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Aliyeva-Schnorr L, Schuster C, Deising HB. Natural Urease Inhibitors Reduce the Severity of Disease Symptoms, Dependent on the Lifestyle of the Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:708. [PMID: 37504697 PMCID: PMC10381680 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new anti-ureolytic compounds is of great interest due to the newly discovered role of urease inhibitors in crop protection. Purine degradation and the generation of ammonium by urease are required for the full virulence of biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal plant pathogens. Accordingly, chemicals displaying urease inhibitor activity may be used as a novel class of fungicides. Several urease inhibitors belonging to different chemical classes are known, and some compounds have been developed as urea fertilizer additives. We tested whether the natural urease inhibitors p-benzoquinone (p-HQ) and hydroquinone (HQ), as well as the synthetic inhibitors isopropoxy carbonyl phosphoric acid amide (iCPAA), benzyloxy carbonyl phosphoric acid amide (bCPAA), and dipropyl-hexamino-1,3 diphosphazenium chloride (DDC), prevent or delay plant infection caused by pathogens differing in lifestyles and host plants. p-BQ, HQ, and DCC not only protected maize from infection by the hemibiotroph C. graminicola, but also inhibited the infection process of biotrophs such as the wheat powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici and the broad bean rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae. Interestingly, the natural quinone-based compounds even reduced the symptom severity of the necrotrophic fungi, i.e., the grey mold pathogen B. cinerea and the Southern Leaf Spot fungus C. heterostrophus, to some extent. The urease inhibitors p-BQ, HQ, and DCC interfered with appressorial penetration and confirmed the appropriateness of urease inhibitors as novel fungicidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lala Aliyeva-Schnorr
- Chair for Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carola Schuster
- SKW Stickstoffwerke Piesteritz GmbH, Möllensdorfer Str. 13, D-06886 Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Holger B Deising
- Chair for Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Elhamouly NA, Hewedy OA, Zaitoon A, Miraples A, Elshorbagy OT, Hussien S, El-Tahan A, Peng D. The hidden power of secondary metabolites in plant-fungi interactions and sustainable phytoremediation. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1044896. [PMID: 36578344 PMCID: PMC9790997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1044896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The global environment is dominated by various small exotic substances, known as secondary metabolites, produced by plants and microorganisms. Plants and fungi are particularly plentiful sources of these molecules, whose physiological functions, in many cases, remain a mystery. Fungal secondary metabolites (SM) are a diverse group of substances that exhibit a wide range of chemical properties and generally fall into one of four main family groups: Terpenoids, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, or a combination of the latter two. They are incredibly varied in their functions and are often related to the increased fitness of the respective fungus in its environment, often competing with other microbes or interacting with plant species. Several of these metabolites have essential roles in the biological control of plant diseases by various beneficial microorganisms used for crop protection and biofertilization worldwide. Besides direct toxic effects against phytopathogens, natural metabolites can promote root and shoot development and/or disease resistance by activating host systemic defenses. The ability of these microorganisms to synthesize and store biologically active metabolites that are a potent source of novel natural compounds beneficial for agriculture is becoming a top priority for SM fungi research. In this review, we will discuss fungal-plant secondary metabolites with antifungal properties and the role of signaling molecules in induced and acquired systemic resistance activities. Additionally, fungal secondary metabolites mimic plant promotion molecules such as auxins, gibberellins, and abscisic acid, which modulate plant growth under biotic stress. Moreover, we will present a new trend regarding phytoremediation applications using fungal secondary metabolites to achieve sustainable food production and microbial diversity in an eco-friendly environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Atta Elhamouly
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Omar A. Hewedy
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Amr Zaitoon
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Angelica Miraples
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Omnia T. Elshorbagy
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Suzan Hussien
- Botany Department Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amira El-Tahan
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, the City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Krombach S, Reissmann S, Kreibich S, Bochen F, Kahmann R. Virulence function of the Ustilago maydis sterol carrier protein 2. New Phytol 2018; 220:553-566. [PMID: 29897130 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisomal sterol carrier protein 2 (Scp2) of the biotrophic maize pathogen Ustilago maydis was detected in apoplastic fluid, suggesting that it might function as a secreted effector protein. Here we analyze the role of the scp2 gene during plant colonization. We used reverse genetics approaches to delete the scp2 gene, determined stress sensitivity and fatty acid utilization of mutants, demonstrated secretion of Scp2, used quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for expression analysis and expressed GFP-Scp2 fusion proteins for protein localization. scp2 mutants were strongly attenuated in virulence and this defect manifested itself during penetration. Scp2 localized to peroxisomes and peroxisomal targeting was necessary for its virulence function. Deletion of scp2 in U. maydis interfered neither with growth nor with peroxisomal β-oxidation. Conventionally secreted Scp2 protein could not rescue the virulence defect. scp2 mutants displayed an altered localization of peroxisomes. Our results show a virulence function for Scp2 during penetration that is probably carried out by Scp2 in peroxisomes. We speculate that Scp2 affects the lipid composition of membranes and in this way ensures the even cellular distribution of peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Krombach
