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Velázquez-Brito A, García-Prieto L, Garduño-Montes de Oca U, Sosa-Jiménez VM, Vera-Chávez MC, León-Règagnon V. Serpentirhabdias mexicanus n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae), a parasitic lungworm of the nauyaca viper Bothrops asper (Serpentes: Viperidae) in the Mexican Neotropics. Syst Parasitol 2024; 101:19. [PMID: 38316647 PMCID: PMC10844354 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-023-10144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Serpentirhabdias mexicanus n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) is described from the lung of the nauyaca viper Bothrops asper in Puebla State, central Mexico. This new species is the fifth of the genus described having onchia. Among the species included in this group, the new species is morphologically closest to S. viperidicus and S. atroxi. However, it differs from both species mainly by having only one excretory gland (compared to two present in S. viperidicus and S. atroxi). In addition, S. mexicanus n. sp. can be separated of S. viperidicus by tail length, shape of vulval lips, geographic distribution and host species and from S. atroxi by body length, number of papillae in the cephalic region, as well as the host species and geographic distribution. In the present study, we propose the new species based on morphological, host spectrum and genetic evidence. Phylogenetic analysis indicated Serpentirhabdias as a monophyletic group, with two subgroups that are congruent with the presence/absence of onchia in the esophagostome, host association and other relevant morphological characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Velázquez-Brito
- Laboratorio de Helmintología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Luis García-Prieto
- Laboratorio de Helmintología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Uriel Garduño-Montes de Oca
- Laboratorio de Helmintología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado 70-153, CP 04510, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Sosa-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Helmintología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado 70-153, CP 04510, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mirna Crizel Vera-Chávez
- Laboratorio de Herpetología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado 70-153, CP 04510, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Virginia León-Règagnon
- Laboratorio de Helmintología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico, Mexico.
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Loaiza-Lange A, Székely D, Torres-Carvajal O, Tinoco N, Salazar-Valenzuela D, Székely P. Feeding ecology of the Terciopelo pit viper snake ( Bothrops asper) in Ecuador. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14817. [PMID: 36785705 PMCID: PMC9921990 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Thoroughly documenting prey items and diet composition is crucial for understanding a predator's role in the ecosystem. In gape restricted predators, such as snakes, documenting and analyzing the type and size of the prey is important to interpret their ecological role. We describe the diet patterns of a species of venomous snake, the Terciopelo pit viper (Bothrops asper), from its Ecuadorian populations. Examining the gastrointestinal contents of museum specimens collected over an extensive area of the Pacific lowlands of Ecuador, we encountered 69 identifiable prey items from four major taxonomic groups (amphibians, centipedes, mammals, and reptiles). We evaluated the observed composition of prey to check for differences between sexes and size-classes. To complement our observations of the Terciopelo species complex throughout their distribution, we carried out a systematic literature review. Our data show an ontogenetic shift in diet, with a transition from more diverse diet in juveniles towards a mammal-specialized diet in adults, and distinct proportion of prey taxa between the sexes in the juvenile size class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaru Loaiza-Lange
- Museo de Zoología, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Diana Székely
- Museo de Zoología, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Laboratorio de Ecología Tropical y Servicios Ecosistémicos (EcoSs-Lab), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador,Research Center of the Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University Constanţa, Constanţa, Romania
| | - Omar Torres-Carvajal
- Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Nicolás Tinoco
- Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - David Salazar-Valenzuela
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paul Székely
- Museo de Zoología, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Laboratorio de Ecología Tropical y Servicios Ecosistémicos (EcoSs-Lab), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador,Research Center of the Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University Constanţa, Constanţa, Romania
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Venomics of the Scorpion Tityus ocelote (Scorpiones, Buthidae): Understanding Venom Evolution in the Subgenus Archaeotityus. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Mora-Obando D, Lomonte B, Pla D, Guerrero-Vargas JA, Ayerbe-González S, Gutiérrez JM, Sasa M, Calvete JJ. Half a century of research on Bothrops asper venom variation: Biological and biomedical implications. Toxicon 2022; 221:106983. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Padrón DF, Mebert K, Pareja-Mejía D, Bauer A, Fernandes Vasconcelos LD, Correia D, Fernandez Giné GA, Solé M. Living in a mosaic of Brazilian Atlantic Forest and plantations: spatial ecology of five bushmaster Lachesis muta (Viperidae Crotalinae). ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2022.2123860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego F. Padrón
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900 Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Konrad Mebert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900 Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Brazil
- IDECC, Institute of Development, Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation, Via G. Tomasi di Lampedusa 33, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Daniela Pareja-Mejía
