbon catabolite repressor CRE1. Our analysis also showed that PKAc1 regulates the genes of the SOR cluster associated with the biosynthesis of sorbicillinoids. The homologue of gin4, encoding a CAMK type kinase, which is regulated by PKAc1, CRE1 and YPR2 showed a moderate impact on trichodimerol production. We isolated trichodimerol as representative sorbicillin compound and established a method for its quantification in large sample sets using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), which can be broadly applied for secondary metabolite screening of mutants or different growth conditions. Due to the high expression levels of the SOR cluster under conditions of sexual development we crosschecked the relevance of PKAc1 under these conditions. We could show that PKAc1 impacts biosynthesis of trichodimerol in axenic growth and upon mating. Conclusions We conclude that PKAc1 is involved in light dependent regulation of plant cell wall degradation, including carbon catabolite repression as well as secondary metabolism and development in T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Hinterdobler
- 1Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - André Schuster
- 2Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Tisch
- 2Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ezgi Özkan
- 1Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.,3Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Hoda Bazafkan
- 1Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johann Schinnerl
- 4Chemodiversity Research Group, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lothar Brecker
- 5Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Böhmdorfer
- 3Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- 1Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Protein phosphatases regulate growth, development, cellulases and secondary metabolism in Trichoderma reesei. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10995. [PMID: 31358805 PMCID: PMC6662751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei represents one of the most prolific producers of plant cell wall degrading enzymes. Recent research showed broad regulation by phosphorylation in T. reesei, including important transcription factors involved in cellulase regulation. To evaluate factors crucial for changes in these phosphorylation events, we studied non-essential protein phosphatases (PPs) of T. reesei. Viable deletion strains were tested for growth on different carbon sources, osmotic and oxidative stress response, asexual and sexual development, cellulase and protease production as well as secondary metabolism. Six PPs were found to be positive or negative regulators for cellulase production. A correlation of the effects of PPs on protease activities and cellulase activities was not detected. Hierarchical clustering of regulation patterns and phenotypes of deletion indicated functional specialization within PP classes and common as well as variable effects. Our results confirmed the central role of catalytic and regulatory subunits of PP2A which regulates several aspects of cell growth and metabolism. Moreover we show that the additional homologue of PPH5 in Trichoderma spp., PPH5-2 assumes distinct functions in metabolism, development and stress response, different from PPH5. The influence of PPs on both cellulase gene expression and secondary metabolite production support an interrelationship in the underlying regulation mechanisms.
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Hitzenhammer E, Büschl C, Sulyok M, Schuhmacher R, Kluger B, Wischnitzki E, Schmoll M. YPR2 is a regulator of light modulated carbon and secondary metabolism in Trichoderma reesei. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:211. [PMID: 30866811 PMCID: PMC6417087 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filamentous fungi have evolved to succeed in nature by efficient growth and degradation of substrates, but also due to the production of secondary metabolites including mycotoxins. For Trichoderma reesei, as a biotechnological workhorse for homologous and heterologous protein production, secondary metabolite secretion is of particular importance for industrial application. Recent studies revealed an interconnected regulation of enzyme gene expression and carbon metabolism with secondary metabolism. RESULTS Here, we investigated gene regulation by YPR2, one out of two transcription factors located within the SOR cluster of T. reesei, which is involved in biosynthesis of sorbicillinoids. Transcriptome analysis showed that YPR2 exerts its major function in constant darkness upon growth on cellulose. Targets (direct and indirect) of YPR2 overlap with induction specific genes as well as with targets of the carbon catabolite repressor CRE1 and a considerable proportion is regulated by photoreceptors as well. Functional category analysis revealed both effects on carbon metabolism and secondary metabolism. Further, we found indications for an involvement of YPR2 in regulation of siderophores. In agreement with transcriptome data, mass spectrometric analyses revealed a broad alteration in metabolite patterns in ∆ypr2. Additionally, YPR2 positively influenced alamethicin levels along with transcript levels of the alamethicin synthase tex1 and is essential for production of orsellinic acid in darkness. CONCLUSIONS YPR2 is an important regulator balancing secondary metabolism with carbon metabolism in darkness and depending on the carbon source. The function of YPR2 reaches beyond the SOR cluster in which ypr2 is located and happens downstream of carbon catabolite repression mediated by CRE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hitzenhammer
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Christoph Büschl
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kluger
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Wischnitzki
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Abstract
One of the exciting movements in microbial sciences has been a refocusing and revitalization of efforts to mine the fungal secondary metabolome. The magnitude of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in a single filamentous fungal genome combined with the historic number of sequenced genomes suggests that the secondary metabolite wealth of filamentous fungi is largely untapped. Mining algorithms and scalable expression platforms have greatly expanded access to the chemical repertoire of fungal-derived secondary metabolites. In this Review, I discuss new insights into the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of BGCs and the ecological roles of fungal secondary metabolites in warfare, defence and development. I also explore avenues for the identification of new fungal metabolites and the challenges in harvesting fungal-derived secondary metabolites.
