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Clasta RB, Rivas AV, Souza AB, Dos Santos AGV, Le Quesne AHM, Gonçalves AAM, Cangussu ASR, Giunchetti RC, Viana KF. LaSap vaccine: Immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy associated with allopurinol in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13028. [PMID: 38389494 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic zoonosis that has a profound impact on public health in countries where it is endemic. Chemotherapeutic treatments cannot keep dogs stable for long periods, and the risk of generating parasitic resistance must be considered. Forty-four symptomatic and naturally infected dogs with Leishmania infantum were tested with two treatment protocols (i) immunotherapy with LaSap vaccine and (ii) immunochemotherapy with LaSap vaccine plus allopurinol. At 90 days after the end of the treatment, it was verified that, although both protocols had generated significant clinical improvements with a greater production of IFN-γ/IL-10, in relation to the parasite load, mainly in the skin, the dogs treated only with immunotherapy maintained the same profile. These results indicate that LaSap is a good strategy to control dog parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo B Clasta
- Vaccine Development Technology Laboratory, Latin American Institute of Life and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Latin American Integration, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Açucena Veleh Rivas
- Vaccine Development Technology Laboratory, Latin American Institute of Life and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Latin American Integration, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Center for Tropical Medicine, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Adrieli Barboza Souza
- Vaccine Development Technology Laboratory, Latin American Institute of Life and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Latin American Integration, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Angelo G V Dos Santos
- Vaccine Development Technology Laboratory, Latin American Institute of Life and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Latin American Integration, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Andrés Hernán Mojoli Le Quesne
- Vaccine Development Technology Laboratory, Latin American Institute of Life and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Latin American Integration, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Alto Paraná, Ciudad del Este, Paraguay
| | - Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cellular Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alex Sander R Cangussu
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo C Giunchetti
- Laboratory of Biology of Cellular Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kelvinson F Viana
- Vaccine Development Technology Laboratory, Latin American Institute of Life and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Latin American Integration, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
- Department of Research, Development and Innovation, Devax Biotechnology for Health, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
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Ivănescu L, Andronic BL, Grigore-Hristodorescu S, Martinescu GV, Mîndru R, Miron L. The immune response in canine and human leishmaniasis and how this influences the diagnosis- a review and assessment of recent research. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1326521. [PMID: 38149009 PMCID: PMC10749942 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1326521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a widespread but still underdiagnosed parasitic disease that affects both humans and animals. There are at least 20 pathogenic species of Leishmania, most of them being zoonotic. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis remains a major challenge, with an important role being played by the species of parasites involved, the genetic background, the immunocompetence of the host. This paper brings to the fore the sensitivity of the balance in canine and human leishmaniasis and addresses the importance of the host's immune response in establishing a correct diagnosis, especially in certain cases of asymptomatic leishmaniasis, or in the situation the host is immunosuppressed or acquired leishmaniasis through vertical transmission. The methods considered as a reference in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis no longer present certainty, the diagnosis being influenced mostly by the immune response of the host, which differs according to the presence of other associated diseases or even according to the breed in dogs. Consequently, the diagnosis and surveillance of leishmaniasis cases remains an open topic, requiring new diagnostic methods adapted to the immunological state of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Ivănescu
- Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Bianca Lavinia Andronic
- Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, Romania
| | | | | | - Raluca Mîndru
- Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Liviu Miron
- Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, Romania
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Jyotisha, Qureshi R, Qureshi IA. Development of a multi-epitope vaccine candidate for leishmanial parasites applying immunoinformatics and in vitro approaches. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269774. [PMID: 38035118 PMCID: PMC10684680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease, and its severity necessitates the development of a potent and efficient vaccine for the disease; however, no human vaccine has yet been approved for clinical use. This study aims to design and evaluate a multi-epitope vaccine against the leishmanial parasite by utilizing helper T-lymphocyte (HTL), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL), and linear B-lymphocyte (LBL) epitopes from membrane-bound acid phosphatase of Leishmania donovani (LdMAcP). The designed multi-epitope vaccine (LdMAPV) was highly antigenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic, with suitable physicochemical properties. The three-dimensional structure of LdMAPV was modeled and validated, succeeded by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) studies that confirmed the high binding affinity and stable interactions between human toll-like receptors and LdMAPV. In silico disulfide engineering provided improved stability to LdMAPV, whereas immune simulation displayed the induction of both immune responses, i.e., antibody and cell-mediated immune responses, with a rise in cytokines. Furthermore, LdMAPV sequence was codon optimized and cloned into the pET-28a vector, followed by its expression in a bacterial host. The recombinant protein was purified using affinity chromatography and subjected to determine its effect on cytotoxicity, cytokines, and nitric oxide generation by mammalian macrophages. Altogether, this report provides a multi-epitope vaccine candidate from a leishmanial protein participating in parasitic virulence that has shown its potency to be a promising vaccine candidate against leishmanial parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotisha
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rahila Qureshi
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India
| | - Insaf Ahmed Qureshi
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Bansal
- Infectious Diseases, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi-110085, India
| | - Ankur Jain
- Clinical Haematology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi-110029, India
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Leite JC, Gonçalves AAM, de Oliveira DS, Resende LA, Boas DFV, Ribeiro HS, Pereira DFS, da Silva AV, Mariano RMDS, Reis PCC, Nakasone EN, França-Silva JC, Galdino AS, Paes PRDO, Melo MM, Dias ES, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, da Silveira-Lemos D, Dutra WO, Giunchetti RC. Transmission-Blocking Vaccines for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: New Progress and Yet New Challenges. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1565. [PMID: 37896969 PMCID: PMC10610753 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs with visceral leishmaniasis play a key role in the transmission cycle of Leishmania infantum to humans in the urban environment. There is a consensus regarding the importance of developing a vaccine to control this disease. Despite many efforts to develop a protective vaccine against CVL, the ones currently available, Leish-tec® and LetiFend®, have limited effectiveness. This is due, in part, to the complexity of the immune response of the naturally infected dogs against the parasite and the complexity of the parasite transmission cycle. Thus, strategies, such as the development of a transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) already being applied to other vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue, would be an attractive alternative to control leishmaniasis. TBVs induce the production of antibodies in the vertebrate host, which can inhibit parasite development in the vector and/or interfere with aspects of vector biology, leading to an interruption of parasite transmission. To date, there are few TBV studies for CVL and other leishmaniasis forms. However, the few studies that exist show promising results, thus justifying the further development of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Costa Leite
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Diana Souza de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Lucilene Aparecida Resende
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Diego Fernandes Vilas Boas
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Helen Silva Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Diogo Fonseca Soares Pereira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Augusto Ventura da Silva
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Reysla Maria da Silveira Mariano
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Pedro Campos Carvalhaes Reis
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Eiji Nakasone Nakasone
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - João Carlos França-Silva
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Midwest Campus, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil;
| | - Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira Paes
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (P.R.d.O.P.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Marília Martins Melo
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (P.R.d.O.P.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- René Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil;
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru;
| | - Denise da Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
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Lago J, Fraga D, Coelho L, de Jesus MS, Leite B, Werneck GL, Arruda S, Lago E, Carvalho EM, Bacellar O. Dogs Harbor Leishmania braziliensis and Participate in the Transmission Cycle of Human Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. Pathogens 2023; 12:981. [PMID: 37623941 PMCID: PMC10458093 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12080981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs play an important role in transmission of Leishmania infantum, but epidemiologic and clinical studies of canine tegumentary leishmaniasis (CTL) are scarce. In an endemic area of human American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis, we determine the prevalence and incidence of both CTL and subclinical (SC) L. braziliensis infection in dogs and evaluated if the presence of dogs with CTL or SC L. braziliensis infection is associated with the occurrence of human ATL. SC infection in healthy animals and CTL in animals with ulcers were determined by PCR on biopsied healthy skin or on ulcers or by detecting antibodies against soluble leishmania antigen. We compared the occurrence of human ATL in homes with dogs with CTL or SC infection with control homes without dogs or with dogs without CTL or SC infection. The prevalence of SC infection was 35% and of CTL 31%. The incidence of SC infection in dogs was 4.6% and of CTL 9.3%. The frequency of ATL in humans was 50% in homes with infected dogs and 13% in homes without L. braziliensis infection in dogs. CTL and SC infection is highly prevalent, and dogs may participate in the transmission chain of L. braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamile Lago
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil; (J.L.); (E.L.); (E.M.C.)