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900 Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Arthur Bauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900 Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Laise D. Fernandes Vasconcelos
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900 Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Diego Correia
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900 Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Gastón A. Fernandez Giné
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900 Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Mirco Solé
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900 Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Brazil
- Herpetology Section, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, Bonn 53113, Germany
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6
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Mulcahy DG, Ibáñez R, Jaramillo CA, Crawford AJ, Ray JM, Gotte SW, Jacobs JF, Wynn AH, Gonzalez-Porter GP, McDiarmid RW, Crombie RI, Zug GR, de Queiroz K. DNA barcoding of the National Museum of Natural History reptile tissue holdings raises concerns about the use of natural history collections and the responsibilities of scientists in the molecular age. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264930. [PMID: 35245325 PMCID: PMC8896674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural history collections are essential to a wide variety of studies in biology because they maintain large collections of specimens and associated data, including genetic material (e.g., tissues) for DNA sequence data, yet they are currently under-funded and collection staff have high workloads. With the advent of aggregate databases and advances in sequencing technologies, there is an increased demand on collection staff for access to tissue samples and associated data. Scientists are rapidly developing large DNA barcode libraries, DNA sequences of specific genes for species across the tree of life, in order to document and conserve biodiversity. In doing so, mistakes are made. For instance, inconsistent taxonomic information is commonly taken from different lending institutions and deposited in data repositories, such as the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) and GenBank, despite explicit disclaimers regarding the need for taxonomic verification by the lending institutions. Such errors can have profound effects on subsequent research based on these mis-labelled sequences in data repositories. Here, we present the production of a large DNA barcode library of reptiles from the National Museum of Natural History tissue holdings. The library contains 2,758 sequences (2,205 COI and 553 16S) from 2260 specimens (four crocodilians, 37 turtles, and 2,219 lizards, including snakes), representing 583 named species, from 52 countries. In generating this library, we noticed several common mistakes made by scientists depositing DNA barcode data in public repositories (e.g., BOLD and GenBank). Our goal is to raise awareness of these concerns and offer advice to avoid such mistakes in the future to maintain accurate DNA barcode libraries to properly document Earth’s biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Mulcahy
- Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, SENACYT, Panamá City, República de Panamá
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá City, República de Panamá
| | - Cesar A. Jaramillo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
- Departamento de Histología y Neuroanatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá City, República de Panamá
| | - Andrew J. Crawford
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Museo de Historia Natural C.J. Marinkelle, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julie M. Ray
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Steve W. Gotte
- Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jeremy F. Jacobs
- Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Addison H. Wynn
- Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | - Roy W. McDiarmid
- Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Ronald I. Crombie
- Department of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - George R. Zug
- Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Kevin de Queiroz
- Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Bravo-Vega C, Santos-Vega M, Cordovez JM. Disentangling snakebite dynamics in Colombia: How does rainfall and temperature drive snakebite temporal patterns? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010270. [PMID: 35358190 PMCID: PMC8970366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of climate driving zoonotic diseases' population dynamics has typically been addressed via retrospective analyses of national aggregated incidence records. A central question in epidemiology has been whether seasonal and interannual cycles are driven by climate variation or generated by socioeconomic factors. Here, we use compartmental models to quantify the role of rainfall and temperature in the dynamics of snakebite, which is one of the primary neglected tropical diseases. We took advantage of space-time datasets of snakebite incidence, rainfall, and temperature for Colombia and combined it with stochastic compartmental models and iterated filtering methods to show the role of rainfall-driven seasonality modulating the encounter frequency with venomous snakes. Then we identified six zones with different rainfall patterns to demonstrate that the relationship between rainfall and snakebite incidence was heterogeneous in space. We show that rainfall only drives snakebite incidence in regions with marked dry seasons, where rainfall becomes the limiting resource, while temperature does not modulate snakebite incidence. In addition, the encounter frequency differs between regions, and it is higher in regions where Bothrops atrox can be found. Our results show how the heterogeneous spatial distribution of snakebite risk seasonality in the country may be related to important traits of venomous snakes' natural history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bravo-Vega
