1
|
Liu T, Wang L, Shi T, Liu H, Liu B, Guo J, Li M. ED-71 Ameliorates Bone Loss in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Enhancing Osteogenesis Through Upregulation of the Circadian Rhythm Coregulator BMAL1. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:3903-3919. [PMID: 39224902 PMCID: PMC11368115 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s470684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Bone loss is a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Circadian rhythms play a significant role in T2DM and bone remodeling. Eldecalcitol (ED-71), a novel active vitamin D analog, has shown promise in ameliorating T2DM. We aimed to investigate whether the circadian rhythm coregulator BMAL1 mediates the anti-osteoporotic effect of ED-71 in T2DM and its associated mechanisms. Methods A T2DM mouse model was established using high-fat diet (HDF) and streptozotocin (STZ) injection, and blood glucose levels were monitored weekly. HE staining, Masson staining, and Micro-CT were performed to assess the changes in bone mass. IHC staining and IF staining were used to detect osteoblast status and BMAL1 expression and RT-qPCR was applied to detect the change of oxidative stress factors. In vitro, high glucose (HG) stimulation was used to simulate the cell environment in T2DM. RT-qPCR, Western blot, IF, ALP staining and AR staining were used to detect osteogenic differentiation and SIRT1/GSK3β signaling pathway. DCFH-DA staining was used to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Results ED-71 increased bone mass and promoted osteogenesis in T2DM mice. Moreover, ED-71 inhibited oxidative stress and promoted BMAL1 expression in osteoblasts The addition of STL1267, an agonist of the BMAL1 transcriptional repressor protein REV-ERB, reversed the inhibitory effect of ED-71 on oxidative stress and the promotional effect on osteogenic differentiation. In addition, ED-71 facilitated SIRT1 expression and reduced GSK3β activity. The inhibition of SIRT1 with EX527 partially attenuated ED-71's effects, whereas the GSK3β inhibitor LiCl further enhanced ED-71's positive effects on BMAL1 expression. Conclusion ED-71 ameliorates bone loss in T2DM by upregulating the circadian rhythm coregulator BMAL1 and promoting osteogenesis through inhibition of oxidative stress. The SIRT1/GSK3β signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of BMAL1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luxu Wang
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tuo Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongrui Liu
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minqi Li
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Soto AF, Teixeira ÉF, Lamers ML, Mengatto CM. Effects of Hemin Supplementation on Bone Precursor Cells: An Experimental Study. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:440-442. [PMID: 37837500 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Ferronato Soto
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Érico Fabbro Teixeira
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Lazzaron Lamers
- Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Machado Mengatto
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gauthami K, Soans CR, Krishnamurthy S, Ravi MS. Chronodentistry through orthodontic perspective: A literature review. J Orthod Sci 2023; 12:36. [PMID: 37881669 PMCID: PMC10597354 DOI: 10.4103/jos.jos_2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body possesses a unique set of machinery called the molecular/biological clocks that function on a regular 24-h basis forming a circadian rhythm (CR). This aids in coordinating the human biological system with ever-changing environmental conditions, thereby maintaining a balance in its functioning. The central/core component of this system is known to be in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus with a few aides in the periphery. The periodontal ligament in humans, being one of the dynamic oral tissues, has been shown to exhibit this self-sustained, innate oscillatory behavior that has gained significant attention from dental surgeons. Though substantial evidence regarding its precise role in maintaining circadian periodicity is still unclear, its indispensable role in dentofacial functioning cannot be denied. This review is an attempt in bringing to light the possible role of circadian periodicity in the functioning of oral tissues in the field of orthodontics with a special focus on its role in bone remodeling, orthodontic tooth movement, orthopedic and functional appliances, pain management, and their clinical implications. This could provide a better understanding of the various physiologic and pathologic processes and help us refine our approach toward orthodontic diagnosis and therapeutics. This review would therefore serve as an overview, opening more avenues for further research on this topic that can greatly help the orthodontic fraternity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Gauthami
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Nitte (Deemed to be University) AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Crystal R. Soans
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Nitte (Deemed to be University) AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shamyuktha Krishnamurthy