- Post-Graduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia Medical School, Salvador 40026-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Deborah Fraga
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (D.F.); (L.C.); (M.S.d.J.); (B.L.); (S.A.)
| | - Lívia Coelho
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (D.F.); (L.C.); (M.S.d.J.); (B.L.); (S.A.)
| | - Matheus Silva de Jesus
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (D.F.); (L.C.); (M.S.d.J.); (B.L.); (S.A.)
| | - Bruna Leite
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (D.F.); (L.C.); (M.S.d.J.); (B.L.); (S.A.)
| | - Guilherme L. Werneck
- Department of Epidemiology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20950-000, RJ, Brazil;
- Institute for Public Health Studies, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22290-240, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Arruda
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (D.F.); (L.C.); (M.S.d.J.); (B.L.); (S.A.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI), CNPq, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil
| | - Ednaldo Lago
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil; (J.L.); (E.L.); (E.M.C.)
| | - Edgar M. Carvalho
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil; (J.L.); (E.L.); (E.M.C.)
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil; (D.F.); (L.C.); (M.S.d.J.); (B.L.); (S.A.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI), CNPq, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil
| | - Olivia Bacellar
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil; (J.L.); (E.L.); (E.M.C.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI), CNPq, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil
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Ludolf F, Ramos FF, Coelho EAF. Immunoproteomics and phage display in the context of leishmaniasis complexity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1112894. [PMID: 36845148 PMCID: PMC9946295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1112894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is defined as a complex of diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, which comprises 20 parasite species pathogenic to mammalians, such as humans and dogs. From a clinical point of view, and considering the diversity and biological complexity of the parasites, vectors, and vertebrate hosts, leishmaniasis is classified according to the distinct clinical manifestations, such as tegumentary (involving the cutaneous, mucosal, and cutaneous-diffuse forms) and visceral leishmaniasis. Many issues and challenges remain unaddressed, which could be attributed to the complexity and diversity of the disease. The current demand for the identification of new Leishmania antigenic targets for the development of multicomponent-based vaccines, as well as for the production of specific diagnostic tests, is evident. In recent years, biotechnological tools have allowed the identification of several Leishmania biomarkers that might potentially be used for diagnosis and have an application in vaccine development. In this Mini Review, we discuss the different aspects of this complex disease that have been addressed by technologies such as immunoproteomics and phage display. It is extremely important to be aware of the potential applications of antigens selected in different screening context, so that they can be used appropriately, so understanding their performance, characteristics, and self-limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ludolf
- 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,*Correspondence: Fernanda Ludolf,
| | - Fernanda F. Ramos
- 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A. F. Coelho
- 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil,2Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Colégio Técnico (COLTEC), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Polylactide Nanoparticles as a Biodegradable Vaccine Adjuvant: A Study on Safety, Protective Immunity and Efficacy against Human Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania Major. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248677. [PMID: 36557812 PMCID: PMC9783570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is the 3rd most challenging vector-borne disease after malaria and lymphatic filariasis. Currently, no vaccine candidate is approved or marketed against leishmaniasis due to difficulties in eliciting broad immune responses when using sub-unit vaccines. The aim of this work was the design of a particulate sub-unit vaccine for vaccination against leishmaniasis. The poly (D,L-lactide) nanoparticles (PLA-NPs) were developed in order to efficiently adsorb a recombinant L. major histone H2B (L. major H2B) and to boost its immunogenicity. Firstly, a study was focused on the production of well-formed nanoparticles by the nanoprecipitation method without using a surfactant and on the antigen adsorption process under mild conditions. The set-up preparation method permitted to obtain H2B-adsorbed nanoparticles H2B/PLA (adsorption capacity of about 2.8% (w/w)) with a narrow size distribution (287 nm) and a positive zeta potential (30.9 mV). Secondly, an in vitro release assay performed at 37 °C, pH 7.4, showed a continuous release of the adsorbed H2B for almost 21 days (30%) from day 7. The immune response of H2B/PLA was investigated and compared to H2B + CpG7909 as a standard adjuvant. The humoral response intensity (IgG) was substantially similar between both formulations. Interestingly, when challenged with the standard parasite strain (GLC94) isolated from a human lesion of cutaneous leishmaniasis, mice showed a significant reduction in footpad swelling compared to unvaccinated ones, and no deaths occurred until week 17th. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PLA-NPs represent a stable, cost-effective delivery system adjuvant for use in vaccination against leishmaniasis.
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Lopes Valentim Di Paschoale Ostolin T, Rodrigues Gusmão M, Augusto Siqueira Mathias F, Mirelle de Oliveira Cardoso J, Mendes Roatt B, Dian de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares R, Conceição Ruiz J, de Melo Resende D, Cristiane Fortes de Brito R, Barbosa Reis A. A specific Leishmania infantum polyepitope vaccine triggers Th1-type immune response and protects against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Cell Immunol 2022; 380:104592. [PMID: 36084402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The development of an immunogenic, effective, and safe vaccine is essential as an alternative for disease control. The present study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy potential of a polyepitope T-cell antigen candidate against visceral leishmaniasis in a murine model. BALB/c mice were immunized with three doses subcutaneously with Poly-T Leish alone or adjuvanted with Saponin plus Monophosphoryl lipid A, with 15-day intervals between doses, and challenged with 107 stationary-phase Leishmania infantum promastigotes via tail vein. Immunogenicity and parasitism in spleen and liver of immunized mice were evaluated 45 days post-challenge. Our results revealed that the immunization with Poly-T Leish and Poly-T Leish/SM increases the percentage of specific T (CD4+ and CD8+) lymphocytes proliferation in vitro after antigen-specific stimulation. Also, Poly-T Leish and Poly-T Leish/SM groups showed a high percentage of IFN-γ and TNF-α-producing T cells, meanwhile, the Poly-T Leish/SM group also showed an increased percentage of multifunctional T cells producing double and triple-positive (IFN-γ+TNF-α+IL-2+) cytokines. The immunization with Poly-T Leish or Poly-T Leish/SM stimulated a decreased IL-4 and IL-10 compared to the Saline and adjuvant group. Poly-T Leish/SM immunized mice exhibit a noteworthy reduction in the parasite burden (spleen and liver) through real-time PCR (96%). Moreover, we observed higher nitrite secretion in 120-hour stimulated-culture supernatant using Griess method. We demonstrated that the Poly-T Leish/SM candidate was potentially immunogenic, providing enhancement of protective immune mechanisms, and conferred protection reducing parasitism. Our candidate was considered potential against visceral leishmaniasis, and eventually, could be tested in phase I and II clinical trials in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriã Rodrigues Gusmão
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Siqueira Mathias
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Grupo Informática de Biossistemas e Genômica, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jamille Mirelle de Oliveira Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Centro Universitário Presidente Tancredo de Almeida Neves (UNIPTAN), São João del Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jeronimo Conceição Ruiz
- Grupo Informática de Biossistemas e Genômica, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Melo Resende
- Grupo Informática de Biossistemas e Genômica, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rory Cristiane Fortes de Brito
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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10
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Morales-Yuste M, Martín-Sánchez J, Corpas-Lopez V. Canine Leishmaniasis: Update on Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080387. [PMID: 36006301 PMCID: PMC9416075 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog are the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum, causing canine leishmaniasis, an incurable multisystemic disease that leads to death in symptomatic dogs, when not treated. This parasite causes visceral, cutaneous, and mucosal leishmaniasis in people in the Mediterranean Basin, North Africa, South America, and West Asia. This disease is mostly unknown by veterinarians outside the endemic areas, but the disease is expanding in the Northern Hemisphere due to travel and climate change. New methodologies to study the epidemiology of the disease have found new hosts of leishmaniasis and drawn a completely new picture of the parasite biological cycle. Canine leishmaniasis diagnosis has evolved over the years through the analysis of new samples using novel molecular techniques. Given the neglected nature of leishmaniasis, progress in drug discovery is slow, and the few drugs that reach clinical stages in humans are unlikely to be commercialised for dogs, but several approaches have been developed to support chemotherapy. New-generation vaccines developed during the last decade are now widely used, along with novel prevention strategies. The implications of the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of canine leishmaniasis are fundamental to public health.