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Matemática y Computacional (BIOMAC), Departamento de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Santos-Vega
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Matemática y Computacional (BIOMAC), Departamento de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Manuel Cordovez
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Matemática y Computacional (BIOMAC), Departamento de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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8
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Silva KMP, Almeida-Santos SM, Lobo LM, Bravo-Vega CA, Rici REG, Sasa M. Morphology and seasonality of the sexual segment of the kidney in genus Bothrops snakes. J Morphol 2021; 283:236-249. [PMID: 34951038 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In Squamata, the sexual segment of the male kidney (SSK) produces secretory granules that are transmitted to the female tract during copulation. Here, we investigate the morphology of SSK in various species of the pitviper-genus Bothrops, a medically relevant clade of Neotropical snakes, using histology, histochemistry, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We also evaluated the relationship of SSK hypertrophy with spermatogenesis and storage of sperm. The SSK in Bothrops consists of tall columnar epithelial cells filled with electron-dense secretory granules. These granules are apparently released into the lumen by an apocrine secretory process. In general, the ultrastructural morphology of SSK in Bothrops is similar to those described for other pitvipers in the genus Agkistrodon. In most Bothrops males, the SSK produces carbohydrates and proteins, and occurs in all lobes of the kidney, occupying most of the kidney mass. In contrast, intersexual females (with male copulatory organs) of Bothrops insularis had a smaller SSK diameter than males and did not show hypertrophy. The seasonal development of SSK in Bothrops species seems to be driven by environmental factors rather than phylogeny, since sister species exhibited periods of hypertrophy at different months. In most Bothrops males, hypertrophy occurs at various seasons of the year (spring, summer, autumn), even in winter, and seasonal changes in SSK do not necessarily accompany spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luís Miguel Lobo
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Andrés Bravo-Vega
- Departamento de Ingeniería Biomédica, Grupo de Investigación en Biologia Matemática y Computacional BIOMAC, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rose Eli Grassi Rici
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mahmood Sasa
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Costa Rica y Museo de Zoología, Centro de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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9
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Jiménez-Charris E, Montoya-Gómez A, Torres JK, Gómez-Díaz M, Bolívar-García W. First functional and proteomic analysis of Bothrops asper snake venom from Gorgona Island - Colombia, and its comparative characterization with two Colombian Southwest ecoregions. Biochimie 2021; 194:19-27. [PMID: 34923046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops asper envenoming is a public health problem in tropical regions of Latin America. Bothrops asper has spread until Gorgona Island in the Pacific Colombian Ocean, but its biochemical venom characterization is poorly known. Thus, to increase knowledge on Bothrops species venoms, we developed for the first time the proteomic analysis using a shotgun approach and performed functional evaluations relevant to its toxicity and compared with two Colombian Southwest ecoregions from the Pacific and Western sides. Besides, we evaluated two antivenoms produced in Colombia (INS and PROBIOL) against three B. asper venom ecoregions through the ELISA approach and first-generation antivenom against B. asper from Gorgona Island. The protein components of B. asper from Gorgona Island were assigned to nine known protein families, sharing a conserved compositional pattern with B. asper from the pacific ecoregion. The RP-HPLC and in vitro activity suggest a phenotypic congruence in the expression of PLA2s and metalloproteinases between the B. asper snake venom from Gorgona Island and pacific, but inversely to the Western ecoregion. Additionally, the antivenoms immunoreactivity against the three B. asper lineage venoms was different. The INS displayed higher titers than PROBIOL against all the venoms and exhibited the most effective immunocapturing capacity against the individual components of snake venom from Gorgona Island. The results of this investigation suggest that B. asper from Gorgona Island displayed similar clinical manifestations concerning the Pacific ecoregion, and the immunoreactivity by antivenoms could be used after B. asper envenomation in Gorgona Island, using one of them preferably.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge Kelvin Torres
- Research Group in Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Mónica Gómez-Díaz
- Research Group in Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Wilmar Bolívar-García
- Research Group in Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
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What's in a mass? Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1027-1037. [PMID: 33929513 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This short essay pretends to make the reader reflect on the concept of biological mass and on the added value that the determination of this molecular property of a protein brings to the interpretation of evolutionary and translational snake venomics research. Starting from the premise that the amino acid sequence is the most distinctive primary molecular characteristics of any protein, the thesis underlying the first part of this essay is that the isotopic distribution of a protein's molecular mass serves to unambiguously differentiate it from any other of an organism's proteome. In the second part of the essay, we discuss examples of collaborative projects among our laboratories, where mass profiling of snake venom PLA2 across conspecific populations played a key role revealing dispersal routes that determined the current phylogeographic pattern of the species.
