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Viola B, Puskic P, Corney S, Barrett N, Davies B, Clausius E, Jutzeler M, Lea MA. A quantitative assessment of continuous versus structured methods for the detection of marine mammals and seabirds via opportunistic shipboard surveys. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18796. [PMID: 39138319 PMCID: PMC11322172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine monitoring efforts are increasingly supported by opportunistic shipboard surveys. However, opportunistic survey methods often require adaptation to suit the vessel and the operations being conducted onboard. Whilst best-practice techniques for surveying marine wildlife on vessels of opportunity are yet to be established, testing and development of alternative methods can provide means for capturing ecological information in otherwise under-surveyed areas. Explicitly, survey methods can be improved while baseline ecological data for new regions are gathered simultaneously. Herein, we tested different survey approaches on a vessel of opportunity in a remote offshore area where little is known about the community composition of top-order marine vertebrate predators: western and south-western Tasmania, Australia. We found that continuous surveys provide greater species counts than structured "snapshot" surveys over the course of a voyage, but that structured surveys can be more practical when managing factors such as observer fatigue. Moreover, we provide a baseline dataset on the marine vertebrate community encountered in western and south-western Tasmania. This information will be critically important for industry and conservation management objectives, and is key to our understanding of the offshore ecosystem around Tasmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Viola
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia.
| | - Peter Puskic
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7005, Australia
| | - Stuart Corney
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7005, Australia
- Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7005, Australia
| | - Neville Barrett
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Davies
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Ella Clausius
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Martin Jutzeler
- Centre for Ore Deposit and Earth Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Mary-Anne Lea
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, TAS, 7004, Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7005, Australia
- Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7005, Australia
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2
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Sarker S, Krug LA, Islam KM, Basak SC, Huda ANMS, Hossain MS, Das N, Riya SC, Liyana E, Chowdhury GW. An integrated coastal ecosystem monitoring strategy: Pilot case in Naf-Saint Martin Peninsula, Bangladesh. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169718. [PMID: 38163602 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Rapid population growth creating an excessive pressure on the marine environment and thus monitoring of marine ecosystem is essential. However, due to high technical and financial involvement, monitoring of coastal ecosystem is always challenging in developing countries. This study aims to develop an integrated coastal ecosystem monitoring system that combines scientific sampling, numerical model simulation and citizen science observations to monitor the coastal ecosystem of Bangladesh. This concept of integrated monitoring approach was piloted from January 2022 to April 2023 at the South East coastal zone of Bangladesh. Scientific sampling and numerical model simulations were performed for temperature and salinity data collection. Citizen science approach was employed to collect data on environmental conditions, fisheries, plankton, other marine resources, and plastic pollution. Numerical model simulations and citizen scientists observations of temperature and salinity showed good agreement with the scientifically collected data. In addition, citizen scientists observations on fisheries, plankton, other marine resources and plastic pollution were also in line with the existing database and previous studies. The proposed integrated monitoring approach presents a viable technique, creating a new avenue for coastal and marine ecosystem monitoring where infrastructural facilities are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Sarker
- Department of Oceanography, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh.