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reissmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Kreibich
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Bochen
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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Geremia RA, Pușcaș M, Zinger L, Bonneville JM, Choler P. Contrasting microbial biogeographical patterns between anthropogenic subalpine grasslands and natural alpine grasslands. New Phytol 2016; 209:1196-1207. [PMID: 26443332 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of plant species composition on soil microbial communities was studied at the multiregional level. We compared the soil microbial communities of alpine natural grasslands dominated by Carex curvula and anthropogenic subalpine pastures dominated by Nardus stricta. We conducted paired sampling across the Carpathians and the Alps and used Illumina sequencing to reveal the molecular diversity of soil microbes. We found that bacterial and fungal communities exhibited contrasting regional distributions and that the distribution in each grassland is well discriminated. Beta diversity of microbial communities was much higher in C. curvula grasslands due to a marked regional effect. The composition of grassland-type core microbiomes suggest that C. curvula, and N. stricta to a lesser extent, tend to select a cohort of microbes related to antibiosis/exclusion, pathogenesis and endophytism. We discuss these findings in light of the postglacial history of the studied grasslands, the habitat connectivity and the disturbance regimes. Human-induced disturbance in the subalpine belt of European mountains has led to homogeneous soil microbial communities at large biogeographical scales. Our results confirm the overarching role of the dominant grassland plant species in the distribution of microbial communities and highlight the relevance of biogeographical history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Geremia
- Lab Ecol Alpine LECA, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Lab Ecol Alpine LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Mihai Pușcaș
- 'A. Borza' Botanical Garden, Babeș-Bolyai University, 42 Republicii Street, 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucie Zinger
- Lab Ecol Alpine LECA, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Lab Ecol Alpine LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, ENFA, UMR 5174 EDB, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marc Bonneville
- Lab Ecol Alpine LECA, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Lab Ecol Alpine LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Choler
- Lab Ecol Alpine LECA, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Lab Ecol Alpine LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France
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Toome M, Ohm RA, Riley RW, James TY, Lazarus KL, Henrissat B, Albu S, Boyd A, Chow J, Clum A, Heller G, Lipzen A, Nolan M, Sandor L, Zvenigorodsky N, Grigoriev IV, Spatafora JW, Aime MC. Genome sequencing provides insight into the reproductive biology, nutritional mode and ploidy of the fern pathogen Mixia osmundae. New Phytol 2014; 202:554-564. [PMID: 24372469 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mixia osmundae (Basidiomycota, Pucciniomycotina) represents a monotypic class containing an unusual fern pathogen with incompletely understood biology. We sequenced and analyzed the genome of M. osmundae, focusing on genes that may provide some insight into its mode of pathogenicity and reproductive biology. Mixia osmundae has the smallest plant pathogenic basidiomycete genome sequenced to date, at 13.6 Mb, with very few repeats, high gene density, and relatively few significant gene family gains. The genome shows that the yeast state of M. osmundae is haploid and the lack of segregation of mating genes suggests that the spores produced on Osmunda spp. fronds are probably asexual. However, our finding of a complete complement of mating and meiosis genes suggests the capacity to undergo sexual reproduction. Analyses of carbohydrate active enzymes suggest that this fungus is a biotroph with the ability to break down several plant cell wall components. Analyses of publicly available sequence data show that other Mixia members may exist on other plant hosts and with a broader distribution than previously known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merje Toome
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Robin A Ohm
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Robert W Riley
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Katherine L Lazarus
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7257, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Sebastian Albu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Alexander Boyd
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Julianna Chow
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Alicia Clum
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Gregory Heller
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Matt Nolan
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Laura Sandor
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | | | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Joseph W Spatafora
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - M Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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