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Ramírez‐Reyes T, Flores‐Villela O, Piñero D, Lathrop A, Murphy RW. Genomic assessment of the
Phyllodactylus tuberculosus
complex (Reptilia: Phyllodactylidae) in America. ZOOL SCR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tonatiuh Ramírez‐Reyes
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México City México
- Museo de Zoología Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Méxic México City México
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Instituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México México City México
| | - Oscar Flores‐Villela
- Museo de Zoología Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Méxic México City México
| | - Daniel Piñero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Instituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México México City México
| | - Amy Lathrop
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Royal Ontario Museum Toronto ON Canada
| | - Robert W. Murphy
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Royal Ontario Museum Toronto ON Canada
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Dal Vechio F, Prates I, Grazziotin FG, Graboski R, Rodrigues MT. Molecular and phenotypic data reveal a new Amazonian species of pit vipers (Serpentes: Viperidae: Bothrops). J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1845835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Dal Vechio
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivan Prates
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Antivenomics and in vivo preclinical efficacy of six Latin American antivenoms towards south-western Colombian Bothrops asper lineage venoms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009073. [PMID: 33524033 PMCID: PMC7877754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bothrops asper represents the clinically most important snake species in Central America and Northern South America, where it is responsible for an estimated 50–80% of snakebites. Compositional variability among the venom proteomes of B. asper lineages across its wide range mirrors clinical differences in their envenomings. Bothropic antivenoms generated in a number of Latin American countries commonly exhibit a certain degree of paraspecific effectiveness in the neutralization of congeneric venoms. Defining the phylogeographic boundaries of an antivenom's effectivity has implications for optimizing its clinical use. However, the molecular bases and impact of venom compositions on the immune recognition and neutralization of the toxic activities of across geographically disparate populations of B. asper lineages has not been comprehensively studied. Methodology/Principal findings Third-generation antivenomics was applied to quantify the cross-immunorecognizing capacity against the individual components of venoms of three B. asper lineages (B. asper (sensu stricto), B. ayerbei and B. rhombeatus) distributed in south-western (SW) Colombia, of six Latin American antivenoms, produced against homologous (Colombia, INS-COL and PROBIOL) and Costa Rica (ICP)), and heterologous (Argentina (BIOL), Perú (INS-PERU) and Venezuela (UCV)) bothropic venoms. In vivo neutralization assays of the lethal, hemorrhagic, coagulant, defibrinogenating, myotoxic, edematogenic, indirect hemolytic, and proteolytic activities of the three SW Colombian B. asper lineage venoms were carried to compare the preclinical efficacy of three (Colombian INS-COL and PROBIOL, and Costa Rican ICP) antivenoms frequently used in Colombia. Antivenomics showed that all the six antivenom affinity matrices efficiently immunoretained most of the B. asper lineages venom proteins and exhibited impaired binding towards the venoms' peptidomes. The neutralization profile of the INS-COL, PROBIOL and ICP antivenoms towards the biological activities of the venoms of SW Colombian B. asper (sensu stricto), B. ayerbei and B. rhombeatus lineages was coherent with the antivenomics outcome. In addition, the combination of in vitro (antivenomics) and in vivo neutralization results allowed us to determine their toxin-specific and venom neutralizing antibody content. Noteworthy, heterologous INS-PERU, BIOL, and UCV bothropic antivenoms had equal or higher binding capacity towards the venoms components of SW Colombian B. asper lineages that the homologous Colombian and Costa Rican antivenoms. Conclusions/Significance The combined in vitro and in vivo preclinical outcome showed that antivenoms manufactured in Colombia and Costa Rica effectively neutralize the major toxic activities of SW Colombian B. asper lineage venoms. The antivenomics profiles of the heterologous antivenoms manufactured in Argentina, Venezuela, and Perú strongly suggests their (pre)clinical adequacy for the treatment of B. asper lineage envenomings in SW Colombia. However, their recommendation in the clinical setting is pending on in vivo neutralization testing and clinical testing in humans. Bothrops asper is a highly adaptable snake species complex, which is considered the most dangerous snake throughout much of its distribution range from the Atlantic lowland of eastern México to northwestern Perú. Antivenoms are the only scientifically validated treatment of snakebite envenomings. Venom variation is particularly common in wide ranging species, such as B. asper, and may result in variable clinical presentations of envenomings, as is the case for the B. asper species complex, potentially undermining the efficacy of snakebite treatments depending on the immunization mixture used in the generation of the antivenom. Conversely, phylogenetic conservation of antigenic determinants confers an unpredictable degree of paraspecificity to homologous antivenoms produced for a geographic area, but also to heterologous congeneric antivenoms, towards the venom components of allopatric conspecific populations. This work aimed