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Eum HL, Lee JH, Park MH, Chang MS, Park PH, Cho JH. Comparative Analysis of Metabolites of 'Hongro' Apple Greasiness in Response to Temperature. Foods 2023; 12:4088. [PMID: 38002146 PMCID: PMC10670088 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Greasiness in apple skin reduces its quality, and its level varies depending on the variety. In this study, low-temperature (1 ± 0.5 °C) stored 'Hongro' and 'Fuji', which had differences in the occurrence of greasiness, were moved to room temperature (20 °C) and untargeted metabolite and fatty acids for skin and flesh along with quality changes due to greasiness occurrence were compared. Ethylene production differed noticeably between the two varieties and increased rapidly in 'Hongro' until 9 d of room-temperature storage. The ethylene production did not differ significantly between the two varieties on day 20 when greasiness occurred. According to the PLS-DA score plot, while 'Hongro' had similar amounts of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, 'Fuji' had approximately twice as much unsaturated-fatty-acid content. 'Hongro', after 50 d of low-temperature (1 ± 0.5 °C) storage, produced excessive ethylene during room-temperature storage, which was directly related to greasiness development. As a result, the primary wax components of greasy 'Hongro' were nonacosane and nonacosan-10-ol. As the room-temperature storage period elapsed, pentyl linoleate and α-farnesene contents increased significantly. Furthermore, these greasiness-triggering characteristics of 'Hongro' may have been genetically influenced by the paternal parent used during breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Lan Eum
- Postharvest Technology Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.L.); (M.-H.P.); (M.-S.C.); (P.H.P.); (J.H.C.)
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Composition, metabolism and postharvest function and regulation of fruit cuticle: A review. Food Chem 2023; 411:135449. [PMID: 36669336 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle of plants, a hydrophobic membrane that covers their aerial organs, is crucial to their ability to withstand biotic and abiotic stressors. Fruit is the reproductive organ of plants, and an important dietary source that can offer a variety of nutrients for the human body, and fruit cuticle performs a crucial protective role in fruit development and postharvest quality. This review discusses the universality and diversity of the fruit cuticle composition, and systematically summarizes the metabolic process of fruit cuticle, including the biosynthesis, transport and regulatory factors (including transcription factors, phytohormones and environmental elements) of fruit cuticle. Additionally, we emphasize the postharvest functions and postharvest regulatory technologies of fruit cuticle, and propose future research directions for fruit cuticle.
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Rizwan HM, Waheed A, Ma S, Li J, Arshad MB, Irshad M, Li B, Yang X, Ali A, Ahmed MAA, Shaheen N, Scholz SS, Oelmüller R, Lin Z, Chen F. Comprehensive Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of Eceriferum ( CER) Gene Family in Passion Fruit ( Passiflora edulis) Under Fusarium kyushuense and Drought Stress Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:898307. [PMID: 35832215 PMCID: PMC9272567 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.898307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant surfaces are covered with cuticle wax and are the first barrier between a plant and environmental stresses. Eceriferum (CER) is an important gene family involved in wax biosynthesis and stress resistance. In this study, for the first time, 34 CER genes were identified in the passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) genome, and PeCER proteins varied in physicochemical properties. A phylogenetic tree was constructed and divided into seven clades to identify the evolutionary relationship with other plant species. Gene structure analyses revealed that conserved motifs ranged from 1 to 24, and that exons ranged from 1 to 29. The cis-element analysis provides insight into possible roles of PeCER genes in plant growth, development and stress responses. The syntenic analysis revealed that segmental (six gene pairs) and tandem (six gene pairs) gene duplication played an important role in the expansion of PeCER genes and underwent a strong purifying selection. In addition, 12 putative ped-miRNAs were identified to be targeting 16 PeCER genes, and PeCER6 was the most targeted by four miRNAs including ped-miR157a-5p, ped-miR164b-5p, ped-miR319b, and ped-miR319l. Potential transcription factors (TFs) such as ERF, AP2, MYB, and bZIP were predicted and visualized in a TF regulatory network interacting with PeCER genes. GO and KEGG annotation analysis revealed that PeCER genes were highly related to fatty acid, cutin, and wax biosynthesis, plant-pathogen interactions, and stress response pathways. The hypothesis that most PeCER proteins were predicted to localize to the plasma membrane was validated by transient expression assays of PeCER32 protein in onion epidermal cells. qRT-PCR expression results showed that most of the PeCER genes including PeCER1, PeCER11, PeCER15, PeCER17, and PeCER32 were upregulated under drought and Fusarium kyushuense stress conditions compared to controls. These findings provide a foundation for further studies on functions of PeCER genes to further facilitate the genetic modification of passion fruit wax biosynthesis and stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Key Laboratory for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Songfeng Ma