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Pawlik A, Ruminowicz-Stefaniuk M, Frąc M, Mazur A, Wielbo J, Janusz G. The wood decay fungus Cerrena unicolor adjusts its metabolism to grow on various types of wood and light conditions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211744. [PMID: 30721259 PMCID: PMC6363171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerrena unicolor is a wood-degrading basidiomycete with ecological and biotechnological importance. Comprehensive Biolog-based analysis was performed to assess the metabolic capabilities and sensitivity to chemicals of C. unicolor FCL139 growing in various sawdust substrates and light conditions. The metabolic preferences of the fungus towards utilization of specific substrates were shown to be correlated with the sawdust medium applied for fungus growth and the light conditions. The highest catabolic activity of C. unicolor was observed after fungus precultivation on birch and ash sawdust media. The fungus growing in the dark showed the highest metabolic activity which was indicated by capacity to utilize a broad spectrum of compounds and the decomposition of 74/95 of the carbon sources. In all the culture light conditions, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid was the most readily metabolized compound. The greatest tolerance to chemicals was also observed during C. unicolor growth in darkness. The fungus was the most sensitive to nitrogen compounds and antibiotics, but more resistant to chelators. Comparative analysis of C. unicolor and selected wood-decay fungi from different taxonomic and ecological groups revealed average catabolic activity of the fungus. However, C. unicolor showed outstanding capabilities to catabolize salicin and arbutin. The obtained picture of C. unicolor metabolism showed that the fungus abilities to decompose woody plant material are influenced by various environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pawlik
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Frąc
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mazur
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wielbo
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Janusz
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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24
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Li C, Lin F, Sun W, Yuan S, Zhou Z, Wu FG, Chen Z. Constitutive hyperproduction of sorbicillinoids in Trichoderma reesei ZC121. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:291. [PMID: 30386428 PMCID: PMC6202828 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to its outstanding cellulase production ability, Trichoderma reesei produces a wide variety of valuable secondary metabolites, the production of which has not received much attention to date. Among them, sorbicillinoids, a large group of hexaketide secondary metabolites derived from polyketides, are drawing a growing interest from researchers because they exhibit a variety of important biological functions, including anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, and antimicrobial properties. The development of fungi strains with constitutive, hyperproduction of sorbicillinoids is thus desired for future industry application but is not well-studied. Moreover, although T. reesei has been demonstrated to produce sorbicillinoids with the corresponding gene cluster and biosynthesis pathway proposed, the underlying molecular mechanism governing sorbicillinoid biosynthesis remains unknown. RESULTS Recombinant T. reesei ZC121 was constructed from strain RUT-C30 by the insertion of the gene 12121-knockout cassette at the telomere of T. reesei chromosome IV in consideration of the off-target mutagenesis encountered during the unsuccessful deletion of gene 121121. Strain ZC121, when grown on cellulose, showed a sharp reduction of cellulase production, but yet a remarkable enhancement of sorbicillinoids production as compared to strain RUT-C30. The hyperproduction of sorbicillinoids is a constitutive process, independent of culture conditions such as carbon source, light, pH, and temperature. To the best of our knowledge, strain ZC121 displays record sorbicillinoid production levels when grown on both glucose and cellulose. Sorbicillinol and bisvertinolone are the two major sorbicillinoid compounds produced. ZC121 displayed a different morphology and markedly reduced sporulation compared to RUT-C30 but had a similar growth rate and biomass. Transcriptome analysis showed that most genes involved in cellulase production were downregulated significantly in ZC121 grown on cellulose, whereas remarkably all genes in the sorbicillinoid gene cluster were upregulated on both cellulose and glucose. CONCLUSION A constitutive sorbicillinoid-hyperproduction strain T. reesei ZC121 was obtained by off-target mutagenesis, displaying an overwhelming shift from cellulase production to sorbicillinoid production on cellulose, leading to a record for sorbicillinoid production. For the first time, T. reesei degraded cellulose to produce platform chemical compounds other than protein in high yield. We propose that the off-target mutagenesis occurring at the telomere region might cause chromosome remodeling and subsequently alter the cell structure and the global gene expression pattern of strain ZC121, as shown by phenotype profiling and comparative transcriptome analysis of ZC121. Overall, T. reesei ZC121 holds great promise for the industrial production of sorbicillinoids and serves as a good model to explore the regulation mechanism of sorbicillinoids' biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Fengming Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
- Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Shaoxun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Dattenböck C, Tisch D, Schuster A, Monroy AA, Hinterdobler W, Schmoll M. Gene regulation associated with sexual development and female fertility in different isolates of Trichoderma reesei. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2018; 5:9. [PMID: 29785273 PMCID: PMC5952832 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-018-0055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma reesei is one of the most frequently used filamentous fungi in industry for production of homologous and heterologous proteins. The ability to use sexual crossing in this fungus was discovered several years ago and opens up new perspectives for industrial strain improvement and investigation of gene regulation. RESULTS Here we investigated the female sterile strain QM6a in comparison to the fertile isolate CBS999.97 and backcrossed derivatives of QM6a, which have regained fertility (FF1 and FF2 strains) in both mating types under conditions of sexual development. We found considerable differences in gene regulation between strains with the CBS999.97 genetic background and the QM6a background. Regulation patterns of QM6a largely clustered with the backcrossed FF1 and FF2 strains. Differential regulation between QM6a and FF1/FF2 as well as clustering of QM6a patterns with those of CBS999.97 strains was also observed. Consistent mating type dependent regulation was limited to mating type genes and those involved in pheromone response, but included also nta1 encoding a putative N-terminal amidase previously not associated with development. Comparison of female sterile QM6a with female fertile strains showed differential expression in genes encoding several transcription factors, metabolic genes and genes involved in secondary metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of the functions of genes specifically regulated under conditions of sexual development and of genes with highest levels of transcripts under these conditions indicated a relevance of secondary metabolism for sexual development in T. reesei. Among others, the biosynthetic genes of the recently characterized SOR cluster are in this gene group. However, these genes are not essential for sexual development, but rather have a function in protection and defence against competitors during reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Dattenböck
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Doris Tisch
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Molecular Biotechnology, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andre Schuster
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Molecular Biotechnology, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alberto Alonso Monroy
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Hinterdobler
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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26
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Schmoll M. Regulation of plant cell wall degradation by light in Trichoderma. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2018; 5:10. [PMID: 29713489 PMCID: PMC5913809 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-018-0052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei (syn. Hypocrea jecorina) is the model organism for industrial production of plant cell wall degradating enzymes. The integration of light and nutrient signals for adaptation of enzyme production in T. reesei emerged as an important regulatory mechanism to be tackled for strain improvement. Gene regulation specific for cellulase inducing conditions is different in light and darkness with substantial regulation by photoreceptors. Genes regulated by light are clustered in the genome, with several of the clusters overlapping with CAZyme clusters. Major cellulase transcription factor genes and at least 75% of glycoside hydrolase encoding genes show the potential of light dependent regulation. Accordingly, light dependent protein complex formation occurs within the promoters of cellulases and their regulators. Additionally growth on diverse carbon sources is different between light and darkness and dependent on the presence of photoreceptors in several cases. Thereby, also light intensity plays a regulatory role, with cellulase levels dropping at higher light intensities dependent in the strain background. The heterotrimeric