at comparing the preclinical profile of a panel of Latin American homologous and heterologous antivenoms against the venoms of B. asper lineages distributed in SW Colombia. The outcome of this study strongly suggests the suitability of considering the heterologous antivenoms BIOL (Argentina), UCV (Venezuela) and INS-PERU (Perú) as alternatives to homologous Colombian INS-COL and PROBIOL and Costa Rican ICP antivenoms for the treatment of envenomings by B. asper (sensu stricto) in W Colombia and Ecuador, B. ayerbei in Cauca and Nariño (Colombia), and B. rhombeatus in Cauca river valley, SW Colombia. Snakebite envenoming is an important occupational health problem, particularly in rural areas of developing countries. The timely administration of an effective antivenom remains the mainstay of snakebite management. However, the use of antivenoms is often limited by non-availability due to high cost or by lack of effectiveness. Antivenom shortage can be addressed through the generation of novel polyspecific antivenoms of wide clinical efficacy against the venoms of the medically-relevant snake species within the geographical range where these antivenoms are intended to be deployed, but also by optimizing the paraspecific use of current antivenoms. In Colombia, antivenoms are supplied by two manufacturers, one public, the Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), and one private, Laboratorios Probiol (PROBIOL). However, the antivenom supply in Colombia has traditionally been insufficient, a circumstance that has led the Colombian Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social to issue several resolutions and decrees to announce this health emergency in the country, and to import antivenoms produced in México and Costa Rica. Contrary to these countries, where B. asper represents the only species of the genus, in SW Colombia three close phylogenetically related B. asper lineages, B. asper (sensu stricto), B. rhombeatus, and B. ayerbei, are responsible for most severe cases of snakebite accidents and exhibit remarkable differences in the physiopathological profile of their envenomings. This work aimed to assess the immunorecognition characteristics of a panel of antivenoms manufactured in Colombia, Costa Rica, Argentina, Perú and Venezuela towards the venoms of the three SW Colombian B. asper lineages. Additionally, combined quantitative in vitro and in vivo data show that the homologous antivenoms produced in Colombia (INS-COL, PROBIOL) and Costa Rica (ICP) effectively neutralize the lethality and the major toxic activities tested of the three SW Colombian B. asper lineage venoms. Heterologous Argentinian (BIOL), Venezuelan (UCV) and Peruvian (INS-PERU) antivenoms also showed comparable, even higher, effective immunocapturing ability towards the venom proteomes of SW Colombian B. asper (sensu stricto), B. rhombeatus, and B. ayerbei, than the Colombian and Costa Rican antivenoms. These results are in line with previous studies highlighting the notable conservation of paraspecific antigenic determinants across the phylogeny of genus Bothrops, and advocate for considering the heterologous Argentinian, Venezuelan and Peruvian antivenoms as further therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of B. asper spp. snakebites in Colombia.
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Pan-American Lancehead Pit-Vipers: Coagulotoxic Venom Effects and Antivenom Neutralisation of Bothrops asper and B. atrox Geographical Variants. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020078. [PMID: 33499001 PMCID: PMC7911261 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxin composition of snake venoms and, thus, their functional activity, can vary between and within species. Intraspecific venom variation across a species’ geographic range is a major concern for antivenom treatment of envenomations, particularly for countries like French Guiana that lack a locally produced antivenom. Bothrops asper and Bothrops atrox are the most medically significant species of snakes in Latin America, both producing a variety of clinical manifestations, including systemic bleeding. These pathophysiological actions are due to the activation by the venom of the blood clotting factors Factor X and prothrombin, thereby causing severe consumptive coagulopathy. Both species are extremely wide-ranging, and previous studies have shown their venoms to exhibit regional venom variation. In this study, we investigate the differential coagulotoxic effects on human plasma of six venoms (four B. asper and two B. atrox samples) from different geographic locations, spanning from Mexico to Peru. We assessed how the venom variation of these venom samples affects neutralisation by five regionally available antivenoms: Antivipmyn, Antivipmyn-Tri, PoliVal-ICP, Bothrofav, and Soro Antibotrópico (SAB). The results revealed both inter- and intraspecific variations in the clotting activity of the venoms. These variations in turn resulted in significant variation in antivenom efficacy against the coagulotoxic effects of these venoms. Due to variations in the venoms used in the antivenom production process, antivenoms differed in their species-specific or geographical neutralisation capacity. Some antivenoms (PoliVal-ICP, Bothrofav, and SAB) showed species-specific patterns of neutralisation, while another antivenom (Antivipmyn) showed geographic-specific patterns of neutralisation. This study adds to current knowledge of Bothrops venoms and also illustrates the importance of considering evolutionary biology when developing antivenoms. Therefore, these results have tangible, real-world implications by aiding evidence-based design of antivenoms for treatment of the envenomed patient. We stress that these in vitro studies must be backed by future in vivo studies and clinical trials before therapeutic guidelines are issued regarding specific antivenom use in a clinical setting.