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiankun Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal Arshad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irshad
- College of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Binqi Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuelian Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ahmad Ali
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohamed A. A. Ahmed
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Medicinal and Aromatic Plants), Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nusrat Shaheen
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Sandra S. Scholz
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhimin Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Faxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Rizwan HM, Shaozhong F, Li X, Bilal Arshad M, Yousef AF, Chenglong Y, Shi M, Jaber MYM, Anwar M, Hu SY, Yang Q, Sun K, Ahmed MAA, Min Z, Oelmüller R, Zhimin L, Chen F. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of KCS Gene Family in Passion Fruit ( Passiflora edulis) Under Fusarium kyushuense and Drought Stress Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:872263. [PMID: 35548275 PMCID: PMC9081883 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.872263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant and fruit surfaces are covered with cuticle wax and provide a protective barrier against biotic and abiotic stresses. Cuticle wax consists of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and their derivatives. β-Ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of VLCFAs and provides a precursor for the synthesis of cuticle wax, but the KCS gene family was yet to be reported in the passion fruit (Passiflora edulis). In this study, thirty-two KCS genes were identified in the passion fruit genome and phylogenetically grouped as KCS1-like, FAE1-like, FDH-like, and CER6-like. Furthermore, thirty-one PeKCS genes were positioned on seven chromosomes, while one PeKCS was localized to the unassembled genomic scaffold. The cis-element analysis provides insight into the possible role of PeKCS genes in phytohormones and stress responses. Syntenic analysis revealed that gene duplication played a crucial role in the expansion of the PeKCS gene family and underwent a strong purifying selection. All PeKCS proteins shared similar 3D structures, and a protein-protein interaction network was predicted with known Arabidopsis proteins. There were twenty putative ped-miRNAs which were also predicted that belong to nine families targeting thirteen PeKCS genes. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation results were highly associated with fatty acid synthase and elongase activity, lipid metabolism, stress responses, and plant-pathogen interaction. The highly enriched transcription factors (TFs) including ERF, MYB, Dof, C2H2, TCP, LBD, NAC, and bHLH were predicted in PeKCS genes. qRT-PCR expression analysis revealed that most PeKCS genes were highly upregulated in leaves including PeKCS2, PeKCS4, PeKCS8, PeKCS13, and PeKCS9 but not in stem and roots tissues under drought stress conditions compared with controls. Notably, most PeKCS genes were upregulated at 9th dpi under Fusarium kyushuense biotic stress condition compared to controls. This study provides a basis for further understanding the functions of KCS genes, improving wax and VLCFA biosynthesis, and improvement of passion fruit resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Shaozhong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal Arshad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Fathy Yousef
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Azhar, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yang Chenglong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meng Shi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Y. M. Jaber
- Department of Plant Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Muhammad Anwar
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuai-Ya Hu
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kaiwei Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohamed A. A. Ahmed
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Medicinal and Aromatic Plants), Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Zheng Min
- Department of Horticulture, Fujian Agricultural Vocational College, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Matthias Schleiden Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lin Zhimin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Zhimin,
| | - Faxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Faxing Chen,
