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Mitscherling J, Sczakiel HL, Kiskemper-Nestorjuk O, Winterhalter S, Mundlos S, Bartzela T, Mensah MA. Whole genome sequencing in families with oligodontia. Oral Dis 2024; 30:3935-3950. [PMID: 38071191 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Tooth agenesis (TA) is among the most common malformations in humans. Although several causative mutations have been described, the genetic cause often remains elusive. Here, we test whether whole genome sequencing (WGS) could bridge this diagnostic gap. METHODS In four families with TA, we assessed the dental phenotype using the Tooth Agenesis Code after intraoral examination and radiographic and photographic documentation. We performed WGS of index patients and subsequent segregation analysis. RESULTS We identified two variants of uncertain significance (a potential splice variant in PTH1R, and a 2.1 kb deletion abrogating a non-coding element in FGF7) and three pathogenic variants: a novel frameshift in the final exon of PITX2, a novel deletion in PAX9, and a known nonsense variant in WNT10A. Notably, the FGF7 variant was found in the patient, also featuring the WNT10A variant. While mutations in PITX2 are known to cause Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome 1 (ARS1) predominantly featuring ocular findings, accompanied by dental malformations, we found the PITX2 frameshift in a family with predominantly dental and varying ocular findings. CONCLUSION Severe TA predicts a genetic cause identifiable by WGS. Final exon PITX2 frameshifts can cause a predominantly dental form of ARS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Mitscherling
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Charité - Centrum 03 für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, und Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrike L Sczakiel
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, Junior Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- RG Development & Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Kiskemper-Nestorjuk
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Charité - Centrum 03 für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, und Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sibylle Winterhalter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- RG Development & Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theodosia Bartzela
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Charité - Centrum 03 für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, und Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin A Mensah
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- RG Development & Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, Digital Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Lei R, Qiu X, Han Y, Li F, Dong X, Pei S, Zeng T, Ge M, Hu Z, Tian Q, Peng L, Huang J. Identification and functional study of a novel variant of PAX9 causing tooth agenesis. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 38515263 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To search for pathogenic gene of a family with non-syndromic tooth agenesis, and explore the possible pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A Chinese family with non-syndromic tooth agenesis was recruited and screened for the pathogenic variants by whole exome sequencing technology and co-segregation analysis. The subcellular localization of wild-type and mutant protein was detected by immunofluorescence assay. Cycloheximide chase assay was performed to examine the difference in degradation rate between mutant protein and wild-type one. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were conducted to explore the alterations of mutant protein in the regulation of downstream target genes. RESULTS A novel missense variant of PAX9 (c.296C>A:p.A99D) was found in this family. Bioinformatics software showed β-return and the random coil were shortened in the p.A99D. The variant did not affect the subcellular localization of PAX9, but the degradation rate of p.A99D was accelerated (p < 0.05). p.A99D inhibited the activation of downstream target gene BMP4 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This novel variant expands the pathogenic gene spectrum. The variant impaired the protein structure, accelerated the degradation of protein, and inhibited the activation of the downstream target gene BMP4, an upstream molecule in the TGF-β/BMP pathway, which may contribute to tooth agenesis in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lei
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Xili Qiu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Han
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center for Medical Genetics &Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fenghua Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center for Medical Genetics &Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Saimin Pei
- The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Minmin Ge
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center for Medical Genetics &Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center for Medical Genetics &Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Peng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junhui Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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3