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11
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Machado AS, Lage DP, Vale DL, Freitas CS, Linhares FP, Cardoso JMO, Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Pereira IAG, Ramos FF, Tavares GSV, Ludolf F, Bandeira RS, Maia LGN, Menezes-Souza D, Duarte MC, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Roatt BM, Christodoulides M, Martins VT, Coelho EAF. Leishmania LiHyC protein is immunogenic and induces protection against visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12921. [PMID: 35437797 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Treatment against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) presents problems by toxicity of drugs, high cost and/or emergence of resistant strains. The diagnosis is hampered by variable sensitivity and/or specificity of tests. In this context, prophylactic vaccination could represent a control measure against disease. In this study, the protective efficacy from Leishmania LiHyC protein was evaluated in murine model against Leishmania infantum infection. METHODS AND RESULTS LiHyC was used as recombinant protein (rLiHyC) associated with saponin (rLiHyC/S) or Poloxamer 407-based polymeric micelles (rLiHyC/M) to immunize mice. Animals received also saline, saponin or empty micelles as controls. The immunogenicity was evaluated before and after challenge, and results showed that vaccination with rLiHyC/S or rLiHyC/M induced the production of high levels of IFN-γ, IL-12 and GM-CSF in cell culture supernatants, as well as higher IFN-γ expression evaluated by RT-qPCR and involvement from CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subtypes producing IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2. A positive lymphoproliferative response was also found in cell cultures from vaccinated animals, besides high levels of rLiHyC- and parasite-specific nitrite and IgG2a antibodies. Immunological assays correlated with significant reductions in the parasite load in spleens, livers, bone marrows and draining lymph nodes from vaccinated mice, when compared to values found in the controls. The micellar composition showed slightly better immunological and parasitological data, as compared to rLiHyC/S. CONCLUSION Results suggest that rLiHyC associated with adjuvants could be considered for future studies as a vaccine candidate against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danniele L Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila S Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flávia P Linhares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jamille M O Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João A Oliveira-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabela A G Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S V Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel S Bandeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz G N Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Umacollo, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Bruno M Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, England
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic and vector-borne infectious disease that is caused by the genus Leishmania belonging to the trypanosomatid family. The protozoan parasite has a digenetic life cycle involving a mammalian host and an insect vector. Leishmaniasisis is a worldwide public health problem falling under the neglected tropical disease category, with over 90 endemic countries, and approximately 1 million new cases and 20,000 deaths annually. Leishmania infection can progress toward the development of species–specific pathologic disorders, ranging in severity from self-healing cutaneous lesions to disseminating muco-cutaneous and fatal visceral manifestations. The severity and the outcome of leishmaniasis is determined by the parasite’s antigenic epitope characteristics, the vector physiology, and most importantly, the immune response and immune status of the host. This review examines the nature of host–pathogen interaction in leishmaniasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, and various strategies that have been employed for vaccine development.
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13
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Prasanna P, Kumar P, Kumar S, Rajana VK, Kant V, Prasad SR, Mohan U, Ravichandiran V, Mandal D. Current status of nanoscale drug delivery and the future of nano-vaccine development for leishmaniasis - A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111920. [PMID: 34328115 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of tropical diseases like leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease, has not received much attention even though it is the second-largest infectious disease after malaria. As per the WHO report, a total of 0.7-1.0 million new leishmaniasis cases, which are spread by 23 Leishmania species in more than 98 countries, are estimated with an alarming 26,000-65,000 death toll every year. Lack of potential vaccines along with the cost and toxicity of amphotericin B (AmB), the most common drug for the treatment of leishmaniasis, has raised the interest significantly for new formulations and drug delivery systems including nanoparticle-based delivery as anti-leishmanial agents. The size, shape, and high surface area to volume ratio of different NPs make them ideal for many biological applications. The delivery of drugs through liposome, polymeric, and solid-lipid NPs provides the advantage of high biocomatibilty of the carrier with reduced toxicity. Importantly, NP-based delivery has shown improved efficacy due to targeted delivery of the payload and synergistic action of NP and payload on the target. This review analyses the advantage of NP-based delivery over standard chemotherapy and natural product-based delivery system. The role of different physicochemical properties of a nanoscale delivery system is discussed. Further, different ways of nanoformulation delivery ranging from liposome, niosomes, polymeric, metallic, solid-lipid NPs were updated along with the possible mechanisms of action against the parasite. The status of current nano-vaccines and the future potential of NP-based vaccine are elaborated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Prasanna
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Prakash Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Vinod Kumar Rajana
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Vishnu Kant
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Surendra Rajit Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Utpal Mohan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata 700054, India.
| | - V Ravichandiran
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata 700054, India.
| | - Debabrata Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
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Aida V, Pliasas VC, Neasham PJ, North JF, McWhorter KL, Glover SR, Kyriakis CS. Novel Vaccine Technologies in Veterinary Medicine: A Herald to Human Medicine Vaccines. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:654289. [PMID: 33937377 PMCID: PMC8083957 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.654289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines has enhanced livestock productivity, promoted food security, and attenuated the morbidity and mortality of several human, animal, and zoonotic diseases. However, these traditional vaccine technologies are not without fault. The efficacy of inactivated vaccines can be suboptimal with particular pathogens and safety concerns arise with live-attenuated vaccines. Additionally, the rate of emerging infectious diseases continues to increase and with that the need to quickly deploy new vaccines. Unfortunately, first generation vaccines are not conducive to such urgencies. Within the last three decades, veterinary medicine has spearheaded the advancement in novel vaccine development to circumvent several of the flaws associated with classical vaccines. These third generation vaccines, including DNA, RNA and recombinant viral-vector vaccines, induce both humoral and cellular immune response, are economically manufactured, safe to use, and can be utilized to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. The present article offers a review of commercially available novel vaccine technologies currently utilized in companion animal, food animal, and wildlife disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Aida
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Vasilis C. Pliasas
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Peter J. Neasham
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - J. Fletcher North
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kirklin L. McWhorter
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sheniqua R. Glover
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Constantinos S. Kyriakis
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Auburn, AL, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Expression analysis of centrin gene in promastigote and amastigote forms of leishmania infantum iranian isolates: a promising target for live attenuated vaccine development against canine leishmaniasis. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:162. [PMID: 33853591 PMCID: PMC8045990 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania parasites express various essential proteins in different growth phases (logarithmic/stationary) and forms (promastigote/amastigote). Targeting the genes encoding such proteins paves the way for controlling these parasites. Centrin is an essential gene, which its protein product seems to be vital for the proliferation of Leishmania parasites. Herein, this study was contrived to analyze the expression level of the centrin gene in different growth phases and forms of Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) parasites isolated from various endemic areas of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in Iran. Results All three collected isolates were identified as L. infantum using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR revealed a statistically significant up-regulation (3.13-fold) in the logarithmic phase promastigotes compared to stationary ones (p < 0.01), whereas centrin was expressed equally in intracellular amastigotes at different time points during cell culture. Also, our finding revealed a slight up-regulation of the centrin gene (1.22-fold) in the intracellular amastigotes compared to logarithmic phase promastigotes, which was found statistically non-significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions Centrin gene in Iranian isolates of L. infantum is more expressed in exponential than stationary phases and seems to be considered as a promising target in the development of a genetically modified live attenuated vaccine for CanL control.
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Leishmania eukaryotic elongation Factor-1 beta protein is immunogenic and induces parasitological protection in mice against Leishmania infantum infection. Microb Pathog 2021; 151:104745. [PMID: 33485994 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is hampered mainly by the toxicity and/or high cost of antileishmanial drugs. What is more, variability on sensitivity and/or specificity of diagnostic tests hinders effective disease management. In this context, prophylactic vaccination should be considered as a strategy to prevent disease. In the present study, immunogenicity of the Leishmania eukaryotic Elongation Factor-1 beta (EF1b) protein, classified as a Leishmania virulence factor, was evaluated in vitro and in vivo and tested, for the first time, as a vaccine candidate against Leishmania infantum infection. The antigen was administered as DNA vaccine or as recombinant protein (rEF1b) delivered in saponin. BALB/c mice immunization with a DNA plasmid and recombinant protein plus saponin induced development of specific Th1-type immunity, characterized by high levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, GM-CSF, both T cell subtypes and antileishmanial IgG2a isotype antibodies, before and after infection. This immunological response to the vaccines was corroborated further by parasitological analysis of the vaccinated and then challenged mice, which showed significant reductions in the parasite load in their liver, spleen, bone marrow and draining lymph nodes, when compared to the controls. Vaccination using rEF1b/saponin induced a more robust Th1 response and parasitological protection when compared to the DNA vaccine. Furthermore, in vitro analysis of lymphoproliferation, IFN-γ and IL-10 levels in human PBMC cultures showed as well development of a specific Th1-type response. In conclusion, data suggest that EF1b could be a promising vaccine candidate to protect against L. infantum infection.