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Mora-Obando D, Salazar-Valenzuela D, Pla D, Lomonte B, Guerrero-Vargas JA, Ayerbe S, Gibbs HL, Calvete JJ. Venom variation in Bothrops asper lineages from North-Western South America. J Proteomics 2020; 229:103945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abreu-Jr EFD, Pavan SE, Tsuchiya MTN, Wilson DE, Percequillo AR, Maldonado JE. Spatiotemporal Diversification of Tree Squirrels: Is the South American Invasion and Speciation Really That Recent and Fast? Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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17
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Lomonte B, Díaz C, Chaves F, Fernández J, Ruiz M, Salas M, Zavaleta A, Calvete JJ, Sasa M. Comparative characterization of Viperidae snake venoms from Perú reveals two compositional patterns of phospholipase A 2 expression. Toxicon X 2020; 7:100044. [PMID: 32550596 PMCID: PMC7285926 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake species within the Bothrops complex (sensu lato) are of medical relevance in Latin America, but knowledge on their venom characteristics is limited, or even unavailable, for some taxa. Perú harbors 17 species of pit vipers, within the genera Bothrops, Bothriechis, Bothrocophias, Porthidium, Crotalus, and Lachesis. This study compared the venoms of twelve species, through chromatographic and electrophoretic profiles, as well as proteolytic and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activities. Also, proteomic profiles were analyzed for nine of the venoms using a shotgun approach. Results unveiled conspicuous differences in the expression of venom PLA2s among species, six of them presenting scarce levels as judged by RP-HPLC profiles. Since most species within the bothropoid lineage possess venoms with high to intermediate abundances of this protein family, our findings suggest the existence of a phenotypic duality in the expression of venom PLA2s within the Bothrops (sensu lato) complex. Bothrops barnetti and Bothrocophias andianus venoms, very scarce in PLA2s, were shown to lack significant myotoxic activity, highlighting that the observed variability in PLA2 expression bears toxicological correlations with effects attributed to these proteins. Finally, an attempt to identify phylogenetic relationships of bothropoid species from Perú presenting low- or high-PLA2 venom phenotypes showed an interspersed pattern, thus precluding a simple phylogenetic interpretation of this venom compositional dichotomy. Venoms from 12 viperids of Perú were compared. Conspicuous differences in the expression of PLA2 were found. Venoms presenting scarce levels of PLA2 lack myotoxicity. A new phenotypic dichotomy in venom PLA2 expression is described within Bothrops (sensu lato).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Cecilia Díaz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fernando Chaves
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Julián Fernández
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marco Ruiz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - María Salas
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Alfonso Zavaleta
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mahmood Sasa
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Hamdan B, Guedes TB, Carrasco PA, Melville J. A complex biogeographic history of diversification in Neotropical lancehead pitvipers (Serpentes, Viperidae). ZOOL SCR 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Breno Hamdan
- Departamento de Genética Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Laboratório de Coleções Biológicas e Biodiversidade Instituto Vital Brazil Niterói Brazil
| | - Thaís B. Guedes
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias Universidade Estadual do Maranhão Caxias Brazil
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Center University of Gothenburg Göteborg Sweden
| | - Paola A. Carrasco
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales Centro de Zoología Aplicada Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA) Córdoba Argentina
| | - Jane Melville
- Sciences Department Museum Victoria Melbourne Vic. Australia
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Bravo-Vega CA, Cordovez JM, Renjifo-Ibáñez C, Santos-Vega M, Sasa M. Estimating snakebite incidence from mathematical models: A test in Costa Rica. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007914. [PMID: 31790407 PMCID: PMC6907855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snakebite envenoming is a neglected public health challenge that affects mostly economically deprived communities who inhabit tropical regions. In these regions, snakebite incidence data is not always reliable, and access to health care is scare and heterogeneous. Thus, addressing the problem of snakebite effectively requires an understanding of how spatial heterogeneity in snakebite is associated with human demographics and snakes' distribution. Here, we use a mathematical model to address the determinants of spatial heterogeneity in snakebite and we estimate snakebite incidence in a tropical country such as Costa Rica. METHODS AND