| | - Lilian A Krug
- Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean (POGO), United Kingdom; Algarve Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Portugal
| | - Kazi Mainul Islam
- Department of Geography and Environment, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Shyamal Chandra Basak
- Bangladesh Civil Service (34th BCS, Administration Cadre), Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Bangladesh
| | - A N M Samiul Huda
- Department of Oceanography, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Oceanography, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Nabanita Das
- Department of Oceanography, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
| | | | - Eurida Liyana
- Department of Oceanography, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
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Fredston AL, Lowndes JSS. Welcoming More Participation in Open Data Science for the Oceans. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2024; 16:537-549. [PMID: 37418835 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-041723-094741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Open science is a global movement happening across all research fields. Enabled by technology and the open web, it builds on years of efforts by individuals, grassroots organizations, institutions, and agencies. The goal is to share knowledge and broaden participation in science, from early ideation to making research outputs openly accessible to all (open access). With an emphasis on transparency and collaboration, the open science movement dovetails with efforts to increase diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging in science and society. The US Biden-Harris Administration and many other US government agencies have declared 2023 the Year of Open Science, providing a great opportunity to boost participation in open science for the oceans. For researchers day-to-day, open science is a critical piece of modern analytical workflows with increasing amounts of data. Therefore, we focus this article on open data science-the tooling and people enabling reproducible, transparent, inclusive practices for data-intensive research-and its intersection with the marine sciences. We discuss the state of various dimensions of open science and argue that technical advancements have outpaced our field's culture change to incorporate them. Increasing inclusivity and technical skill building are interlinked and must be prioritized within the marine science community to find collaborative solutions for responding to climate change and other threats to marine biodiversity and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa L Fredston
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA;
| | - Julia S Stewart Lowndes
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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4
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Community Structure and Abiotic Characteristics of Pelagic Microalgal in Adjacent Areas of the Barents Sea and Kara Sea. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to confirm the hypothesis of a floristic identity between the southeastern Barents Sea and the southwestern Kara Sea. We conducted integrated studies of pelagic microalgae communities including microscope cell counting and taxonomical identification as well as photosynthetic pigments determination and defining of hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics during a cruise in late August and the first half of September 2020. As far as we are concerned, no such observations had been carried out in this region at this time of the year before. During our observations, 35 species were identified, 14 (40%) of which were present in both water bodies. The communities of both regions were in a state corresponding to the autumn stage of the annual succession cycle. In the southeastern Barents Sea, the mean abundance of organisms in the water column varied from 10.650 to 41.840 cells per liter with a biomass of 71.04 to 300.55 µg/L. In the southwestern Kara Sea, these values were 3.510–28.420 cell/L and 16.31–66.96 µg/L, respectively. In general, the results of a comparative analysis suggest that the pelagic algal communities in the regions under comparison, despite the difference in hydrological parameters, demonstrate similar qualitative and quantitative characteristics and thus may belong to the same phytogeographic region.
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5
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Khanna H, Fan YW, Chan SN. Automated Secchi disk depth measurement based on artificial intelligence object recognition. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114378. [PMID: 36435020 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Water transparency affects the degree of sunlight penetration in water, which is important to many water quality processes. It can be visually measured by lowering a Secchi disk (SD) into water and recording its disappearance depth - the Secchi disk depth (SDD). High frequency SDD measurement is manpower intensive, precluding better understanding of the daily and diurnal variation of water transparency. For the first time, an artificial intelligence based object detection algorithm was employed for the automatic detection of SD from images, mimicking SDD measurement by human eyes. The trained model was validated on a large number of images (about 2000 for a single day in daytime) obtained from a remote-controlled imaging system in a fish farm in a Hong Kong embayment, demonstrating high detection accuracy of 93 %. The work opens up opportunities in the nowcast and forecast of short-term water quality changes (e.g. algal blooms) in coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshit Khanna
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Y W Fan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - S N Chan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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6
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Citizens and scientists collect comparable oceanographic data: measurements of ocean transparency from the Secchi Disk study and science programmes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15499. [PMID: 34326437 PMCID: PMC8322096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine phytoplankton accounts for approximately 50% of all photosynthesis on Earth, underpins the marine food chain and plays a central role in the Earth’s biogeochemical cycles and climate. In situ measurements of ocean transparency can be used to estimate phytoplankton biomass. The scale and challenging conditions of the ocean make it a difficult environment for in situ studies, however. Here, we show that citizen scientists (seafarers) using a simple white Secchi Disk can collect ocean transparency data to complement formal scientific efforts using similar equipment. Citizen scientist data can therefore help understand current climate-driven changes in phytoplankton biomass at a global scale.