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Lipophosphoglycan-3 protein from Leishmania infantum chagasi plus saponin adjuvant: A new promising vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2020; 39:282-291. [PMID: 33309484 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious neglected tropical disease that affects humans and dogs in urban areas. There are no vaccines against human VL, and few licensed canine VL vaccines are currently available, which instigates the search for new antigens and vaccine formulations with prophylactic potential against VL in these hosts. In this study, we evaluated the immunization using the native and recombinant Leishmania infantum chagasi (L. chagasi) lipophosphoglycan-3 (LPG3) and the adjuvants saponin (SAP) and incomplete Freund adjuvant (IFA) against L. chagasi infection in BALB/c mice. The native LPG3 vaccine was immunogenic, inducing splenic IFN-γ and IL-10 production, and mixed Th1/Th2 response when associated with IFA. However, only mice vaccinated with LPG3-IFA presented a reduction in the splenic parasite load (96% in comparison to the PBS control group), but without a significant reduction in the hepatic parasitism. On the other hand, mice immunized with the LPG3-SAP vaccine presented a reduction of approximately 98% in both splenic and hepatic parasite load, accompanied by a Th1/Th17 response and IL-10 production by L. chagasi antigen (AgLc)-stimulated splenic cells. Importantly, vaccination with recombinant LPG3 (rLPG3)-SAP presented similar results to the native LPG3-SAP vaccine. Therefore, the rLPG3-SAP vaccine is qualified to be used in future tests in canine and human models, considering the technical and economic advantages of the recombinant protein production compared to the native protein and the results obtained in the murine model.
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18
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Aguiar-Soares RDDO, Roatt BM, Mathias FAS, Reis LES, Cardoso JMDO, de Brito RCF, Ker HG, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Giunchetti RC, Reis AB. Phase I and II Clinical Trial Comparing the LBSap, Leishmune ®, and Leish-Tec ® Vaccines against Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E690. [PMID: 33212786 PMCID: PMC7712644 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we performed a phase I and II clinical trial in dogs to evaluate the toxicity and immunogenicity of LBSap-vaccine prototype, in comparison to Leishmune® and Leish-Tec® vaccines. Twenty-eight dogs were classified in four groups: (i) control group received 1 mL of sterile 0.9% saline solution; (ii) LBSap group received 600 μg of Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes protein and 1 mg of saponin adjuvant; (iii) Leishmune®; and (iv) Leish-Tec®. The safety and toxicity of the vaccines were measured before and after three immunizations by clinical, biochemical, and hematological parameters. The clinical examinations revealed that some dogs of LBSap and Leishmune® groups presented changes at the site of vaccination inoculum, such as nodules, mild edema, and local pain, which were transient and disappeared seventy-two hours after vaccination, but these results indicate that adverse changes caused by the immunizations are tolerable. The immunogenicity results demonstrate an increase of B lymphocytes CD21+ regarding the Leishmune® group and monocytes CD14+ concerning LBSap and Leishmune® groups. In the in vitro analyses, an increase in lymphoproliferative activity in LBSap and Leishmune® groups was observed, with an increase of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the LBSap group. A second approach of in vitro assays aimed at evaluating the percentage of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes producers of IFN-γ and IL-4, where an increase in both IFN-γ producing subpopulations in the LBSap group was observed, also showed an increase in IFN-γ producers in CD8+ lymphocytes in the Leish-Tec® group. Our data regarding immunogenicity indicate that the vaccination process, especially with the LBSap vaccine, generated a protective immune response compatible with L. infantum parasite control. Based on the foregoing, the LBSap vaccine would be suitable for further studies of phase III clinical trial in endemic areas with high prevalence and incidence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil; (R.D.d.O.A.-S.); (B.M.R.); (F.A.S.M.); (L.E.S.R.); (J.M.d.O.C.); (R.C.F.d.B.); (H.G.K.)
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil; (R.D.d.O.A.-S.); (B.M.R.); (F.A.S.M.); (L.E.S.R.); (J.M.d.O.C.); (R.C.F.d.B.); (H.G.K.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CEP 40110-040 Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Siqueira Mathias
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil; (R.D.d.O.A.-S.); (B.M.R.); (F.A.S.M.); (L.E.S.R.); (J.M.d.O.C.); (R.C.F.d.B.); (H.G.K.)
| | - Levi Eduardo Soares Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil; (R.D.d.O.A.-S.); (B.M.R.); (F.A.S.M.); (L.E.S.R.); (J.M.d.O.C.); (R.C.F.d.B.); (H.G.K.)
| | - Jamille Mirelle de Oliveira Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil; (R.D.d.O.A.-S.); (B.M.R.); (F.A.S.M.); (L.E.S.R.); (J.M.d.O.C.); (R.C.F.d.B.); (H.G.K.)
| | - Rory Cristiane Fortes de Brito
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil; (R.D.d.O.A.-S.); (B.M.R.); (F.A.S.M.); (L.E.S.R.); (J.M.d.O.C.); (R.C.F.d.B.); (H.G.K.)
| | - Henrique Gama Ker
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil; (R.D.d.O.A.-S.); (B.M.R.); (F.A.S.M.); (L.E.S.R.); (J.M.d.O.C.); (R.C.F.d.B.); (H.G.K.)
| | - Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, CEP 30190-009 Belo Horizonte, Brazil;
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil;
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil; (R.D.d.O.A.-S.); (B.M.R.); (F.A.S.M.); (L.E.S.R.); (J.M.d.O.C.); (R.C.F.d.B.); (H.G.K.)
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), CEP 40110-040 Salvador, Brazil
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19
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Miret JA, Moreno J, Nieto J, Carter KC, Mullen AB, Ambros L, Rodríguez C, San Andrés MI, González F. Antileishmanial efficacy and tolerability of combined treatment with non-ionic surfactant vesicle formulations of sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin in dogs. Exp Parasitol 2020; 220:108033. [PMID: 33166530 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Leishmania infantum causes the disease visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is a serious clinical and veterinary problem. The drugs used to treat canine leishmaniasis (CanL) do not cause complete parasite clearance; they can be toxic, and emerging drug resistance in parasite populations limits their clinical utility. Therefore, in this study we have evaluated the toxicity and efficacy of joint treatment with a 1:1 mixture of sodium stibogluconate-NIV (SSG-NIV, 10 mg Sbv/day) and paromomycin-NIV (PMM-NIV, 10 mg PMM/kg/day), given intravenously daily for seven days from day 270 post-infection, to nine-month-old female beagle dogs (n = 6) experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum. Treatment significantly improved the clinical symptoms of VL infection in all the treated dogs, reduced parasite burdens in lymph nodes and bone marrow, and all symptomatic treated dogs, were asymptomatic at 90 days post-treatment. Treatment was associated with a progressive and significant decrease in specific IgG anti-Leishmania antibodies using parasite soluble antigen (p < 0.01) or rK39 (p < 0.01) as the target antigen. In addition, all dogs were classified as parasite negative based on Leishmania nested PCR and quantitative real time PCR tests and as well as an inability to culture of promastigote parasites from lymph nodes and bone marrow tissue samples taken at day 90 post-treatment. However, treatment did not cure the dogs as parasites were detected at 10 months post-treatment, indicating that a different dosing regimen is required to cause long term cure or prevent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Miret
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Dr. Cecilio Báez casi Dr. Gaspar Villamayor. Campus UNA, CP 2169, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Crta, Majadahonda a Pozuelo Km 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Nieto
- WHO Collaborating Center for Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Crta, Majadahonda a Pozuelo Km 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katharine C Carter
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Catedral St Glasgow G 4 ORE, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander B Mullen
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Catedral St Glasgow G 4 ORE, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Ambros
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Av. Chorroarin 280, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Casilda Rodríguez
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta del Hierro s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ignacio San Andrés
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta del Hierro s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando González
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta del Hierro s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Viana Nunes AM, das Chagas Pereira de Andrade F, Filgueiras LA, de Carvalho Maia OA, Cunha RLOR, Rodezno SVA, Maia Filho ALM, de Amorim Carvalho FA, Braz DC, Mendes AN. preADMET analysis and clinical aspects of dogs treated with the Organotellurium compound RF07: A possible control for canine visceral leishmaniasis? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103470. [PMID: 32814174 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tellurium compounds have been described as potential leishmanicides, bearing promising leishmanicidal and antimalarial effects. Therefore, the present study investigated the pharmacological potential of the organotellurane compound RF07 through preADMET parameters, such as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. After studying the pharmacokinetic properties of RF07, studies were carried out on dogs naturally infected with visceral leishmaniasis after the administration of RF07, in order to assess pathophysiological parameters. Thus, dogs were divided into 4 groups with administration of daily intraperitoneal injections for 3 weeks (containing RF07 or placebo). During the trial, hematological parameters, renal and hepatic toxicity were evaluated. Serum urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, transaminases (GOT and GPT), as well as hemogram results, were evaluated before the first administration and during the second and third weeks after the start of the treatment. In dogs with VL, RF07 improved liver damage, regulated GPT levels and significantly decreased leukocyte count, promoting its regularization. These phenomena occurred at the end of the third week of treatment. The administration of RF07 promoted a significant decrease in the average levels of GOT and GPT after the third week of treatment and did not significantly alter the hematological parameters. The application of RF07 in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis suggests that it is an alternative to the disease, since the reversal of clinical signs in dogs with VL requires the use of 0.6 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lívia Alves Filgueiras
- Departament of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo L O R Cunha
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sindy V A Rodezno