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Carvajal F, Castro-Cegrí A, Jiménez-Muñoz R, Jamilena M, Garrido D, Palma F. Changes in Morphology, Metabolism and Composition of Cuticular Wax in Zucchini Fruit During Postharvest Cold Storage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:778745. [PMID: 34950169 PMCID: PMC8691734 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.778745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cuticle composition is an important economic trait in agriculture, as it is the first protective barrier of the plant against environmental conditions. The main goal of this work was to study the role of the cuticular wax in maintaining the postharvest quality of zucchini fruit, by comparing two commercial varieties with contrasting behavior against low temperatures; the cold-tolerant variety 'Natura', and the cold-sensitive 'Sinatra', as well as 'Sinatra' fruit with induced-chilling tolerance through a preconditioning treatment (15°C for 48 h). The freshly-harvested 'Natura' fruit had a well-detectable cuticle with a significant lower permeability and a subset of 15 up-regulated cuticle-related genes. SEM showed that zucchini epicuticular waxes mainly consisted of round-shaped crystals and clusters of them, and areas with more dense crystal deposition were found in fruit of 'Natura' and of preconditioned 'Sinatra'. The cuticular wax load per surface was higher in 'Natura' than in 'Sinatra' fruit at harvest and after 14 days at 4°C. In addition, total cuticular wax load only increased in 'Natura' and preconditioned 'Sinatra' fruit with cold storage. With respect to the chemical composition of the waxes, the most abundant components were alkanes, in both 'Natura' and 'Sinatra', with similar values at harvest. The total alkane content only increased in 'Natura' fruit and in the preconditioned 'Sinatra' fruit after cold storage, whereas the amount of total acids decreased, with the lowest values observed in the fruit that showed less chilling injury (CI) and weight loss. Two esters were detected, and their content also decreased with the storage in both varieties, with a greater reduction observed in the cold-tolerant variety in response to low temperature. Gene expression analysis showed significant differences between varieties, especially in CpCER1-like and CpCER3-like genes, involved in alkane production, as well as in the transcription factors CpWIN1-like and CpFUL1-like, associated with cuticle development and epidermal wax accumulation in other species. These results suggest an important role of the alkane biosynthetic pathway and cuticle morphology in maintaining the postharvest quality of zucchini fruit during the storage at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Carvajal
- Department of Plant Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Castro-Cegrí
- Department of Plant Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Jiménez-Muñoz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Jamilena
- Department of Biology and Geology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Dolores Garrido
- Department of Plant Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Palma
- Department of Plant Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Lykholat YV, Khromykh NO, Didur OO, Okovytyy SI, Sklyar TV, Davydov VR, Lykholat TY, Kovalenko IM. Soluble cuticular wax composition and antimicrobial activity of the fruits of Chaenomeles species and an interspecific hybrid. BIOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/10.15421/012142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants of the genus Chaenomeles Lindl. (Rosaceae) naturally grow in Southeast Asia and represent the richest resource of biologically active compounds with beneficial properties for humans. Plants of C. japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. and C. speciosa (Sweet) Nakai species, and interspecific hybrid C. × superba (Frahm) Rehder (C. japonica × C. speciosa, Superba group) have been successfully introduced in the steppe zone of Ukraine and bear fruits. In this study, we evaluated chemical composition of fruit cuticular waxes and antimicrobial activity of fruit extracts. The soluble waxes were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 26–36 compounds, representing 91.7–96.6% of the total soluble cuticular waxes, were identified. Waxes of Chaenomeles fruits belonged to six classes, namely fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers and alkanes. Aldehydes 7-hexadecenal and heptacosanal, and alkanes hexatriacontane and tetrapentacontane were the main constituents in the soluble cuticular waxes of C. speciosa and C. × superba fruits, accounting for more than half of the total contents. However, alkane tetrapentacontane, alcohol 8,10-hexadecadien-1-ol and heptacosanal prevailed in C. japonica fruit waxes. Isopropanolic fruit extracts exhibited dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against four Gram-negative bacteria, five Gram-positive bacteria and one fungal strain in the disc diffusion assay. In general, extracts from the Chaenomeles fruits demonstrated higher activity against Gram+ bacteria than Gram- strains. The strongest inhibiting activity was shown against Staphylococcus epidermidis (by the fruit extracts of C. × superba and C. speciosa), Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Candida albicans (both by C. × superba fruit extract). Results of the study confirmed accumulation of the bioactive compounds in the fruit waxes of different Chaenomeles species and antimicrobial ability of Chaenomeles fruits as well. These findings revealed the bioactive compounds in fruit cuticular waxes and suggested health-promoting properties of introduced Chaenomeles species.