G-protein pathway is the most important nutrient signaling pathway in the connection with light response and triggers posttranscriptional regulation of cellulase expression. All G-protein alpha subunits impact cellulase regulation in a light dependent manner. The downstream cAMP pathway is involved in light dependent regulation as well. Connections between the regulatory pathways are mainly established via the photoreceptor ENV1. The effect of photoreceptors on plant cell wall degradation also occurs in the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. In the currently proposed model, T. reesei senses the presence of plant biomass in its environment by detection of building blocks of cellulose and hemicellulose. Interpretation of the respective signals is subsequently adjusted to the requirements in light and darkness (or on the surface versus within the substrate) by an interconnection of nutrient signaling with light response. This review provides an overview on the importance of light, photoreceptors and related signaling pathways for formation of plant cell wall degrading enzymes in T. reesei. Additionally, the relevance of light dependent gene regulation for industrial fermentations with Trichoderma as well as strategies for exploitation of the observed effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schmoll
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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27
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Alder-Rangel A, Bailão AM, da Cunha AF, Soares CMA, Wang C, Bonatto D, Dadachova E, Hakalehto E, Eleutherio ECA, Fernandes ÉKK, Gadd GM, Braus GH, Braga GUL, Goldman GH, Malavazi I, Hallsworth JE, Takemoto JY, Fuller KK, Selbmann L, Corrochano LM, von Zeska Kress MR, Bertolini MC, Schmoll M, Pedrini N, Loera O, Finlay RD, Peralta RM, Rangel DEN. The second International Symposium on Fungal Stress: ISFUS. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:386-399. [PMID: 29801782 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The topic of 'fungal stress' is central to many important disciplines, including medical mycology, chronobiology, plant and insect pathology, industrial microbiology, material sciences, and astrobiology. The International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) brought together researchers, who study fungal stress in a variety of fields. The second ISFUS was held in May 8-11 2017 in Goiania, Goiás, Brazil and hosted by the Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública at the Universidade Federal de Goiás. It was supported by grants from CAPES and FAPEG. Twenty-seven speakers from 15 countries presented their research related to fungal stress biology. The Symposium was divided into seven topics: 1. Fungal biology in extreme environments; 2. Stress mechanisms and responses in fungi: molecular biology, biochemistry, biophysics, and cellular biology; 3. Fungal photobiology in the context of stress; 4. Role of stress in fungal pathogenesis; 5. Fungal stress and bioremediation; 6. Fungal stress in agriculture and forestry; and 7. Fungal stress in industrial applications. This article provides an overview of the science presented and discussed at ISFUS-2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre M Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Anderson F da Cunha
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Genética Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 90040-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Célia M A Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Chengshu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Diego Bonatto
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 13565-905, RS, Brazil
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Elias Hakalehto
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O.B. 27, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elis C A Eleutherio
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
| | - Éverton K K Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Geoffrey M Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD15EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Gilberto U L Braga
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jon Y Takemoto
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Kevin K Fuller
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Laura Selbmann
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luis M Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marcia R von Zeska Kress
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Célia Bertolini
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 14800-060, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Monika Schmoll
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Octavio Loera
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roger D Finlay
- Uppsala Biocenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rosane M Peralta
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Drauzio E N Rangel
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil.