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7
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Kelly R, Fleming A, Pecl GT, von Gönner J, Bonn A. Citizen science and marine conservation: a global review. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190461. [PMID: 33131446 PMCID: PMC7662190 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change, overfishing, marine pollution and other anthropogenic drivers threaten our global oceans. More effective efforts are urgently required to improve the capacity of marine conservation action worldwide, as highlighted by the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development 2021–2030. Marine citizen science presents a promising avenue to enhance engagement in marine conservation around the globe. Building on an expanding field of citizen science research and practice, we present a global overview of the current extent and potential of marine citizen science and its contribution to marine conservation. Employing an online global survey, we explore the geographical distribution, type and format of 74 marine citizen science projects. By assessing how the projects adhere to the Ten Principles of Citizen Science (as defined by the European Citizen Science Association), we investigate project development, identify challenges and outline future opportunities to contribute to marine science and conservation. Synthesizing the survey results and drawing on evidence from case studies of diverse projects, we assess whether and how citizen science can lead to new scientific knowledge and enhanced environmental stewardship. Overall, we explore how marine citizen science can inform current understanding of marine biodiversity and support the development and implementation of marine conservation initiatives worldwide. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kelly
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Aysha Fleming
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia.,CSIRO Land and Water, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Gretta T Pecl
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia.,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Julia von Gönner
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Ecosystem Services, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Aletta Bonn
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Ecosystem Services, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
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8
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Groom S, Sathyendranath S, Ban Y, Bernard S, Brewin R, Brotas V, Brockmann C, Chauhan P, Choi JK, Chuprin A, Ciavatta S, Cipollini P, Donlon C, Franz B, He X, Hirata T, Jackson T, Kampel M, Krasemann H, Lavender S, Pardo-Martinez S, Mélin F, Platt T, Santoleri R, Skakala J, Schaeffer B, Smith M, Steinmetz F, Valente A, Wang M. Satellite Ocean Colour: Current Status and Future Perspective. FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE 2019; 6:1-30. [PMID: 36817748 PMCID: PMC9933503 DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally resolved water-leaving radiances (ocean colour) and inferred chlorophyll concentration are key to studying phytoplankton dynamics at seasonal and interannual scales, for a better understanding of the role of phytoplankton in marine biogeochemistry; the global carbon cycle; and the response of marine ecosystems to climate variability, change and feedback processes. Ocean colour data also have a critical role in operational observation systems monitoring coastal eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and sediment plumes. The contiguous ocean-colour record reached 21 years in 2018; however, it is comprised of a number of one-off missions such that creating a consistent time-series of ocean-colour data requires merging of the individual sensors (including MERIS, Aqua-MODIS, SeaWiFS, VIIRS, and OLCI) with differing sensor characteristics, without introducing artefacts. By contrast, the next decade will see consistent observations from operational ocean colour series with sensors of similar design and with a replacement strategy. Also, by 2029 the record will start to be of sufficient duration to discriminate climate change impacts from natural variability, at least in some regions. This paper describes the current status and future prospects in the field of ocean colour focusing on large to medium resolution observations of oceans and coastal seas. It reviews the user requirements in terms of products and uncertainty characteristics and then describes features of current and future satellite ocean-colour sensors, both operational and innovative. The key role of in situ validation and calibration is highlighted as are ground segments that process the data received from the ocean-colour sensors and deliver analysis-ready products to end-users. Example applications of the ocean-colour data are presented, focusing on the climate data record and operational applications including water quality and assimilation into numerical models. Current capacity building and training activities pertinent to ocean colour are described and finally a summary of future perspectives is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Groom
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Earth Observation, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Steve Groom,
| | - Shubha Sathyendranath
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Earth Observation, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Yai Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean, Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Stewart Bernard
- CSIR Earth Systems Earth Observation, CSIR – NRE, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert Brewin
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Earth Observation, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Vanda Brotas
- MARE, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Jong-kuk Choi
- KIOST-PML Science Lab, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stefano Ciavatta
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Earth Observation, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Cipollini
- Telespazio VEGA UK Ltd. for ESA Climate Office, European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications, European Space Agency, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Donlon
- European Space Research and Technology Centre, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - Bryan Franz
- Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, MD, United States
| | - Xianqiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean, Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Tom Jackson
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Milton Kampel
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais São Jose dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hajo Krasemann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht – Zentrum für Materialund Küstenforschung GmbH, Geesthacht, Germany
| | | | | | - Frédéric Mélin
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Trevor Platt
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jozef Skakala
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Earth Observation, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Blake Schaeffer
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle, NC, United States
| | - Marie Smith
- CSIR Earth Systems Earth Observation, CSIR – NRE, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Andre Valente
- MARE, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Menghua Wang
- Marine Ecosystems and Climate Branch, NOAA NESDIS STAR, College Park, MD, United States
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9
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Wang S, Lee Z, Shang S, Li J, Zhang B, Lin G. Deriving inherent optical properties from classical water color measurements: Forel-Ule index and Secchi disk depth. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:7642-7655. [PMID: 30876326 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.007642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Secchi disk depth (ZSD) and Forel-Ule index (FUI) are the two oldest and easiest measurements of water optical properties based on visual determination. With an overarching objective to obtain water inherent optical properties (IOPs) using these historical measurements, this study presents a model for associating remote-sensing reflectance (Rrs) with FUI and ZSD. Based upon this, a scheme (FZ2ab) for converting FUI and ZSD to absorption (a) and backscattering coefficients (bb) is developed and evaluated. For a data set from HydroLight simulations, the difference is <11% between FZ2ab-derived a and known a, and <28% between FZ2ab-derived bb and known bb. Further, for a data set from field measurements, the difference is < 30% between FZ2ab-derived a and measured a. These results indicate that FZ2ab can bridge the gap between historical measurements and the focus of IOP measurements in modern marine optics, and potentially extend our knowledge on the bio-optical properties of global seas to the past century through the historical measurements of FUI and ZSD.