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Lykholat YV, Khromykh NO, Didur OO, Okovytyy SI, Sklyar TV, Davydov VR, Lykholat TY, Kovalenko IM. Soluble cuticular wax composition and antimicrobial activity of the fruits of Chaenomeles species and an interspecific hybrid. BIOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/012142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants of the genus Chaenomeles Lindl. (Rosaceae) naturally grow in Southeast Asia and represent the richest resource of biologically active compounds with beneficial properties for humans. Plants of C. japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. and C. speciosa (Sweet) Nakai species, and interspecific hybrid C. × superba (Frahm) Rehder (C. japonica × C. speciosa, Superba group) have been successfully introduced in the steppe zone of Ukraine and bear fruits. In this study, we evaluated chemical composition of fruit cuticular waxes and antimicrobial activity of fruit extracts. The soluble waxes were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 26–36 compounds, representing 91.7–96.6% of the total soluble cuticular waxes, were identified. Waxes of Chaenomeles fruits belonged to six classes, namely fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers and alkanes. Aldehydes 7-hexadecenal and heptacosanal, and alkanes hexatriacontane and tetrapentacontane were the main constituents in the soluble cuticular waxes of C. speciosa and C. × superba fruits, accounting for more than half of the total contents. However, alkane tetrapentacontane, alcohol 8,10-hexadecadien-1-ol and heptacosanal prevailed in C. japonica fruit waxes. Isopropanolic fruit extracts exhibited dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against four Gram-negative bacteria, five Gram-positive bacteria and one fungal strain in the disc diffusion assay. In general, extracts from the Chaenomeles fruits demonstrated higher activity against Gram+ bacteria than Gram- strains. The strongest inhibiting activity was shown against Staphylococcus epidermidis (by the fruit extracts of C. × superba and C. speciosa), Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Candida albicans (both by C. × superba fruit extract). Results of the study confirmed accumulation of the bioactive compounds in the fruit waxes of different Chaenomeles species and antimicrobial ability of Chaenomeles fruits as well. These findings revealed the bioactive compounds in fruit cuticular waxes and suggested health-promoting properties of introduced Chaenomeles species.