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Thompson AM, O'Connor PD, Marshall AJ, Yardley V, Maes L, Gupta S, Launay D, Braillard S, Chatelain E, Wan B, Franzblau SG, Ma Z, Cooper CB, Denny WA. Heteroaryl ether analogues of an antileishmanial 7-substituted 2-nitroimidazooxazine lead afford attenuated hERG risk: In vitro and in vivo appraisal. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112914. [PMID: 33268145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigation of the potent antileishmanial properties of antitubercular 7-substituted 2-nitroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazines with biaryl side chains led to our development of a new clinical candidate for visceral leishmaniasis (DNDI-0690). Within a collaborative backup program, a racemic monoaryl lead (3) possessing comparable activity in mice but a greater hERG liability formed the starting point for our pursuit of efficacious second generation analogues having good solubility and safety. Asymmetric synthesis and appraisal of its enantiomers first established that chiral preferences for in vivo efficacy were species dependent and that neither form afforded a reduced hERG risk. However, in line with our findings in a structurally related series, less lipophilic heteroaryl ethers provided significant solubility enhancements (up to 16-fold) and concomitantly attenuated hERG inhibition. One promising pyridine derivative (49) displayed 100% oral bioavailability in mice and delivered a 96% parasite burden reduction when dosed at 50 mg/kg in a Leishmania donovani mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Patrick D O'Connor
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J Marshall
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Suman Gupta
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Delphine Launay
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Braillard
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Chatelain
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Zhenkun Ma
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 40 Wall Street, New York, 10005, USA
| | | | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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22
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Pereira IE, Silva KP, Menegati LM, Pinheiro AC, Assunção EAO, Araújo MDLP, Abass E, Duthie MS, Steinhoff U, Teixeira HC. Performance of recombinant proteins in diagnosis and differentiation of canine visceral leishmaniasis infected and vaccinated dogs. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2020; 10:165-171. [PMID: 32857712 PMCID: PMC7592511 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), a major zoonotic disease in Brazil and many other tropical and subtropical countries, remains difficult as an accurate and reliable diagnosis is still missing. In endemic regions, infected dogs are the main parasitic reservoir host of human Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) infection. Vaccination of dogs against Leishmania infection constitutes an important strategy to prevent or to better control CVL, thus, a serological test that can discriminate between antibodies induced by immunization versus infection is highly desirable in order to improve and simplify diagnosis. Here, four recombinant proteins were evaluated for their ability to detect and differentiate between dogs that are infected with Leishmania or have been immunized with the anti-Leishmania vaccine Leish-Tec®. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of the four Leishmania-specific IgG ELISA revealed superior performance of rK28, followed by rKLO8, rK39 and rLb6H. The rK28-based ELISA revealed not only the best accuracy against CVL, but also the lowest cross-reactivity with sera from Leish-Tec® immunized dogs. Our data show that the rK28-based ELISA is highly suitable for CVL screening as it shows high sensitivity with simultaneous low cross-reactivity. Further, the high specificity of the rKLO8 indicates its suitability for the confirmation of CVL diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid E Pereira
- 1Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Kyssia P Silva
- 1Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Laura M Menegati
- 1Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Aimara C Pinheiro
- 2Zoonosis Control Center, Municipal Health Secretariat, 35022-280, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Elaine A O Assunção
- 2Zoonosis Control Center, Municipal Health Secretariat, 35022-280, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | | | - Elfadil Abass
- 4Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ulrich Steinhoff
- 6Institute for Medical Microbiology, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Henrique C Teixeira
- 1Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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23
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Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Machado AS, Ramos FF, Tavares GSV, Lage DP, Mendonça DVC, Pereira IAG, Santos TTO, Martins VT, Carvalho LM, Freitas CS, Ludolf F, Reis TAR, Bandeira RS, Silva AM, Costa LE, Oliveira JS, Duarte MC, Roatt BM, Teixeira AL, Coelho EAF. A Leishmania amastigote-specific hypothetical protein evaluated as recombinant protein plus Th1 adjuvant or DNA plasmid-based vaccine to protect against visceral leishmaniasis. Cell Immunol 2020; 356:104194. [PMID: 32827943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most studies evaluating vaccine candidates against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have used parasite promastigote-expressed antigens; however, Leishmania proteins expressed in the amastigote forms should be considered, since few hours after infection this stage comes into contact with the host immune system and is responsible for the development of the disease. In this context, in the present study, a Leishmania amastigote-specific hypothetical protein, called LiHyJ, was evaluated as a recombinant protein plus saponin as an adjuvant or DNA vaccine to protect against VL. The vaccine effect was evaluated by means of the evaluation of immunological and parasitological analyses performed in BALB/c mice against Leishmania infantum infection. Results showed that rLiHyJ/saponin and DNA LiHyJ induced significantly higher levels of anti-protein and anti-parasite IFN-γ, IL-12, GM-CSF, and IgG2a isotype antibodies, which were associated with a low presence of IL-4 and IL-10. DNA vaccination induced higher IFN-γ production, mainly by CD8+ T cells, while rLiHyJ/saponin stimulated the production of this cytokine, mainly by CD4+ T cells. The parasite load evaluated in distinct organs showed that both immunization schedules significantly reduced organic parasitism, when compared to the controls. Similar results were found in the immunological and parasitological assays when using the recombinant protein or DNA, although the vaccination with rLiHyJ plus saponin induced a slightly higher Th1 response and lower parasite load, when compared to the use of DNA plasmid. The protein also proved to be immunogenic when peripheral blood mononuclear cells of treated VL patients and healthy subjects were in vitro stimulated, since higher IFN-γ and lower IL-4 and IL-10 levels were found in the culture supernatants. In conclusion, LiHyJ should be considered in future studies as a vaccine candidate to protect against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- João A Oliveira-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S V Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora V C Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabela A G Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaís T O Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila S Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago A R Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel S Bandeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lourena E Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jamil S Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio L Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Jiménez-Antón MD, Grau M, Corral MJ, Olías-Molero AI, Alunda JM. Efficient infection of hamster with Leishmania donovani by retro-orbital inoculation. Virulence 2020; 10:711-718. [PMID: 31389288 PMCID: PMC8647847 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1649587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M D Jiménez-Antón
- a Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Research group ICPVet, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Spain.,b Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre , Madrid , Spain
| | - M Grau
- a Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Research group ICPVet, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Spain.,b Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre , Madrid , Spain
| | - M J Corral
- a Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Research group ICPVet, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Spain.,b Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre , Madrid , Spain
| | - A I Olías-Molero
- a Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Research group ICPVet, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Spain.,b Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre , Madrid , Spain
| | - J M Alunda
- a Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Research group ICPVet, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Spain.,b Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre , Madrid , Spain
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Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Lage DP, Ramos FF, Machado AS, Tavares GS, Mendonça DV, Pereira IA, Martins VT, Carvalho LM, Ludolf F, Santos TT, Reis TA, Oliveira CS, Bandeira RS, Silva AM, Costa LE, Oliveira JS, Duarte MC, Menezes-Souza D, Roatt BM, Teixeira AL, Coelho EA. Leishmania infantum pyridoxal kinase evaluated in a recombinant protein and DNA vaccine to protects against visceral leishmaniasis. Mol Immunol 2020; 124:161-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Evaluation of the protective efficacy of a Leishmania protein associated with distinct adjuvants against visceral leishmaniasis and in vitro immunogenicity in human cells. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2609-2622. [PMID: 32535734 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The treatment against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) presents problems, mainly related to the toxicity and/or high cost of the drugs. In this context, a prophylactic vaccination is urgently required. In the present study, a Leishmania protein called LiHyE, which was suggested recently as an antigenic marker for canine and human VL, was evaluated regarding its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in BALB/c mice against Leishmania infantum infection. In addition, the protein was used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from VL patients before and after treatment, as well as from healthy subjects. Vaccination results showed that the recombinant (rLiHyE) protein associated with liposome or saponin induced effective protection in the mice, since significant reductions in the parasite load in spleen, liver, draining lymph nodes, and bone marrow were found. The parasitological protection was associated with Th1-type cell response, since high IFN-γ, IL-12, and GM-CSF levels, in addition to low IL-4 and IL-10 production, were found. Liposome induced a better parasitological and immunological protection than did saponin. Experiments using PBMCs showed rLiHyE-stimulated lymphoproliferation in treated patients' and healthy subjects' cells, as well as high IFN-γ levels in the cell supernatant. In conclusion, rLiHyE could be considered for future studies as a vaccine candidate against VL.