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Nitte (Deemed to be University) AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - MS Ravi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Nitte (Deemed to be University) AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kupka JR, Sagheb K, Al-Nawas B, Schiegnitz E. The Sympathetic Nervous System in Dental Implantology. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082907. [PMID: 37109243 PMCID: PMC10143978 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system plays a vital role in various regulatory mechanisms. These include the well-known fight-or-flight response but also, for example, the processing of external stressors. In addition to many other tissues, the sympathetic nervous system influences bone metabolism. This effect could be highly relevant concerning osseointegration, which is responsible for the long-term success of dental implants. Accordingly, this review aims to summarize the current literature on this topic and to reveal future research perspectives. One in vitro study showed differences in mRNA expression of adrenoceptors cultured on implant surfaces. In vivo, sympathectomy impaired osseointegration in mice, while electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerves promoted it. As expected, the beta-blocker propranolol improves histological implant parameters and micro-CT measurements. Overall, the present data are considered heterogeneous. However, the available publications reveal the potential for future research and development in dental implantology, which helps to introduce new therapeutic strategies and identify risk factors for dental implant failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Raphael Kupka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Keyvan Sagheb
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bilal Al-Nawas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Eik Schiegnitz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yi M, Yin Y, Sun J, Wang Z, Tang Q, Yang C. Hormone and implant osseointegration: Elaboration of the relationship among function, preclinical, and clinical practice. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:965753. [PMID: 36188222 PMCID: PMC9522461 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.965753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As clusters of peptides or steroids capable of high-efficiency information transmission, hormones have been substantiated to coordinate metabolism, growth, development, and other physiological processes, especially in bone physiology and repair metabolism. In recent years, the application of hormones for implant osseointegration has become a research hotspot. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the relevant reports on endogenous hormones and their corresponding supplementary preparations to explore the association between hormones and the prognosis of implants. We also discuss the effects and mechanisms of insulin, parathyroid hormone, melatonin, vitamin D, and growth hormone on osseointegration at the molecular and body levels to provide a foothold and guide future research on the systemic conditions that affect the implantation process and expand the relative contraindications of the implant, and the pre-and post-operative precautions. This review shows that systemic hormones can regulate the osseointegration of oral implants through endogenous or exogenous drug-delivery methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiwei Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeying Wang
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingming Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sanford ABA, da Cunha LS, Machado CB, de Pinho Pessoa FMC, Silva ANDS, Ribeiro RM, Moreira FC, de Moraes Filho MO, de Moraes MEA, de Souza LEB, Khayat AS, Moreira-Nunes CA. Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation and Leukemia Development: The Role of Clock Genes as Promising Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158212. [PMID: 35897788 PMCID: PMC9332415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock (CC) is a daily system that regulates the oscillations of physiological processes and can respond to the external environment in order to maintain internal homeostasis. For the functioning of the CC, the clock genes (CG) act in different metabolic pathways through the clock-controlled genes (CCG), providing cellular regulation. The CC’s interruption can result in the development of different diseases, such as neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders, as well as cancer. Leukemias correspond to a group of malignancies of the blood and bone marrow that occur when alterations in normal cellular regulatory processes cause the uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells. This review aimed to associate a deregulated CC with the manifestation of leukemia, looking for possible pathways involving CG and their possible role as leukemic biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Aguiar Sanford
- Unichristus University Center, Faculty of Biomedicine, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (A.B.A.S.); (L.S.d.C.)
| | - Leidivan Sousa da Cunha
- Unichristus University Center, Faculty of Biomedicine, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (A.B.A.S.); (L.S.d.C.)
| | - Caio Bezerra Machado
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (C.B.M.); (F.M.C.d.P.P.); (M.O.d.M.F.); (M.E.A.d.M.)
| | - Flávia Melo Cunha de Pinho Pessoa
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (C.B.M.); (F.M.C.d.P.P.); (M.O.d.M.F.); (M.E.A.d.M.)
| | - Abigail Nayara dos Santos Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.N.d.S.S.); (F.C.M.); (A.S.K.)
| | | | - Fabiano Cordeiro Moreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.N.d.S.S.); (F.C.M.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes Filho
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (C.B.M.); (F.M.C.d.P.P.); (M.O.d.M.F.); (M.E.A.d.M.)
| | - Maria Elisabete Amaral de Moraes
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (C.B.M.); (F.M.C.d.P.P.); (M.O.d.M.F.); (M.E.A.d.M.)
| | - Lucas Eduardo Botelho de Souza
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14051-140, SP, Brazil;
| | - André Salim Khayat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.N.d.S.S.); (F.C.M.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes
- Unichristus University Center, Faculty of Biomedicine, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (A.B.A.S.); (L.S.d.C.)