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Wang P, Wang J, Zhang H, Wang C, Zhao L, Huang T, Qing K. Chemical Composition, Crystal Morphology, and Key Gene Expression of the Cuticular Waxes of Goji ( Lycium barbarum L.) Berries. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7874-7883. [PMID: 34251203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cuticular wax of fruit is closely related to quality, storability, and pathogen susceptibility after harvest. However, little is known about the cuticular wax of goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) cultivars. In the present study, the chemical composition, crystal structures, and expression levels of associated genes of the cuticular wax of six goji cultivars were investigated. We detected 70 epicuticular wax compounds in six goji cultivars. Among them, fatty acids, alkanes, and primary alcohols were the major components of the cuticular wax of goji berries, which were related to the formation of irregular lamellar crystal structures. The terpenoid compounds in the cuticular wax of goji berries were highly resistant to Alternaria rot. Moreover, the CER1, CER6, LACS1, MAH1, LTP4, ABC11, MYB96, and WIN1 genes in goji berries might be closely related to wax synthesis. These results provide valuable information for breeding and screening goji cultivars suitable for postharvest storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Lunaike Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Ting Huang
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Ken Qing
- National Wolfberry Engineering Research Center, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
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Sheng L, Ma C, Chen Y, Gao H, Wang J. Genome-Wide Screening of AP2 Transcription Factors Involving in Fruit Color and Aroma Regulation of Cultivated Strawberry. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040530. [PMID: 33916467 PMCID: PMC8067195 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragaria × ananassa Duch, which among the youngest fruit crops, comprises many popular cultivars that are famous for their favored color and aroma. The regulation roles of AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element-binding factor) transcription factors in fruit flavor and color regulation have been studied in several fruit crops. The AP2 family of strawberry, which was ignored in recent AP2/ERF identification studies, was explored in this study. A total of 64 FaAP2 (Fragaria × ananassa AP2) transcription factors belonging to the euAP2, euANT (AINTEGUMENTA), and baselANT groups were identified with canonical insertion motifs in two AP2 domains. The motif identification illustrated that motifs 1, 5, and 2 indicated a corresponding AP2 domain repeat 1 with a linker region, and motifs 6, 4, 3 indicated a corresponding AP2 domain repeat 2, all of which were highly conserved. By synteny analysis, FaAP2 paralogs were identified in each sub-genome, and FaAP2 gene duplication and loss explained the unequal AP2 loci of sub-genomes. The expression profile in three cultivars indicated that six FaAP2 paralogs—four WRI (WRINKLED) gene homologs and two AP2 gene homologs—were candidate regulators of red fruit color and/or special fruit aroma. All these finds provide a basis for further investigations into role of AP2 in fruit color and aroma and would be helpful in the targeted selection of strawberry fruit quality to improve breeding.
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Genome-wide identification and characterization of nonspecific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) genes in Arachis duranensis. Genomics 2020; 112:4332-4341. [PMID: 32717318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) play vital roles in lipid metabolism, cell apoptosis and biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. However, the distribution of nsLTPs in Arachis duranensis has not been fully characterized. In this study, we identified 64 nsLTP genes in A. duranensis (designated AdLTPs), which were classified into six subfamilies and randomly distributed along nine chromosomes. Tandem and segmental duplication events were detected in the evolution of AdLTPs. The Ks and ω values differed significantly between Types 1 and D subfamilies, and eight AdLTPs were under positive selection. The expression levels of AdLTPs were changed after salinity, PEG, low-temperature and ABA treatments. Three AdLTPs were associated with resistance to nematode infection, and DOF and WRI1 transcription factors may regulate the AdLTP response to nematode infection. Our results may provide valuable genomic information for the breeding of peanut cultivars that are resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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11