FINDINGS We combined a mathematical model that follows the law of mass action, where the incidence is proportional to the exposed human population and the venomous snake population, with a spatiotemporal dataset of snakebite incidence (Data from year 1990 to 2007 for 193 districts) in Costa Rica. This country harbors one of the most dangerous venomous snakes, which is the Terciopelo (Bothrops asper, Garman, 1884). We estimated B. asper distribution using a maximum entropy algorithm, and its abundance was estimated based on field data. Then, the model was adjusted to the data using a lineal regression with the reported incidence. We found a significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.66, p-value < 0.01) between our estimation and the reported incidence, suggesting the model has a good performance in estimating snakebite incidence. CONCLUSIONS Our model underscores the importance of the synergistic effect of exposed population size and snake abundance on snakebite incidence. By combining information from venomous snakes' natural history with census data from rural populations, we were able to estimate snakebite incidence in Costa Rica. The model was able to fit the incidence data at fine administrative scale (district level), which is fundamental for the implementation and planning of management strategies oriented to reduce snakebite burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Bravo-Vega
- Research Group in Mathematical and Computational Biology (BIOMAC), Department of biomedical engineering, University of los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan M. Cordovez
- Research Group in Mathematical and Computational Biology (BIOMAC), Department of biomedical engineering, University of los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Mauricio Santos-Vega
- Research Group in Mathematical and Computational Biology (BIOMAC), Department of biomedical engineering, University of los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mahmood Sasa
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado and Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Arguedas R, Gómez A, Alcázar P, Chacón D, Corrales G, Barquero MD. Differences in plasmatic butyrylcholinesterases (BChE) values between Pacific and Caribbean populations of terciopelo ( Bothrops asper) in Costa Rica. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02620. [PMID: 31667424 PMCID: PMC6812210 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The terciopelo (Bothrops asper) inhabits human-modified environments such as agricultural areas, becoming more prone to be exposed to organophosphate insecticides. These chemicals can inhibit plasmatic butyrylcholinesterases (BChE) activity in B. asper. Caribbean and Pacific populations of B. asper belong to two divergent lineages that exhibit robust genetic partitioning; however, differences across versants in biochemistry and hematology have not yet been examined, especially in BChE variations. This study aims to evaluate the differences of BChE plasmatic values, hematology parameters, and some biochemical analytes as biomarkers in the presence of organophosphates between the Pacific and Caribbean population of B. asper in Costa Rica. A total of 89 snakes (41 Pacific and 48 Caribbean) were used, and hematology parameter, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein and BChEs were evaluated. Differences in hemoglobin content, thrombocytes, white cell count, AST, and BChE values were found between both versants. Intrinsic genetic factors might influence the variation found in BChE and AST values in the snakes sampled from both versants; moreover, understanding this variation in BChE and AST values across the B. asper's distribution can be useful in future ecotoxicology, biomonitoring, genetic and other clinical/health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Arguedas
- Zoológico Simón Bolívar, San José, Costa Rica.,AWÁ Conservation and Science, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Aarón Gómez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - Danilo Chacón
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Greivin Corrales
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Silva KM, Silva KB, Sueiro LR, Oliveira MEE, Almeida-Santos SM. Reproductive Biology of Bothrops atrox (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae) from the Brazilian Amazon. HERPETOLOGICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1655/d-18-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina M.P. Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kalena B. Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia R. Sueiro
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Ermelinda E.S. Oliveira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 69067-005 Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Campos GRS, de Moura KMB, Barbosa AM, Zamuner LF, Nadur-Andrade N, Dale CS, Gutiérrez JM, Chavantes MC, Zamuner SR. Light emitting diode (LED) therapy reduces local pathological changes induced by Bothrops asper snake venom. Toxicon 2018; 152:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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