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (C.B.M.); (F.M.C.d.P.P.); (M.O.d.M.F.); (M.E.A.d.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (A.N.d.S.S.); (F.C.M.); (A.S.K.)
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Itaperi Campus, Ceará State University, Fortaleza 60740-903, CE, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gao W, Li R, Ye M, Zhang L, Zheng J, Yang Y, Wei X, Zhao Q. The circadian clock has roles in mesenchymal stem cell fate decision. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:200. [PMID: 35578353 PMCID: PMC9109355 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02878-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock refers to the intrinsic biological rhythms of physiological functions and behaviours. It synergises with the solar cycle and has profound effects on normal metabolism and organismal fitness. Recent studies have suggested that the circadian clock exerts great influence on the differentiation of stem cells. Here, we focus on the close relationship between the circadian clock and mesenchymal stem cell fate decisions in the skeletal system. The underlying mechanisms include hormone signals and the activation and repression of different transcription factors under circadian regulation. Additionally, the clock interacts with epigenetic modifiers and non-coding RNAs and is even involved in chromatin remodelling. Although the specificity and safety of circadian therapy need to be further studied, the circadian regulation of stem cells can be regarded as a promising candidate for health improvement and disease prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Meilin Ye
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Lanxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiawen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cha S, Wang J, Lee SM, Tan Z, Zhao Q, Bai D. Clock-modified mesenchymal stromal cells therapy rescues molecular circadian oscillation and age-related bone loss via miR142-3p/Bmal1/YAP signaling axis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:111. [PMID: 35279674 PMCID: PMC8918353 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Age-related bone loss and disease strongly affect the quality of life of the elderly population. Cellular circadian rhythms have been reported to regulate bone aging, and micro RNAs (miRNAs) play crucial posttranscriptional regulatory roles in the peripheral clock network. Proliferation capability, osteogenic lineage commitment, senescence-associated secreted phenotype (SASP) and circadian oscillation of clock genes under osteogenic condition were assessed in bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) from young adult and aged adult mice. miRNAs targeting the core clock gene brain and muscle arntl-like protein 1 (Bmal1) were screened and verified in young and old BMSCs with RT-qPCR and Western Blot analysis. ChIP-seq and RNA-seq datasets were mined to define the downstream mechanism and gain- and loss-of-function genetic experiments were performed to confirm the hypothesis. To compare the therapeutic effect of these clock-engineered BMSCs, SASP and osteogenic capability of Bmal1-overexpressing and miR-142-3p-inhibited BMSCs were investigated in vitro and transplanted into bone defects and femur cavities of aged mice. Aged BMSCs displayed an abolished circadian rhythm, impaired self-renewal capability and decreased osteoblast differentiation. miR-142-3p was elevated with aging, which downregulated Bmal1 and diminished the osteogenic potential of BMSCs. In addition, Bmal1 inhibited YAP expression to promote BMSCs osteogenesis, which was independent from the activation of Hippo signaling pathway. Overexpression of Bmal1 or inhibition of miR-142-3p rescued the molecular temporal rhythm and osteoblast differentiation ex vivo. Cell-based circadian therapy showed improved bone formation and higher turnover levels in vivo. This study demonstrates that transcriptional and post-transcriptional level clock-modified BMSCs rescued circadian oscillation and age-related bone loss via miR-142-3p/Bmal1/YAP signaling axis. These data provide promising clinical prospects of circadian-mediated stromal cell-based therapy and bone tissue regeneration.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tattan M, Puranam M, Comnick C, McBrearty C, Xie XJ, Caplan DJ, Avila-Ortiz G, Elangovan S. Surgery start time and early implant failure: A case-control study. Clin Oral Implants Res 2021; 32:871-880. [PMID: 33949022 DOI: 10.1111/clr.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of surgery start time (SST) and other patient- and therapy-related variables on the risk for early implant failure (EIF) in an academic setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data were extracted from the electronic health records of 61 patients who had at least one EIF and 140 age- and gender-matched, randomly selected, non-EIF controls. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to identify relevant associations between EIF and different variables, such as SST. RESULTS Incidence of EIF was not significantly associated with SST (HR: 1.9 for afternoon implant placement, 95% CI: 0.9-3.9; p = .105). Other factors that were associated with a significantly increased risk for EIF in a multivariable model were pre-placement ridge augmentation (HR: 7.5, 95% CI: 2.2-25.1; p = .001), intra-operative complications (HR: 5.9, 95% CI: 2.2-16.3; p < .001), simultaneous soft tissue grafting (HR: 5.03, 95% CI: 1.3-19.5; p = .020), simultaneous bone grafting (HR: 3.7, 95% CI: 1.6-8.8; p = .002), and placement with sedation (HR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.5-7.5; p = .002). CONCLUSIONS While SST was not associated with the occurrence of EIF in our cohort, other variables, such as ridge augmentation prior to implant placement, simultaneous bone or soft tissue grafting, intra-operative complications, implant placement with sedation, and number of implants in the oral cavity, were associated with an increased risk for this adverse event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Tattan