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Chai Y, Li A, Chit Wai S, Song C, Zhao Y, Duan Y, Zhang B, Lin Q. Cuticular wax composition changes of 10 apple cultivars during postharvest storage. Food Chem 2020; 324:126903. [PMID: 32361095 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular wax chemicals differ among fruit cultivars and contribute to storage ability. However, wax analysis in apple cultivars, particularly during storage, has not been described. In this work, the chemicals and crystal structures of cuticular wax in 10 apple cultivars were analyzed to observe wax functions in apple during storage. Results showed that alkanes and primary alcohols decreased while fatty acids increased in stored fruits of all cultivars compared with the fruits before storage. Terpenoids, aldehydes, and phenols were observed in stored fruits but not in the fruits before storage in all cultivars except 'Red Star' fruit. The weight loss rate was significantly correlated with six components including C13 alcohol, C14 alkanes, total alkanes, total wax, C13 alkanes and C54 alkanes in 10 cultivar apple fruits during storage. Our findings indicate that the total wax, particularly alkanes, in the peel of apple fruits is essential for storage and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Chai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Chit Wai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Song
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baiqing Zhang
- Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Wu X, Shi X, Bai M, Chen Y, Li X, Qi K, Cao P, Li M, Yin H, Zhang S. Transcriptomic and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Metabolomic Profiling Analysis of the Epidermis Provides Insights into Cuticular Wax Regulation in Developing 'Yuluxiang' Pear Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8319-8331. [PMID: 31287308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The layer of cuticular wax covering fruits plays important roles in protecting against disease, preventing non-stomatal water loss, and extending shelf life. However, the molecular basis of cuticular wax biosynthesis in pear (Pyrus) fruits remains elusive. Our study thoroughly investigates cuticular wax biosynthesis during pear fruit development from morphologic, transcriptomic, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomic perspectives. Our results showed that cuticular wax concentrations increased during the early stage [20-80 days after full bloom (DAFB)] from 0.64 mg/cm2 (50 DAFB) to 1.75 mg/cm2 (80 DAFB) and then slightly decreased to 1.22 mg/cm2 during the fruit ripening period (80-140 DAFB). Scanning electron microscopy imaging indicated that wax plate crystals increased and wax structures varied during the pear fruit development. The combined transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling analysis revealed 27 genes, including 12 genes encoding transcription factors and a new structural gene (Pbr028523) encoding β-amyrin synthase, participating in the biosynthesis, transport, and regulation of cuticular wax according to their expression patterns in pear fruit. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction experiments of 18 differentially expressed genes were performed and confirmed the accuracy of the RNA-Seq-derived transcript expression. A model of VLCFAs and cuticular wax synthesis and transport in pear fruit is proposed, providing a mechanistic framework for understanding cuticular wax biosynthesis in pear fruit. These results and data sets provide a foundation for the molecular events related to cuticular wax in 'Yuluxiang' pear fruit and may also help guide the functional analyses of candidate genes important for improving the cuticular wax of pear fruit in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjie Shi
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Mudan Bai
- Pomology Research Institute , Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Jinzhong , Shanxi 030815 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cao
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhi Li
- Genepioneer Biotechnologies Company, Limited , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210014 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yin
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
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Lipophilic Metabolites and Anatomical Acclimatization of Cleome amblyocarpa in the Drought and Extra-Water Areas of the Arid Desert of UAE. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8050132. [PMID: 31100925 PMCID: PMC6572330 DOI: 10.3390/plants8050132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants adapt to different environmental conditions by developing structural and metabolic mechanisms. In this study, anatomical features and lipophilic metabolites were investigated in Cleome amblyocarpa Barr. & Murb., Cleomaceae plants growing in the arid desert of United Arab Emirates (UAE) in either low-water or extra-water areas, which were caused by the surrounding road run-off. The plant showed the presence of shaggy-like trichomes. The plant also developed special mechanisms to ensure its survival via release of lipophilic metabolites. The lipophilic metabolites, stained red with Sudan III, were apparently released by glandular trichomes and idioblasts of the shoot and roots, respectively. The identified lipophilic metabolites included those required for drought tolerance, protection against pathogens invasion, and detoxification. Plants growing in the low-water area caused an increase in the production of lipophilic metabolites-in particular, hydrocarbons and terpenoids. The lipophilic metabolites are known to provide the plant with unique waxy surfaces that reduce water loss and avoid penetration by pathogens. The release of lipid metabolites and the presence of shaggy-like trichomes represented unique features of the species that have never been reported. The provided chemical ecology information can be extended for several plant-related applications, particularly including drought tolerance.