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28
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Omics Analyses of Trichoderma reesei CBS999.97 and QM6a Indicate the Relevance of Female Fertility to Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme and Transporter Levels. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01578-17. [PMID: 28916559 PMCID: PMC5666144 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01578-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is found predominantly in the tropics but also in more temperate regions, such as Europe, and is widely known as a producer of large amounts of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes. We sequenced the genome of the sexually competent isolate CBS999.97, which is phenotypically different from the female sterile strain QM6a but can cross sexually with QM6a. Transcriptome data for growth on cellulose showed that entire carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) families are consistently differentially regulated between these strains. We evaluated backcrossed strains of both mating types, which acquired female fertility from CBS999.97 but maintained a mostly QM6a genetic background, and we could thereby distinguish between the effects of strain background and female fertility or mating type. We found clear regulatory differences associated with female fertility and female sterility, including regulation of CAZyme and transporter genes. Analysis of carbon source utilization, transcriptomes, and secondary metabolites in these strains revealed that only a few changes in gene regulation are consistently correlated with different mating types. Different strain backgrounds (QM6a versus CBS999.97) resulted in the most significant alterations in the transcriptomes and in carbon source utilization, with decreased growth of CBS999.97 on several amino acids (for example proline or alanine), which further correlated with the downregulation of genes involved in the respective pathways. In combination, our findings support a role of fertility-associated processes in physiology and gene regulation and are of high relevance for the use of sexual crossing in combining the characteristics of two compatible strains or quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis.IMPORTANCETrichoderma reesei is a filamentous fungus with a high potential for secretion of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes. We sequenced the genome of the fully fertile field isolate CBS999.97 and analyzed its gene regulation characteristics in comparison with the commonly used laboratory wild-type strain QM6a, which is not female fertile. Additionally, we also evaluated fully fertile strains with genotypes very close to that of QM6a in order to distinguish between strain-specific and fertility-specific characteristics. We found that QM6a and CBS999.97 clearly differ in their growth patterns on different carbon sources, CAZyme gene regulation, and secondary metabolism. Importantly, we found altered regulation of 90 genes associated with female fertility, including CAZyme genes and transporter genes, but only minor mating type-dependent differences. Hence, when using sexual crossing in research and for strain improvement, it is important to consider female fertile and female sterile strains for comparison with QM6a and to achieve optimal performance.
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Light, stress, sex and carbon - The photoreceptor ENVOY as a central checkpoint in the physiology of Trichoderma reesei. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:479-486. [PMID: 29801792 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei represents one of the most prolific producers of homologous and heterologous proteins. Discovery of the photoreceptor ENV1 as a regulator of cellulase gene expression initiated analysis of light response pathways and their physiological relevance for T. reesei. The function of ENV1 in regulation of plant cell wall degrading enzymes is conserved in Neurospora crassa. ENV1 emerged as a central checkpoint for integration of nutrient sensing, light response and development. This photoreceptor exerts its function by influencing transcript abundance and feedback cycles of the alpha subunits of the heterotrimeric G-protein pathway and impacts regulation of the beta and gamma subunits via mutual regulation with the phosducin PhLP1. The output of regulation by ENV1 is in part mediated by the cAMP pathway and likely aimed at cellulose recognition. Lack of ENV1 causes deregulation of the pheromone system and female sterility in light. A regulatory interconnection with VEL1 and influence on other regulators of secondary metabolism like YPR2 as well as polyketide synthase encoding genes indicates a function in secondary metabolism. The function of ENV1 in integrating light response with signaling of osmotic and oxidative stress is evolutionary conserved in Hypocreales and distinct from other sordariomycetes including N. crassa.
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Bazafkan H, Beier S, Stappler E, Böhmdorfer S, Oberlerchner JT, Sulyok M, Schmoll M. SUB1 has photoreceptor dependent and independent functions in sexual development and secondary metabolism in Trichoderma reesei. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:742-759. [PMID: 28925526 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Light dependent processes are involved in the regulation of growth, development and enzyme production in Trichoderma reesei. The photoreceptors BLR1, BLR2 and ENV1 exert crucial functions in these processes. We analyzed the involvement of the transcription factor SUB1 in sexual development as well as secondary metabolism and its position in the light signaling cascade. SUB1 influences growth and in contrast to its homologue in N. crassa, SUB1 is not essential for fruiting body formation and male fertility in T. reesei, but required for female fertility. Accordingly, SUB1 is involved in the regulation of the pheromone system of T. reesei. Female sterility of mutants lacking env1 is rescued in triple mutants of blr1, blr2 and env1, but not in double mutants of these genes. Confrontation of strains lacking sub1 results in growth arrest prior to contact of the potential mating partners. This effect is at least in part due to altered secondary metabolite production. Additionally, together with BLR1 and BLR2, SUB1 is essential for spore pigmentation and transcription of pks4, and secondary metabolism is regulated by SUB1 in a light- and nutrient dependent manner. Our results hence indicate rewiring of several pathways targeted by SUB1 in T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Bazafkan
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Sabrina Beier
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Eva Stappler
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Stefan Böhmdorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Josua T Oberlerchner
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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