- Department of Periodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Megha Puranam
- University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Carissa Comnick
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Charles McBrearty
- College Administration, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Xian Jin Xie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA.,College Administration, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Daniel J Caplan
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gustavo Avila-Ortiz
- Department of Periodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Satheesh Elangovan
- Department of Periodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang LY, Bi Q, Zhao C, Chen JY, Cai MH, Chen XY. Recent Advances in Biomaterials for the Treatment of Bone Defects. Organogenesis 2020; 16:113-125. [PMID: 32799735 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2020.1808428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone defects or fractures generally heal in the absence of major interventions due to the high regenerative capacity of bone tissue. However, in situations of severe/large bone defects, these orchestrated regeneration mechanisms are impaired. With advances in modern medicine, natural and synthetic bio-scaffolds from bioceramics and polymers that support bone growth have emerged and gained intense research interest. In particular, scaffolds that recapitulate the molecular cues of extracellular signals, particularly growth factors, offer potential as therapeutic bone biomaterials. The current challenges for these therapies include the ability to engineer materials that mimic the biological and mechanical properties of the real bone tissue matrix, whilst simultaneously supporting bone vascularization. In this review, we discuss the very recent innovative strategies in bone biomaterial technology, including those of endogenous biomaterials and cell/drug delivery systems that promote bone regeneration. We present our understanding of their current value and efficacy, and the future perspectives for bone regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le-Yi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch) , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qing Bi
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College) , Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College) , Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Yang Chen
- Research and Development Department, Zhejiang Healthfuture Institute for Cell-Based Applied Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mao-Hua Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch) , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College) , Hangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College) , Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Okawa H, Egusa H, Nishimura I. Implications of the circadian clock in implant dentistry. Dent Mater J 2020; 39:173-180. [PMID: 32115492 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are approximately 24-h cell-autonomous cycles driven by transcription and translation feedback loops of a set of core circadian clock genes, such as circadian locomoter output cycles kaput (Clock), brain and muscle arnt-like protein-1 (Bmal1), period (Per), and cryptochrome (Cry). The genetic clockwork of these genes produces circadian rhythms in cells throughout the body, including the craniofacial region. During development, dento-alveolar bone tissue formation could be regulated by site-specific circadian patterns. Studies using knockout mice and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to evaluate clock genes revealed regulatory effects of clock function on bone remodeling, suggesting involvement of the circadian clockwork in osseointegration of titanium implants. Indeed, rough surface titanium modulates specific clock genes, Neuronal PAS domain protein-2 (Npas2) and Per, in MSCs to facilitate osseointegration. Further understanding of the bone clock machinery associated with biomaterial surface properties might improve preoperative diagnosis for dental implant treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Okawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry.,Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Use of polyethylene terephthalate as a prosthetic component in the prosthesis on an overdenture implant. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 99:1341-1349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Adeola HA, Papagerakis S, Papagerakis P. Systems Biology Approaches and Precision Oral Health: A Circadian Clock Perspective. Front Physiol 2019; 10:399. [PMID: 31040792 PMCID: PMC6476986 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast majority of the pathophysiological and metabolic processes in humans are temporally controlled by a master circadian clock located centrally in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain, as well as by specialized peripheral oscillators located in other body tissues. This circadian clock system generates a rhythmical diurnal transcriptional-translational cycle in clock genes and protein expression and activities regulating numerous downstream target genes. Clock genes as key regulators of physiological function and dysfunction of the circadian clock have been linked to various diseases and multiple morbidities. Emerging omics technologies permits largescale multi-dimensional investigations of the molecular landscape of a given disease and the comprehensive characterization of its underlying cellular components (e.g., proteins, genes, lipids, metabolites), their mechanism of actions, functional networks and regulatory systems. Ultimately, they can be used to better understand disease and interpatient heterogeneity, individual profile, identify personalized targetable key molecules and pathways, discover novel biomarkers and genetic alterations, which collectively can allow for a better patient stratification into clinically relevant subgroups to improve disease prediction and prevention, early diagnostic, clinical outcomes, therapeutic benefits, patient's quality of life and