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14
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Trivedi P, Nguyen N, Hykkerud AL, Häggman H, Martinussen I, Jaakola L, Karppinen K. Developmental and Environmental Regulation of Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis in Fleshy Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:431. [PMID: 31110509 PMCID: PMC6499192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aerial parts of land plants are covered by a hydrophobic layer called cuticle that limits non-stomatal water loss and provides protection against external biotic and abiotic stresses. The cuticle is composed of polymer cutin and wax comprising a mixture of very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives, while also bioactive secondary metabolites such as triterpenoids are present. Fleshy fruits are also covered by the cuticle, which has an important protective role during the fruit development and ripening. Research related to the biosynthesis and composition of cuticles on vegetative plant parts has largely promoted the research on cuticular waxes in fruits. The chemical composition of the cuticular wax varies greatly between fruit species and is modified by developmental and environmental cues affecting the protective properties of the wax. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the cuticular wax biosynthesis during fleshy fruits development, and on the effect of environmental factors in regulation of the biosynthesis. Bioactive properties of fruit cuticular waxes are also briefly discussed, as well as the potential for recycling of industrial fruit residues as a valuable raw material for natural wax to be used in food, cosmetics and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Trivedi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Hely Häggman
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Laura Jaakola
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
- Climate Laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Katja Karppinen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Climate Laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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15
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Tang T, Du C, Song H, Aziz U, Wang L, Zhao C, Zhang M. Genome-wide analysis reveals the evolution and structural features of WRINKLED1 in plants. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 294:329-341. [PMID: 30446819 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
WRINKLED1 (WRI1), an AP2/ERE transcription factor, is one of the most important regulators of oil accumulation. It has been extensively studied in angiosperms, but its evolution and overview features in plants remain unknown. In this study, WRI1s, as well as WRI1-likes in non-WRI1 species, were investigated in 64 genome-sequenced plants. Their origin, distribution, duplication, evolution, functional domains, motifs, properties, and cis-elements were analyzed. Results suggest that WRI1 and WRI1-like may originate from Chlorophyta, and WRI1-likes in angiosperms resemble phylogenetically and structurally WRI1s from Chlorophyta and non-vascular plants. WRI1 or WRI1-like may be essential to vascular plants but not to non-vascular plants. Two YRG elements and two RAYD elements, as well as their phosphorylation sites and the 14-3-3 binding motif, are relatively conserved from Chlorophyta to angiosperm. The predicted DNA-binding domains are slightly shorter than the combination of one YRG element and one RAYD element. WRI1 gradually evolves from alkalinity to acidity. More motifs were developed in N-terminuses and C-terminuses in vascular plants. A short acidic amino-acid-enriched domain in the C-terminal region is predicted to be the putative transactivation domain. The VYL exon appears randomly in different WRI1 transcripts and it is not important for the function of WRI1. In addition, more cis-elements developed during WRI1 evolution may suggest its more complicated regulation and physiological functions. These results will assist future function studies of WRI1 and evolution studies of fatty acid biosynthesis regulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Tang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chang Du
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Song
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Usman Aziz
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lili Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cuizhu Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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16
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Li D, Cheng Y, Guan J. Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene on surface wax and related gene expression in cold-stored 'Hongxiangsu' pears. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:2438-2446. [PMID: 30362118 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surface wax protects fruit from dehydration and pathogen erosion during storage. The surface wax of pears changes greatly during storage. In this work, the effect of ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene on wax accumulation and related gene expression in 'Hongxiangsu' pears during cold storage was investigated. RESULTS The alkanes, alkenes, fatty acids, esters, aldehydes and triterpenoids on the fruit surface accumulated and peaked at day 180, but fatty alcohols decreased before day 90 and then increased in the control. Treatment with 1-MCP (1.0 µL L-1 ) reduced surface wax at day 180 of storage. Compared with the control, the wax crystals became smaller in 1-MCP-treated fruit on days 90 and 270. The 1-MCP decreased the expression levels of ethylene synthesis, perception and signal genes ACS1, ACO1, ERS1, ETR2, ERF1 and wax-related genes (LACS1, LACS2, KCS2, KCS9, KCS20, FDH, CER6, CER10, LTPG1, LTP3, LTP4, ABCG11 and ABCG12). CONCLUSION These results suggested that 1-MCP suppressed ethylene synthesis and signal-pathway and wax-related gene expression; it also reduced the wax and the size of crystals on the fruit surface in cold-stored 'Hongxiangsu' pears. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yudou Cheng