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10
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Brewin RJW, Brewin TG, Phillips J, Rose S, Abdulaziz A, Wimmer W, Sathyendranath S, Platt T. A Printable Device for Measuring Clarity and Colour in Lake and Nearshore Waters. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19040936. [PMID: 30813342 PMCID: PMC6413171 DOI: 10.3390/s19040936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two expanding areas of science and technology are citizen science and three-dimensional (3D) printing. Citizen science has a proven capability to generate reliable data and contribute to unexpected scientific discovery. It can put science into the hands of the citizens, increasing understanding, promoting environmental stewardship, and leading to the production of large databases for use in environmental monitoring. 3D printing has the potential to create cheap, bespoke scientific instruments that have formerly required dedicated facilities to assemble. It can put instrument manufacturing into the hands of any citizen who has access to a 3D printer. In this paper, we present a simple hand-held device designed to measure the Secchi depth and water colour (Forel Ule scale) of lake, estuarine and nearshore regions. The device is manufactured with marine resistant materials (mostly biodegradable) using a 3D printer and basic workshop tools. It is inexpensive to manufacture, lightweight, easy to use, and accessible to a wide range of users. It builds on a long tradition in optical limnology and oceanography, but is modified for ease of operation in smaller water bodies, and from small watercraft and platforms. We provide detailed instructions on how to build the device and highlight examples of its use for scientific education, citizen science, satellite validation of ocean colour data, and low-cost monitoring of water clarity, colour and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J W Brewin
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK.
- National Centre for Earth Observation, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK.
| | - Thomas G Brewin
- Chatham and Clarendon Grammar School, Ramsgate, Kent CT11 9BB, UK.
| | - Joseph Phillips
- Chatham and Clarendon Grammar School, Ramsgate, Kent CT11 9BB, UK.
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Sophie Rose
- Chatham and Clarendon Grammar School, Ramsgate, Kent CT11 9BB, UK.
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Anas Abdulaziz
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre Kochi, Kerala 682018, India.
| | - Werenfrid Wimmer
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO14 3ZH, UK.
| | - Shubha Sathyendranath
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK.
- National Centre for Earth Observation, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK.
| | - Trevor Platt
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, UK.
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11
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The HydroColor App: Above Water Measurements of Remote Sensing Reflectance and Turbidity Using a Smartphone Camera. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18010256. [PMID: 29337917 PMCID: PMC5795334 DOI: 10.3390/s18010256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HydroColor is a mobile application that utilizes a smartphone’s camera and auxiliary sensors to measure the remote sensing reflectance of natural water bodies. HydroColor uses the smartphone’s digital camera as a three-band radiometer. Users are directed by the application to collect a series of three images. These images are used to calculate the remote sensing reflectance in the red, green, and blue broad wavelength bands. As with satellite measurements, the reflectance can be inverted to estimate the concentration of absorbing and scattering substances in the water, which are predominately composed of suspended sediment, chlorophyll, and dissolved organic matter. This publication describes the measurement method and investigates the precision of HydroColor’s reflectance and turbidity estimates compared to commercial instruments. It is shown that HydroColor can measure the remote sensing reflectance to within 26% of a precision radiometer and turbidity within 24% of a portable turbidimeter. HydroColor distinguishes itself from other water quality camera methods in that its operation is based on radiometric measurements instead of image color. HydroColor is one of the few mobile applications to use a smartphone as a completely objective sensor, as opposed to subjective user observations or color matching using the human eye. This makes HydroColor a powerful tool for crowdsourcing of aquatic optical data.
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