survival. The use of “omics” technologies has allowed for recent breakthroughs in several scientific domains, including in the field of circadian clock biology. Although studies have explored the role of clock genes using circadiOmics (which integrates circadian omics, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) in human disease, no such studies have investigated the implications of circadian disruption in oral, head and neck pathologies using multi-omics approaches and linking the omics data to patient-specific circadian profiles. There is a burgeoning body of evidence that circadian clock controls the development and homeostasis of oral and maxillofacial structures, such as salivary glands, teeth and oral epithelium. Hence, in the current era of precision medicine and dentistry and patient-centered health care, it is becoming evident that a multi-omics approach is needed to improve our understanding of the role of circadian clock-controlled key players in the regulation of head and neck pathologies. This review discusses current knowledge on the role of the circadian clock and the contribution of omics-based approaches toward a novel precision health era for diagnosing and treating head and neck pathologies, with an emphasis on oral, head and neck cancer and Sjögren's syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Adeola
- Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Silvana Papagerakis
- Laboratory of Oral, Head & Neck Cancer-Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Janjić K, Agis H. Chronodentistry: the role & potential of molecular clocks in oral medicine. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:32. [PMID: 30760278 PMCID: PMC6375164 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0720-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular clocks help organisms to adapt important physiological functions to periodically changing conditions in the environment. These include the adaption of the 24 h sleep-wake rhythm to changes of day and night. The circadian clock is known to act as a key regulator in processes of health and disease in different organs. The knowledge on the circadian clock led to the development of chronopharmacology and chronotherapy. These fields aim to investigate how efficiency of medication and therapies can be improved based on circadian clock mechanisms. In this review we aim to highlight the role of the circadian clock in oral tissues and its potential in the different fields of dentistry including oral and maxillofacial surgery, restorative dentistry, endodontics, periodontics and orthodontics to trigger the evolving field of chronodentistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klara Janjić
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Morinaga K, Sasaki H, Park S, Hokugo A, Okawa H, Tahara Y, Colwell CS, Nishimura I. Neuronal PAS domain 2 (Npas2) facilitated osseointegration of titanium implant with rough surface through a neuroskeletal mechanism. Biomaterials 2018; 192:62-74. [PMID: 30428407 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) biomaterials have been applied to a wide range of implantable medical devices. When placed in bone marrow, Ti-biomaterials integrate to the surrounding bone tissue by mechanisms that are not fully understood. We have previously identified an unexpected upregulation of circadian clock molecule neuronal PAS domain 2 (Npas2) in successfully integrated implant with a rough surface. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of osseointegration through determining the role of Npas2. Human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) that were cultured on a Ti disc with SLA surface exhibited increased NPAS2 expression compared to BMSC cultured on a machined surface. A mouse model was developed in which miniature Ti implants were surgically placed into femur bone marrow. The implant push-out test and bone-to-implant contact measurements demonstrated the establishment of osseointegration in 3 weeks. By contrast, in Npas2 functional knockout (KO) mice, the implant push-out value measured for SLA surface Ti implant was significantly decreased. Npas2 KO mice demonstrated normal femur bone structure surrounding the Ti implant; however, the recovered implants revealed abnormal remnant mineralized tissue, which lacked dense collagen architecture typically found on recovered implants from wild type mice. To explore the mechanisms leading to the induced Npas2 expression, an unbiased chemical genetics analysis was conducted using mouse BMSC carrying an Npas2-reporter gene for high throughput screening of Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds. Npas2 modulating compounds were found clustered in regulatory networks of the α2-adrenergic receptor and its downstream cAMP/CREB signaling pathway. Mouse primary BMSC exposed to SLA Ti disc significantly increased the expression of α2-adrenergic receptors, but the expression of β2-adrenergic receptor was unaffected. Our data provides the first evidence that peripheral clock gene component Npas2 plays a role in facilitating the enhanced osseointegration through neuroskeletal regulatory pathways induced by BMSC in contact with rough surface Ti implant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Morinaga
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Section of Oral Implantology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hodaka Sasaki
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sil Park
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Akishige Hokugo
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hiroko Okawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yu Tahara