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Plant Genetic Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Junfeng Guan
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Plant Genetic Engineering Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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17
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Lokesh U, Venkatesh B, Kiranmai K, Nareshkumar A, Amarnathareddy V, Rao GL, Anthony Johnson AM, Pandurangaiah M, Sudhakar C. Overexpression of ß-Ketoacyl Co-A Synthase1 Gene Improves Tolerance of Drought Susceptible Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivar K-6 by Increased Leaf Epicuticular Wax Accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1869. [PMID: 30687340 PMCID: PMC6336926 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the major environmental constraints affecting the crop productivity worldwide. One of the agricultural challenges today is to develop plants with minimized water utilization and reduced water loss in adverse environmental conditions. Epicuticular waxes play a major role in minimizing water loss. Epicuticular wax covers aerial plant parts and also prevents non-stomatal water loss by forming the outermost barrier from the surfaces. Epicuticular wax content (EWC) variation was found to be affiliated with drought tolerance of groundnut cultivars. In the current study, a fatty acid elongase gene, KCS1, which catalyzes a rate limiting step in the epicuticular wax biosynthesis was isolated from drought tolerant cultivar K-9 and overexpressed in drought sensitive groundnut cultivar (K-6) under the control of CaMV35S constitutive promoter. Transgenic groundnut plants overexpressing AhKCS1 exhibited normal growth and displaying greenish dark shiny appearance. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) revealed the excess of epicuticular wax crystal depositions on the transgenic plant leaves compared to non-transgenic wild type plants. The findings were further supported by gas chromotography-mass spectroscopic analysis (GC-MS) that revealed enhanced levels of fatty acids, secondary alcohols, primary alcohols, aldehydes, alkanes, and ketones in transgenics compared to wild types. The AhKCS1 overexpressing transgenic groundnut plants exhibited increase in the cuticular wax content, reduction of water loss, lower membrane damage, decreased MDA content, and high proline content compared to that of non-transgenic groundnut plants. Our findings suggest that the AhKCS1 gene plays a major role in combating drought stress by preventing non-stomatal water loss in drought sensitive groundnut cultivar (K-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Uppala Lokesh
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, India
| | - Boya Venkatesh
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, India
| | - Kurnool Kiranmai
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, India
| | - Ambekar Nareshkumar
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, India
| | - Vennapusa Amarnathareddy
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, India
| | - Gunupuru Lokanadha Rao
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | | | - Merum Pandurangaiah
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, India
| | - Chinta Sudhakar
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, India
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18
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Wu X, Yin H, Shi Z, Chen Y, Qi K, Qiao X, Wang G, Cao P, Zhang S. Chemical Composition and Crystal Morphology of Epicuticular Wax in Mature Fruits of 35 Pear ( Pyrus spp.) Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:679. [PMID: 29875784 PMCID: PMC5974152 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An evaluation of fruit wax components will provide us with valuable information for pear breeding and enhancing fruit quality. Here, we dissected the epicuticular wax concentration, composition and structure of mature fruits from 35 pear cultivars belonging to five different species and hybrid interspecies. A total of 146 epicuticular wax compounds were detected, and the wax composition and concentration varied dramatically among species, with the highest level of 1.53 mg/cm2 in Pyrus communis and the lowest level of 0.62 mg/cm2 in Pyrus pyrifolia. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis showed amorphous structures of the epicuticular wax crystals of different pear cultivars. Cluster analysis revealed that the Pyrus bretschneideri cultivars were grouped much closer to Pyrus pyrifolia and Pyrus ussuriensis, and the Pyrus sinkiangensis cultivars were clustered into a distant group. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA), the cultivars could be divided into three groups and five groups according to seven main classes of epicuticular wax compounds and 146 wax compounds, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zebin Shi
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoming Wang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Leaf wax trait in crops for drought and biotic stress tolerance: regulators of epicuticular wax synthesis and role of small RNAs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40502-017-0333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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