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27
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Palatnik-de-Sousa CB, Nico D. The Delay in the Licensing of Protozoal Vaccines: A Comparative History. Front Immunol 2020; 11:204. [PMID: 32210953 PMCID: PMC7068796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although viruses and bacteria have been known as agents of diseases since 1546, 250 years went by until the first vaccines against these pathogens were developed (1796 and 1800s). In contrast, Malaria, which is a protozoan-neglected disease, has been known since the 5th century BCE and, despite 2,500 years having passed since then, no human vaccine has yet been licensed for Malaria. Additionally, no modern human vaccine is currently licensed against Visceral or Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Vaccination against Malaria evolved from the inoculation of irradiated sporozoites through the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes in 1930's, which failed to give protection, to the use of controlled human Malaria infection (CHMI) provoked by live sporozoites of Plasmodium falciparum and curtailed with specific chemotherapy since 1940's. Although the use of CHMI for vaccination was relatively efficacious, it has some ethical limitations and was substituted by the use of injected recombinant vaccines expressing the main antigens of the parasite cycle, starting in 1980. Pre-erythrocytic (PEV), Blood stage (BSV), transmission-blocking (TBV), antitoxic (AT), and pregnancy-associated Malaria vaccines are under development. Currently, the RTS,S-PEV vaccine, based on the circumsporozoite protein, is the only one that has arrived at the Phase III trial stage. The “R” stands for the central repeat region of Plasmodium (P.) falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP); the “T” for the T-cell epitopes of the CSP; and the “S” for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). In Africa, this latter vaccine achieved only 36.7% vaccine efficacy (VE) in 5–7 years old children and was associated with an increase in clinical cases in one assay. Therefore, in spite of 35 years of research, there is no currently licensed vaccine against Malaria. In contrast, more progress has been achieved regarding prevention of leishmaniasis by vaccine, which also started with the use of live vaccines. For ethical reasons, these were substituted by second-generation subunit or recombinant DNA and protein vaccines. Currently, there is one live vaccine for humans licensed in Uzbekistan, and four licensed veterinary vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis: Leishmune® (76–80% VE) and CaniLeish® (68.4% VE), which give protection against strong endpoints (severe disease and deaths under natural conditions), and, under less severe endpoints (parasitologically and PCR-positive cases), Leishtec® developed 71.4% VE in a low infective pressure area but only 35.7% VE and transient protection in a high infective pressure area, while Letifend® promoted 72% VE. A human recombinant vaccine based on the Nucleoside hydrolase NH36 of Leishmania (L.) donovani, the main antigen of the Leishmune® vaccine, and the sterol 24-c-methyltransferase (SMT) from L. (L.) infantum has reached the Phase I clinical trial phase but has not yet been licensed against the disease. This review describes the history of vaccine development and is focused on licensed formulations that have been used in preventive medicine. Special attention has been given to the delay in the development and licensing of human vaccines against Protozoan infections, which show high incidence worldwide and still remain severe threats to Public Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa Beatriz Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute for Research in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Velez R, Gállego M. Commercially approved vaccines for canine leishmaniosis: a review of available data on their safety and efficacy. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25:540-557. [PMID: 32034985 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis is an important vector-borne zoonosis caused mainly by Leishmania infantum. Diagnosis and treatment of affected individuals can be particularly complex, hindering infection control in endemic areas. Methods to prevent canine leishmaniosis include the use of topical insecticides, prophylactic immunotherapy and vaccination. Four vaccines against canine leishmaniosis have been licensed since 2004, two in Brazil (Leishmune®, the production and marketing licence of which was withdrawn in 2014, and Leish-Tec®) and two in Europe (CaniLeish® and LetiFend®). After several years of marketing, doubts remain regarding vaccine efficacy and effectiveness, potential infectiousness of vaccinated and infected animals or the interference of vaccine-induced antibodies in L. infantum serological diagnosis. This review summarises the scientific evidence for each of the vaccines commercially approved for canine leishmaniosis, while discussing possible weaknesses of these studies. Furthermore, it raises the need to address important questions related to vaccination impact in Leishmania-endemic countries and the importance of post-marketing pharmacological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Velez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Gállego
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Dantas-Torres F, Nogueira FDS, Menz I, Tabanez P, da Silva SM, Ribeiro VM, Miró G, Cardoso L, Petersen C, Baneth G, Oliva G, Solano-Gallego L, Ferrer L, Pennisi MG, Bourdeau P, Maia C, Otranto D, Gradoni L, Courtenay O, Costa CHN. Vaccination against canine leishmaniasis in Brazil. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:171-176. [PMID: 32126240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of canine Leishmania infantum infection is critical to management of visceral leishmaniasis in people living in endemic areas of Brazil. A bill (PL 1738/11), currently under consideration, proposes to establish a national vaccination policy against canine leishmaniasis in Brazil. However, there is no solid scientific evidence supporting the idea that this could reduce transmission from infected vaccinated dogs to sand flies to a level that would significantly reduce the risk of L. infantum infection or visceral leishmaniasis in humans. Thus, we advocate that insecticide-impregnated collars should the first line protective measure for public health purposes and that vaccines are applied on a case-by-case, optional basis for individual dog protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil.
| | | | - Ingrid Menz
- Self-employed Veterinarian, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Sydnei Magno da Silva
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Vitor Márcio Ribeiro
- Veterinary School, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Betim, Brazil
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Christine Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gaetano Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Food Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Patrick Bourdeau
- Veterinary School of Nantes ONIRIS, University of Nantes, LUNAM, Nantes, France
| | - Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Orin Courtenay
- Zeeman Institute, and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Peptide-based vaccine successfully induces protective immunity against canine visceral leishmaniasis. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:49. [PMID: 31815006 PMCID: PMC6884440 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs are the main reservoir of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccination is a promising approach to help control leishmaniasis and to interrupt transmission of the Leishmania parasite. The promastigote surface antigen (PSA) is a highly immunogenic component of Leishmania excretory/secretory products. A vaccine based on three peptides derived from the carboxy-terminal part of Leishmania amazonensis PSA and conserved among Leishmania species, formulated with QA-21 as adjuvant, was tested on naive Beagle dogs in a preclinical trial. Four months after the full course of vaccination, dogs were experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum promastigotes. Immunization of dogs with peptide-based vaccine conferred immunity against experimental infection with L. infantum. Evidence for macrophage nitric oxide production and anti-leishmanial activity associated with IFN-γ production by lymphocytes was only found in the vaccinated group. An increase in specific IgG2 antibodies was also measured in vaccinated dogs from 2 months after immunization. Additionally, after challenge with L. infantum, the parasite burden was significantly lower in vaccinated dogs than in the control group. These data strongly suggest that this peptide-based vaccine candidate generated cross-protection against zoonotic leishmaniasis by inducing a Th1-type immune response associated with production of specific IgG2 antibodies. This preclinical trial including a peptide-based vaccine against leishmaniasis clearly demonstrates effective protection in a natural host. This approach deserves further investigation to enhance the immunogenicity of the peptides and to consider the possible engineering of a vaccine targeting several Leishmania species. Leishmaniasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania, can present in different forms depending on the infecting species. Visceral leishmaniasis is associated with migration of the parasite, in this case Leishmania infantum, to various organs and can infect both humans and canids. Here Rachel Bras-Gonçalves and colleagues test a Leishmania vaccine for dogs as they are the main reservoir for this zoonotic disease. The vaccine is based on the abundant immunogenic component of Leishmania excretory/secretory product, promastigote surface antigen (PSA); specifically, three peptides from the carboxyl-terminal of PSA, which is conserved in Leishmania species. Uninfected Beagle dogs were immunized with QA-21 as an adjuvant, and no local or systemic adverse reactions were observed. Four months later after three doses of the vaccine, dogs were infected with L. infantum promastigotes. Vaccination provided immunity with reduced parasite burden and this was associated with macrophage anti-leishmanial activity, increased IFN-y and nitric oxide production and increased Leishmania-specific IgG2 antibodies.