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Lee YJ, Lee Y, Kim YJ, Lee ZH, Kim JW. Novel PAX9 Mutations Causing Isolated Oligodontia. J Pers Med 2024; 14:191. [PMID: 38392624 PMCID: PMC10890363 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypodontia, i.e., missing one or more teeth, is a relatively common human disease; however, oligodontia, i.e., missing six or more teeth, excluding the third molars, is a rare congenital disorder. Many genes have been shown to cause oligodontia in non-syndromic or syndromic conditions. In this study, we identified two novel PAX9 mutations in two non-syndromic oligodontia families. A mutational analysis identified a silent mutation (NM_006194.4: c.771G>A, p.(Gln257=)) in family 1 and a frameshift mutation caused by a single nucleotide duplication (c.637dup, p.(Asp213Glyfs*104)) in family 2. A minigene splicing assay revealed that the silent mutation resulted in aberrant pre-mRNA splicing instead of normal splicing. The altered splicing products are ones with an exon 4 deletion or using a cryptic 5' splicing site in exon 4. Mutational effects were further investigated using protein expression, luciferase activity assay and immunolocalization. We believe this study will not only expand the mutational spectrum of PAX9 mutations in oligodontia but also strengthen the diagnostic power related to the identified silent mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ji Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Jung Kim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Zang Hee Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology & DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Wook Kim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Genetics & DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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Ren J, Gan S, Zheng S, Li M, An Y, Yuan S, Gu X, Zhang L, Hou Y, Du Q, Zhang G, Shen W. Genotype-phenotype pattern analysis of pathogenic PAX9 variants in Chinese Han families with non-syndromic oligodontia. Front Genet 2023; 14:1142776. [PMID: 37056289 PMCID: PMC10086135 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1142776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-syndromic oligodontia is characterized by the absence of six or more permanent teeth, excluding third molars, and can have aesthetic, masticatory, and psychological consequences. Previous studies have shown that PAX9 is associated with autosomal dominant forms of oligodontia but the precise molecular mechanisms are still unknown.Methods: Whole-exome and Sanger sequencing were performed on a cohort of approximately 28 probands with NSO, for mutation analysis. Bioinformatic analysis was performed on the potential variants. Immunofluorescence assay, western blotting, and qPCR were used to explore the preliminary functional impact of the variant PAX9 proteins. We reviewed PAX9-related NSO articles in PubMed to analyze the genotype-phenotype correlations.Results: We identified three novel PAX9 variants in Chinese Han families: c.152G>T (p.Gly51Val), c.239delC (p.Thr82Profs*3), and c.409C>T (q.Gln137Ter). In addition, two previously reported missense variants were identified: c.140G>C (p.Arg47Pro) and c.146C>T (p.Ser49Leu) (reference sequence NM_006194.4). Structural modeling revealed that all missense variants were located in the highly conserved paired domain. The other variants led to premature termination of the protein, causing structural impairment of the PAX9 protein. Immunofluorescence assay showed abnormal subcellular localizations of the missense variants (R47P, S49L, and G51V). In human dental pulp stem cells, western blotting and qPCR showed decreased expression of PAX9 variants (c.140G>C, p.R47P, and c.152G>T, p.G51V) compared with the wild-type group at both the transcription and translation levels. A review of published papers identified 64 PAX9 variants related to NSO and found that the most dominant feature was the high incidence of missing upper second molars, first molars, second premolars, and lower second molars.Conclusion: Three novel PAX9 variants were identified in Chinese Han families with NSO. These results extend the variant spectrum of PAX9 and provide a foundation for genetic diagnosis and counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Ren
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sifang Gan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | | | - Meikang Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yilin An
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiuge Gu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Hou
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qingqing Du
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenjing Shen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Wenjing Shen,
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5
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Hua W, Gan Z, Wu Y, Zhao L. Identification of a novel missense mutation in non-syndromic familial multiple supernumerary teeth. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 143:105542. [PMID: 36108431 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study intended to evaluate the involvement of genetic factors in the etiology of non-syndromic multiple supernumerary teeth. DESIGN We filtered the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the proband and his mother with similar phenotypes through whole-genome sequencing (WGS). By integrating multiple databases related to human genome mutations and disease information for mutation annotation, we excluded the SNPs of people without supernumerary teeth. Subsequently, the bioinformatics analysis tools (Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant (SIFT) < 0.05, Polymorphism Phenotyping (PolyPhen) > 0.90) were used to screen out the most correlated SNPs of the disease, besides, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis (P<0.05, FDR<0.05) and Sanger sequencing was applied to further verify the candidate pathogenic mutation point. RESULTS A novel heterozygous variant in fer-1 like family member 6 (FER1L6) gene likely denoted pathogenicity in non-syndromic familial multiple supernumerary teeth. We identified a cohort of 3499 non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs), and only 142 nsSNPs with the score of SIFT < 0.05 and PolyPhen > 0.90 were retained. Then we got 54 nsSNPs from 31 candidate genes through GO analysis. Sanger sequencing revealed a missense variant in exon 31 of the FER1L6 gene, causing a transition from guanine to adenine in position 1447 of protein kinase C conserved region 2. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel heterozygous chromosome 8q24.13 mutation of FER1L6, which was a new mutation site identified in non-syndromic familial multiple supernumerary teeth through genetic analysis of a Chinese family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziqi Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yeke Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lixing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Intarak N, Theerapanon T, Porntaveetus T, Shotelersuk V. Patterns of molar agenesis associated with p.P20L and p.R77Q variants in PAX9. Eur J Oral Sci 2022; 130:e12855. [PMID: 35182440 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nonsyndromic tooth agenesis is associated with variants in several genes. There are numerous genotype-phenotype publications involving many patients and kindreds. Here, we identified six Thai individuals in two families with nonsyndromic tooth agenesis, performed exome sequencing, and conducted functional experiments. Family 1 had four affected members carrying the heterozygous PAX9 variant, c.59C>T (p.Pro20Leu). The p.Pro20Leu was previously reported in two families having four and three affected members. These seven cases and Proband-1 had agenesis of at least three third molars. Family 2 comprised two affected members with agenesis of all 12 molars. Both individuals were heterozygous for c.230G>A (p.Arg77Gln) in PAX9, which has not been reported previously. This variant is predicted to be damaging, evolutionarily conserved, and resides in the PAX9 linking peptide. The BMP4 RNA levels in Proband-1's leukocytes were not significantly different from those in the controls, whereas BMP4 levels observed in Proband-2 were significantly increased. Moreover, the p.Arg77Gln variant demonstrated nuclear localization similar to the wild-type but resulted in significantly impaired transactivation of BMP4, a PAX9 downstream gene. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the PAX9 p.Pro20Leu is highly associated with absent third molars, while the novel PAX9 p.Arg77Gln impairs BMP4 transactivation and is associated with total molar agenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Intarak
- Genomics and Precision Dentistry Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanakorn Theerapanon
- Genomics and Precision Dentistry Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thantrira Porntaveetus
- Genomics and Precision Dentistry Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Center of Excellence for Medical Genomics, Medical Genomics Cluster, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellence Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
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Khan SA, Khan S, Muhammad N, Rehman ZU, Khan MA, Nasir A, Kalsoom UE, Khan AK, Khan H, Wasif N. The First Report of a Missense Variant in RFX2 Causing Non-Syndromic Tooth Agenesis in a Consanguineous Pakistani Family. Front Genet 2022; 12:782653. [PMID: 35145545 PMCID: PMC8822170 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.782653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The syndromic and non-syndromic congenital missing teeth phenotype is termed tooth agenesis. Since tooth agenesis is a heterogeneous disorder hence, the patients show diverse absent teeth phenotypes. Thus identifying novel genes involved in the morphogenesis of ectodermal appendages, including teeth, paves the way for establishing signaling pathways.Methods and Results: We have recruited an autosomal recessive non-syndromic tooth agenesis family with two affected members. The exome sequencing technology identified a novel missense sequence variant c.1421T > C; p.(Ile474Thr) in a regulatory factor X (RFX) family member (RFX2, OMIM: 142,765). During the data analysis eight rare variants on various chromosomal locations were identified, but the co-segregation analysis using Sanger sequencing confirmed the segregation of only two variants RFX2: c.1421T > C; p.(Ile474Thr), DOHH: c.109C > G; p.(Pro37Ala) lying in a common 7.1 MB region of homozygosity on chromosome 19p13.3. Furthermore, the online protein prediction algorithms and protein modeling analysis verified the RFX2 variant as a damaging genetic alteration and ACMG pathogenicity criteria classified it as likely pathogenic. On the other hand, the DOHH variant showed benign outcomes.Conclusion:RFX2 regulates the Hedgehog and fibroblast growth factor signaling pathways, which are involved in the epithelial and mesenchymal interactions during tooth development. Prior animal model studies have confirmed the expression of rfx2 at a developmental stage governing mouth formation. Moreover, its regulatory role and close association with ciliary and non-ciliary genes causing various dental malformations makes it a potential candidate gene for tooth agenesis phenotype. Further studies will contribute to exploring the direct role of RFX2 in human tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher Alam Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Saadullah Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Saadullah Khan, ; Naveed Wasif,
| | - Noor Muhammad
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ur Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Khan
- Dental Material, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Nasir
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Umm-e- Kalsoom
- Department of Biochemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Kamal Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Wasif
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Saadullah Khan, ; Naveed Wasif,