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Science, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Science, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rogers EH, Hunt JA, Pekovic-Vaughan V. Adult stem cell maintenance and tissue regeneration around the clock: do impaired stem cell clocks drive age-associated tissue degeneration? Biogerontology 2018; 19:497-517. [PMID: 30374678 PMCID: PMC6223734 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-018-9772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human adult stem cell research is a highly prolific area in modern tissue engineering as these cells have significant potential to provide future cellular therapies for the world's increasingly aged population. Cellular therapies require a smart biomaterial to deliver and localise the cell population; protecting and guiding the stem cells toward predetermined lineage-specific pathways. The cells, in turn, can provide protection to biomaterials and increase its longevity. The right combination of stem cells and biomaterials can significantly increase the therapeutic efficacy. Adult stem cells are utilised to target many changes that negatively impact tissue functions with age. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that lead to changes brought about by the ageing process is imperative as ageing leads to many detrimental effects on stem cell activation, maintenance and differentiation. The circadian clock is an evolutionarily conserved timing mechanism that coordinates physiology, metabolism and behavior with the 24 h solar day to provide temporal tissue homeostasis with the external environment. Circadian rhythms deteriorate with age at both the behavioural and molecular levels, leading to age-associated changes in downstream rhythmic tissue physiology in humans and rodent models. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our knowledge of the role of circadian clocks in adult stem cell maintenance, driven by both cell-autonomous and tissue-specific factors, and the mechanisms by which they co-opt various cellular signaling pathways to impose temporal control on stem cell function. Future research investigating pharmacological and lifestyle interventions by which circadian rhythms within adult stem niches can be manipulated will provide avenues for temporally guided cellular therapies and smart biomaterials to ameliorate age-related tissue deterioration and reduce the burden of chronic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eve H Rogers
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, The William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - John A Hunt
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, College Drive, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Vanja Pekovic-Vaughan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, The William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rogers EH, Pekovic-Vaughan V, Hunt JA. Mechanical stretch and chronotherapeutic techniques for progenitor cell transplantation and biomaterials. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2018; 8:14. [PMID: 30141401 PMCID: PMC6108224 DOI: 10.1051/bmdcn/2018080314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the body, mesenchymal progenitor cells are subjected to a substantial amount external force from different mechanical stresses, each potentially influences their behaviour and maintenance differentially. Tensile stress, or compression loading are just two of these forces, and here we examine the role of cyclical or dynamic mechanical loading on progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as on other cellular processes including cell morphology, apoptosis and matrix mineralisation. Moreover, we also examine how mechanical stretch can be used to optimise and ready biomaterials before their implantation, and examine the role of the circadian rhythm, the body's innate time keeping system, on biomaterial delivery and acceptance. Finally, we also investigate the effect of mechanical stretch on the circadian rhythm of progenitor cells, as research suggests that mechanical stimulation may be sufficient in itself to synchronise the circadian rhythm of human adult progenitor cells alone, and has also been linked to progenitor cell function. If proven correct, this could offer a novel, non-intrusive method by which human adult progenitor cells may be activated or preconditioned, being readied for differentiation, so that they may be more successfully integrated within a host body, thereby improving tissue engineering techniques and the efficacy of cellular therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eve Helena Rogers
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, the William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, UK, L7 8TX
| | - Vanja Pekovic-Vaughan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, the William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, UK, L7 8TX
| | - John Alan Hunt
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, College Drive, Nottingham, UK, NG11 8NS
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recently, significant progress has been made in the research related to regenerative medicine. At the same time, biomedical implants in orthopedics and dentistry are facing many challenges and posing clinical concerns. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the clinical applications of current regenerative strategies to the fields of dentistry and orthopedic surgery. The main research question in this review is: What are the major advancement strategies in regenerative medicine that can be used for implant research? RECENT FINDINGS The implant surfaces can be modified through patient-specific stem cells and plasma coatings, which may provide methods to improve osseointegration and sustainability of the implant. Overall understanding from the review suggesting that the outcome from the studies could lead to identify optimum solutions for many concerns in biomedical implants and even in drug developments as a long-term solution to orthopedic and dental patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Rani Bijukumar
- Regenerative Medicine and Disability Research (RMDR) Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, IL,, 61007, USA
| | - Clay McGeehan
- Regenerative Medicine and Disability Research (RMDR) Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, IL,, 61007, USA
| | - Mathew T Mathew
- Regenerative Medicine and Disability Research (RMDR) Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, IL,, 61007, USA.
| |
Collapse
|