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Immunotherapy in clinical canine leishmaniosis: a comparative update. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:218-226. [PMID: 31280121 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum is a complex infection that can affect both humans and dogs, and present a wide range of clinical signs and clinicopathological abnormalities. The conventional treatment of this disease is challenging due to the fact that complete parasitological cure commonly does not occur. Furthermore, treatment of the disease with the conventionally used drugs has several shortcomings. These include the need for long-term treatment, side effects and the formation of drug resistance. Moreover, it is important to highlight that the host immune responses play a crucial role in the outcome of this infection. For this reason, the use of immunotherapy in clinical leishmaniosis to improve the result of treatment with the conventional anti-leishmanial drugs by enhancing the immune response is imperative. The aim of this review is to provide a comparative overview of the wide range of immunotherapeutical approaches and strategies for the treatment of L. infantum infection in animals focusing on dogs.
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Moreno J. Assessment of Vaccine-Induced Immunity Against Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:168. [PMID: 31214607 PMCID: PMC6558161 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis is an increasingly important public health problem. Dogs infected by Leishmania infantum are the main domestic reservoir of the parasite and play a key role in its transmission to humans. Recent findings have helped in the development of novel diagnostic methods, and of control measures such as vaccines, some of which are already commercially available. However, quantitative procedures should be followed to confirm whether these vaccines elicit a cell-mediated immune response. The present work describes the need for this evaluation, and the techniques available for confirming this type of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Laboratory for Reference and Research in Parasitology, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
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Epidemiological aspects of the first human autochthonous visceral leishmaniosis cases in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2019; 23:124-129. [PMID: 31125529 PMCID: PMC9425669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human visceral leishmaniasis is a growing anthropozoonosis in Brazil, and particularly in the southern region of the country. It is an infectious disease transmitted to humans, dogs and other animals in urban and rural areas of the Americas, mainly due to the bite of Lutzomya longipalpis infected with Leishmania infantum. This article aims to portray the current epidemiological situation of the human visceral leishmaniasis arrival in Porto Alegre city, located in the southern region of Brazil. It is a descriptive study, a case series and a critical review. Six human cases with human visceral leishmaniasis were notified by the date of conclusion of the study, all human visceral leishmaniasis cases were diagnosed at late stage, leading to four deaths.
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Ratnapriya S, Keerti, Sahasrabuddhe AA, Dube A. Visceral leishmaniasis: An overview of vaccine adjuvants and their applications. Vaccine 2019; 37:3505-3519. [PMID: 31103364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although there has been an extensive research on vaccine development over the last decade and some vaccines have been commercialized for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), but as yet no effective vaccine is available for anthroponotic VL which may partly be due to the absence of an appropriate adjuvant system. Vaccines alone yield poor immunity hence requiring an adjuvant which can boost the immunosuppressed state of VL infected individuals by eliciting adaptive immune responses to achieve required immunological enhancement. Recent studies have documented the continuous efforts that are being made in the field of adjuvants research in an attempt to render vaccines more effective. This review article focuses on adjuvants, particularly particulate and non-particulate ones, which have been assessed with VL vaccine candidates in several preclinical and clinical trials outlining the induction of immune responses obtained from these studies. Moreover, we have emphasized the applicability of multiple adjuvants combination for an improvement in the potential of a VL vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Ratnapriya
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Keerti
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Amogh A Sahasrabuddhe
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anuradha Dube
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India.
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Palatnik-de-Sousa CB. Nucleoside Hydrolase NH 36: A Vital Enzyme for the Leishmania Genus in the Development of T-Cell Epitope Cross-Protective Vaccines. Front Immunol 2019; 10:813. [PMID: 31040850 PMCID: PMC6477039 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
NH36 is a vital enzyme of the DNA metabolism and a specific target for anti-Leishmania chemotherapy. We developed second-generation vaccines composed of the FML complex or its main native antigen, the NH36 nucleoside hydrolase of Leishmania (L.) donovani and saponin, and a DNA vaccine containing the NH36 gene. All these vaccines were effective in prophylaxis and treatment of mice and dog visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The FML-saponin vaccine became the first licensed veterinary vaccine against leishmaniasis (Leishmune®) which reduced the incidence of human and canine VL in endemic areas. The NH36, DNA or recombinant protein vaccines induced a Th1 CD4+IFN-γ+ mediated protection in mice. Efficacy against VL was mediated by a CD4+TNF-α T lymphocyte response against the NH36-F3 domain, while against tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) a CD8+ T lymphocyte response to F1 was also required. These domains were 36-41 % more protective than NH36, and a recombinant F1F3 chimera was 21% stronger than the domains, promoting a 99.8% reduction of the parasite load. We also identified the most immunogenic NH36 domains and epitopes for PBMC of active human VL, cured or asymptomatic and DTH+ patients. Currently, the NH36 subunit recombinant vaccine is turning into a multi-epitope T cell synthetic vaccine against VL and TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa Beatriz Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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36
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Fernandez M, Tabar MD, Arcas A, Mateu C, Homedes J, Roura X. Comparison of efficacy and safety of preventive measures used against canine leishmaniasis in southern European countries: Longitudinal retrospective study in 1647 client-owned dogs (2012–2016). Vet Parasitol 2018; 263:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Travi BL, Miró G. Use of domperidone in canine visceral leishmaniasis: gaps in veterinary knowledge and epidemiological implications. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e180301. [PMID: 30365645 PMCID: PMC6193371 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A pivotal strategy to decrease the risk of visceral leishmaniasis in humans is to control the infection and disease progression in dogs, the domestic reservoir of Leishmania infantum (L. chagasi). Immunotherapy is a viable approach to treat sick dogs because cell-mediated immunity is the principal defense mechanism against L. infantum. Domperidone is an immune-stimulatory drug increasingly used in veterinary medicine as a prophylactic or immunotherapeutic agent. Domperidone treatment has shown to prevent overt disease or improve the clinical condition of infected dogs. However, veterinarians should be aware of the potential cardiotoxicity of domperidone when given together with drugs that inhibit CYP450s liver enzymes or those that prolong the QT interval. On the other hand, learning whether domperidone treatment significantly decreases dog infectivity to sand fly vectors is of capital importance since this result should have a palpable impact on the infection risk of humans living in regions endemic for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Travi
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine - Division of Infectious Diseases, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Veterinary Faculty, Animal Health Department, Madrid, Spain
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Campos MP, Figueiredo FB, Morgado FN, Renzetti ARDS, de Souza SMM, Pereira SA, Rodrigues-Da-Silva RN, Lima-Junior JDC, De Luca PM. Leishmania infantum Virulence Factor A2 Protein: Linear B-Cell Epitope Mapping and Identification of Three Main Linear B-Cell Epitopes in Vaccinated and Naturally Infected Dogs. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1690. [PMID: 30090101 PMCID: PMC6068230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is caused by Leishmania infantum, presenting a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Dogs are the main parasite reservoir in urban areas and canine cases precede human infection. Currently, A2 protein based Leish-Tec® vaccine is the only vaccine commercially available against CVL in Brazil. Considering that the main screening and confirmatory tests of canine infection are serological, it is possible that the antibody response elicited after vaccination interfere with diagnosis, leading to the inability to distinguish between vaccinated and infected animals. In order to identify the specific B-cell response induced after vaccination, A2 protein sequence was screened for main linear B-cell epitopes using in silico prediction (Bepipred) and immunological confirmation by ELISA. Three amino acid sequences were described as potential B-cell epitopes (SV11-SAEPHKAAVDV, PP16-PQSVGPLSVGPQSVGP, and VQ34-VGPLSVGPQSVGPLSVGPLSVGPQAVGPLSVGPQ). Specific IgG ELISAs were performed in sera of 12 immunized dogs living in non-endemic areas, followed for up to 1 year after immunization. The results were compared with those obtained in a group of 10 symptomatic and 10 asymptomatic CVL dogs. All predicted epitopes were confirmed as linear B-cell epitopes broadly recognized by sera from studied dogs. Total IgG ELISAs demonstrated distinct patterns of response between peptides in the immunized and CVL groups. VQ34 peptide was recognized by the majority of sera from vaccinated and symptomatic dogs, and increases after vaccination. PP16 induced low levels of specific IgG that increased 1 year after immunization. Interestingly, a low frequency of reactivity was found against SV11 in naturally infected dogs (symptomatic and asymptomatic), while 83.3% of vaccinated dogs presented positive responses 1 year after immunization. The two animals in the vaccinated group that did not respond to SV11 1 year after immunization presented positive serology both 30 days and 6 months after immunization. In summary, we identified three main linear B-cell epitopes in A2 based vaccine. Moreover, the humoral response against SV11 presented marked differences between infected and Leish-Tec vaccinated dogs, and should be further investigated, in large trials, to confirm its potential as a serological marker able to distinguish between infected and vaccinated dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Paiva Campos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Nazaré Morgado
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alinne Rangel Dos Santos Renzetti
- National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sara Maria Marques de Souza
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandro Antônio Pereira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Josué Da Costa Lima-Junior
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Mello De Luca
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Vijayakumar S, Das P. Recent progress in drug targets and inhibitors towards combating leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2018; 181:95-104. [PMID: 29452111 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lesihmaniasis is one of the major neglected tropical disease caused by the parasite of the genus Leishmania. The disease has more than one clinical forms and the visceral form is considered fatal. With the lack of potential vaccine, chemotherapy is the major treatment source considered for the control of the disease in the infected people. Drugs including amphotericin B and miltefosine are widely used for the treatment, however, development of resistance by the parasite towards the administered drug and high-toxicity of the drug are of major concern. Hence, more attention has been shown on identifying new targets, effective inhibitors, and better drug delivery system against the disease. This review deals with recent studies on drug targets and exploring their essentiality for the survival of Leishmania. Further, new inhibitors for those targets, novel anti-leishmanial peptides and vaccines against leishmaniasis were discussed. We believe that this pool of information will ease the researchers to gain knowledge and help in choosing right targets and design of new inhibitors against Leishmaniasis.