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8
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Bhol CS, Patil S, Sahu BB, Patra SK, Bhutia SK. The clinical significance and correlative signaling pathways of paired box gene 9 in development and carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188561. [PMID: 33965511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Paired box 9 (PAX9) gene belongs to the PAX family, which encodes a family of metazoan transcription factors documented by a conserved DNA binding paired domain 128-amino-acids, critically essential for physiology and development. It is primarily expressed in embryonic tissues, such as the pharyngeal pouch endoderm, somites, neural crest-derived mesenchyme, and distal limb buds. PAX9 plays a vital role in craniofacial development by maintaining the odontogenic potential, mutations, and polymorphisms associated with the risk of tooth agenesis, hypodontia, and crown size in dentition. The loss-of-function of PAX9 in the murine model resulted in a short life span due to the arrest of cleft palate formation and skeletal abnormalities. According to recent studies, the PAX9 gene has a significant role in maintaining squamous cell differentiation, odontoblast differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, deregulation of which is associated with tumor initiation, and malignant transformation. Moreover, PAX9 contributes to promoter hypermethylation and alcohol- induced oro-esophageal squamous cell carcinoma mediated by downregulation of differentiation and apoptosis. Likewise, PAX9 activation is also reported to be associated with drug sensitivity. In summary, this current review aims to understand PAX9 function in the regulation of development, differentiation, and carcinogenesis, along with the underlying signaling pathways for possible cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Sekhar Bhol
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Binod Bihari Sahu
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Samir Kumar Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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9
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Sun K, Yu M, Yeh I, Zhang L, Liu H, Cai T, Feng H, Liu Y, Han D. Functional study of novel PAX9 variants: The paired domain and non-syndromic oligodontia. Oral Dis 2020; 27:1468-1477. [PMID: 33078491 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate pathogenic variants of the paired box 9 (PAX9) gene in patients with non-syndromic oligodontia, and the functional impact of these variants. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were utilized to detect gene variants in a cohort of 80 patients diagnosed with non-syndromic oligodontia. Bioinformatic and conformational analyses, fluorescence microscopy and luciferase reporter assay were employed to explore the functional impact. RESULTS We identified three novel variants in the PAX9, including two frameshift variants (c.211_212insA; p.I71Nfs*246 and c.236_237insAC; p.T80Lfs*6), and one missense variant (c.229C > G; p.R77G). Familial co-segregation verified an autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern. Conformational analyses revealed that the variants resided in the paired domain, and could cause corresponding structural impairment of the PAX9 protein. Fluorescence microscopy showed abnormal subcellular localizations of frameshift variants, and luciferase assay showed impaired downstream transactivation activities of the bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) gene in all variants. CONCLUSIONS Our findings broaden the spectrum of PAX9 variants in patients with non-syndromic oligodontia and support that paired domain structural impairment and the dominant-negative effect are likely the underlying mechanisms of PAX9-related non-syndromic oligodontia. Our findings will facilitate genetic diagnosis and counselling, and help lay the foundation for precise oral health therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases and National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases and National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Iting Yeh
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases and National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Liutao Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases and National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Haochen Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases and National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Cai
- Experimental Medicine Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, NIDDK/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hailan Feng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases and National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases and National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases and National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
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10
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Zhang T, Zhao X, Hou F, Sun Y, Wu J, Ma T, Zhang X. A novel
PAX9
mutation found in a Chinese patient with hypodontia via whole exome sequencing. Oral Dis 2018; 25:234-241. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology Tianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology Tianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Feifei Hou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology Tianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Yanwei Sun
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology Tianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology Tianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology Tianjin Medical University Tianjin China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology Tianjin Medical University Tianjin China
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