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Almeida APMM, Machado LFM, Doro D, Nascimento FC, Damasceno L, Gazzinelli RT, Fernandes AP, Junqueira C. New Vaccine Formulations Containing a Modified Version of the Amastigote 2 Antigen and the Non-Virulent Trypanosoma cruzi CL-14 Strain Are Highly Antigenic and Protective against Leishmania infantum Challenge. Front Immunol 2018; 9:465. [PMID: 29599776 PMCID: PMC5863692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major public health issue reported as the second illness in mortality among all tropical diseases. Clinical trials have shown that protection against VL is associated with robust T cell responses, especially those producing IFN-γ. The Leishmania amastigote 2 (A2) protein has been repeatedly described as immunogenic and protective against VL in different animal models; it is recognized by human T cells, and it is also commercially available in a vaccine formulation containing saponin against canine VL. Moving toward a more appropriate formulation for human vaccination, here, we tested a new optimized version of the recombinant protein (rA2), designed for Escherichia coli expression, in combination with adjuvants that have been approved for human use. Moreover, aiming at improving the cellular immune response triggered by rA2, we generated a recombinant live vaccine vector using Trypanosoma cruzi CL-14 non-virulent strain, named CL-14 A2. Mice immunized with respective rA2, adsorbed in Alum/CpG B297, a TLR9 agonist recognized by mice and human homologs, or with the recombinant CL-14 A2 parasites through homologous prime-boost protocol, were evaluated for antigen-specific immune responses and protection against Leishmania infantum promastigote challenge. Immunization with the new rA2/Alum/CpG formulations and CL-14 A2 transgenic vectors elicited stronger cellular immune responses than control groups, as shown by increased levels of IFN-γ, conferring protection against L. infantum challenge. Interestingly, the use of the wild-type CL-14 alone was enough to boost immunity and confer protection, confirming the previously reported immunogenic potential of this strain. Together, these results support the success of both the newly designed rA2 antigen and the ability of T. cruzi CL-14 to induce strong T cell-mediated immune responses against VL in animal models when used as a live vaccine vector. In conclusion, the vaccination strategies explored here reveal promising alternatives for the development of new rA2 vaccine formulations to be translated human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula M M Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leopoldo F M Machado
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel Doro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Frederico C Nascimento
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Division of Infectious Disease, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Fernández Cotrina J, Iniesta V, Monroy I, Baz V, Hugnet C, Marañon F, Fabra M, Gómez-Nieto LC, Alonso C. A large-scale field randomized trial demonstrates safety and efficacy of the vaccine LetiFend® against canine leishmaniosis. Vaccine 2018. [PMID: 29525281 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum. Extensive research is currently ongoing to develop safe and effective vaccines to protect from disease development. The European Commission has granted a marketing authorization for LetiFend®, a new vaccine containing recombinant Protein Q. The efficacy of LetiFend® vaccination in a large-scale dog population of both sexes, different breeds and ages in endemic areas is reported in this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled field trial. Dogs (n = 549) living in France and Spain were randomly selected to receive a single subcutaneous dose of LetiFend® or placebo per year, and were naturally exposed to two L. infantum transmission seasons. Clinical examinations, blood and lymphoid organ sampling to evaluate serological, parasitological and disease status of the dogs were performed at different time points during the study. LetiFend® was very well tolerated and clearly reduced the incidence of clinical signs related to leishmaniosis. The number of confirmed cases of leishmaniosis was statistically significantly lower in the vaccine group. The number of dogs with parasites was close to be significantly reduced in the vaccine group (p = 0.0564). Re-vaccination of seropositive dogs demonstrated to be safe and not to worsen the course of the disease. The likelihood that a dog vaccinated with LetiFend® develops a confirmed case or clinical signs of leishmaniosis in areas with high pressure is, respectively, 5 and 9.8 time less than that for an unvaccinated dog. Thus, the overall efficacy of the LetiFend® vaccine in the prevention of confirmed cases of leishmaniosis in endemic areas with high disease pressure was shown to be 72%. In conclusion, this field trial demonstrates that LetiFend® is a novel, safe and effective vaccine for the active immunization of non-infected dogs from 6 months of age in reducing the risk of developing clinical leishmaniosis after natural infection with Leishmania infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández Cotrina
- Unidad de Parasitología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Virginia Iniesta
- Unidad de Parasitología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Isabel Monroy
- Unidad de Parasitología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Victoria Baz
- Unidad de Parasitología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Christophe Hugnet
- Clinique Vétérinaire des Lavandes, Quartier Boulagne 26160, La Begude de Mazenc, France.
| | - Francisco Marañon
- Animal Health Unit, Laboratorios LETI S.L.U., Gran Vía de les Corts Catalanes, 184, 08038 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Fabra
- Animal Health Unit, Laboratorios LETI S.L.U., Gran Vía de les Corts Catalanes, 184, 08038 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luis Carlos Gómez-Nieto
- Unidad de Parasitología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Carlos Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
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Sabur A, Bhowmick S, Chhajer R, Ejazi SA, Didwania N, Asad M, Bhattacharyya A, Sinha U, Ali N. Liposomal Elongation Factor-1α Triggers Effector CD4 and CD8 T Cells for Induction of Long-Lasting Protective Immunity against Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:18. [PMID: 29441060 PMCID: PMC5797590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances, identification and formulation of safe and effective vaccine for long-lasting protection against leishmaniasis is still inadequate. In this study, we have identified a novel antigen, leishmanial elongation factor-1α (EF1-α), as an immunodominant component of solubilized leishmanial membrane antigens that reacts with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) sera and induces cellular proliferative and cytokine response in PBMCs of cured VL subjects. Leishmanial EF1-α is a 50 kDa antigen that plays a crucial role in pathogen survival by regulating oxidative burst in the host phagocytes. Previously, immunodominant truncated forms of EF1-α from different species of Leishmania have been reported. Formulation of the L. donovani 36 kDa truncated as well as the cloned recombinant EF1-α in cationic liposomes induce strong resistance to parasitic burden in liver and spleen of BALB/c mice through induction of DTH and a IL-10 and TGF-β suppressed mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine responses. Multiparametric analysis of splenocytes for generation of antigen-specific IFN-γ, IL2, and TNF-α producing lymphocytes indicate that cationic liposome facilitates expansion of both CD4+ as well as CD8+ memory and effector T cells. Liposomal EF1-α is a novel and potent vaccine formulation against VL that imparts long-term protective responses. Moreover, the flexibility of this formulation opens up the scope to combine additional adjuvants and epitope selected antigens for use in other disease forms also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdus Sabur
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sudipta Bhowmick
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Rudra Chhajer
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad Ejazi
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Nicky Didwania
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Mohammad Asad
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Anirban Bhattacharyya
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Utsa Sinha
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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