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Bowers A, Hudock D. Lower nonword syllable sequence repetition accuracy in adults who stutter is related to differences in audio-motor oscillations. Neuropsychologia 2024; 199:108906. [PMID: 38740180 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to use independent component analysis (ICA) of high-density electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate whether differences in audio-motor neural oscillations are related to nonword syllable repetition accuracy in a group of adults who stutter compared to typically fluent speakers. METHODS EEG was recorded using 128 channels from 23 typically fluent speakers and 23 adults who stutter matched for age, sex, and handedness. EEG was recorded during delayed, 2 and 4 bilabial nonword syllable repetition conditions. Scalp-topography, dipole source estimates, and power spectral density (PSD) were computed for each independent component (IC) and used to cluster similar ICs across participants. Event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs) were computed for each IC cluster to examine changes over time in the repetition conditions and to examine how dynamic changes in ERSPs are related to syllable repetition accuracy. RESULTS Findings indicated significantly lower accuracy on a measure of percentage correct trials in the AWS group and for a normalized measure of syllable load performance across conditions. Analysis of ERSPs revealed significantly lower alpha/beta ERD in left and right μ ICs and in left and right posterior temporal lobe α ICs in AWS compared to TFS (CC p < 0.05). Pearson correlations with %CT for frequency across time showed strong relationships with accuracy (FWE<0.05) during maintenance in the TFS group and during execution in the AWS group. CONCLUSIONS Findings implicate lower alpha/beta ERD (8-30 Hz) during syllable encoding over posterior temporal ICs and execution in left temporal/sensorimotor components. Strong correlations with accuracy and interindividual differences in ∼6-8 Hz ERSPs during execution implicate differences in motor and auditory-sensory monitoring during syllable sequence execution in AWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bowers
- University of Arkansas, 275 Epley Center, 606 North Razorback Rd. Fayetteville AR, 72701, United States.
| | - Daniel Hudock
- Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Ave, Mailstop 8116, Pocatello, ID 83209, United States
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Zhu J, Shao J, Zhang C, Chen F, Wiener S. Statistical Information Affects Spoken Word Recognition of Tone Languages in Stutterers: Evidence From an Auditory-Perceptual Gating Study. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:3382-3398. [PMID: 37647655 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have shown that individuals who stutter exhibit abnormal speech perception in addition to disfluent production as compared with their nonstuttering peers. This study investigated whether adult Chinese-speaking stutterers are still able to use knowledge of statistical regularities embedded in their native language to recognize spoken words and, if so, how much acoustic information is needed to trigger this information. METHOD Seventeen stutterers and 20 typical, nonstuttering controls participated in a gating experiment. All participants listened to monosyllabic words that consisted of syllables and lexical tones and were segmented into eight successive gates. These words differed in syllable token frequency and syllable-tone co-occurrence probability in line with a Chinese spoken word corpus. The correct syllable-only, correct tone-only, correct syllable-tone word, and correct syllable-incorrect tone responses were analyzed between the two groups using mixed-effects models. RESULTS Stutterers were less accurate overall than controls, with fewer correct syllables, tones, and their combination as words. However, stutterers showed consistent and reliable perceptual patterns triggered by statistical information of speech, as reflected by more accurate responses to high-frequency syllables, high-probability tones, and tone errors all in manners similar to those of nonstuttering controls. CONCLUSIONS Stutterers' atypical speech perception is not due to a lack of statistical learning. Stutterers were able to perceive spoken words with phonological tones based on statistical regularities embedded in their native speech. This finding echoes previous production studies of stuttering and lends some support for a link between perception and production. Implications of pathological, diagnostic, and therapeutic conditions of stuttering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Zhu
- Research Centre for Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Department of English Language and Literature, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Caicai Zhang
- Research Centre for Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Foreign Languages, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Seth Wiener
- Department of Modern Languages, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
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Irani F, Mock JR, Myers JC, Johnson J, Golob EJ. A novel non-word speech preparation task to increase stuttering frequency in experimental settings for longitudinal research. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2023; 105:106353. [PMID: 37331327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2023.106353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The variable and intermittent nature of stuttering makes it difficult to consistently elicit a sufficient number of stuttered trials for longitudinal experimental research. This study tests the efficacy of using non-word pairs that phonetically mimic English words with no associated meaning, to reliably elicit balanced numbers of stuttering and fluent trials over multiple sessions. The study also evaluated the effect of non-word length on stuttering frequency, the consistency of stuttering frequency across sessions, and potential carry-over effects of increased stuttering frequency in the experimental task to conversational and reading speech after the task. METHODS Twelve adults who stutter completed multiple sessions (mean of 4.8 sessions) where they were video-recorded during pre-task reading and conversation, followed by an experimental task where they read 400 non-word pairs randomized for each session, and then a post-task reading and conversation sample. RESULTS On average, across sessions and participants, non-word pairs consistently yielded a balanced distribution of fluent (60.7%) and stuttered (39.3%) trials over five sessions. Non-word length had a positive effect on stuttering frequency. No carryover effects from experimental to post-task conversation and reading were found. CONCLUSIONS Non-word pairs effectively and consistently elicited balanced proportions of stuttered and fluent trials. This approach can be used to gather longitudinal data to better understand the neurophysiological and behavioral correlates of stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzan Irani
- Department of Communication Disorders, Texas State University, Round Rock Campus.
| | - Jeffrey R Mock
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, San Antonio
| | - John C Myers
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, San Antonio; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- Department of Communication Disorders, Texas State University, Round Rock Campus
| | - Edward J Golob
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, San Antonio
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Gkalitsiou Z, Byrd C. Differences in auditory verbal working memory between adults who do and do not stutter on an N-back task. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2023; 77:105998. [PMID: 37531866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate auditory verbal working memory in adults who do (AWS) and do not (AWNS) stutter using a highly demanding linguistic N-back task. METHODS Fifteen AWS and 15 AWNS matched in age, gender and educational level were asked to hear series of words and respond by pressing a "yes" button if the word they just heard was the same as the word one, two, or three trials back. Words were either phonologically similar (i.e., Phonological Linguistic Condition) or phonologically dissimilar (i.e., Neutral Linguistic Condition). Accuracy and false alarms rates as well as reaction time on correct target trials, missed target trials and false alarms were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Differences were not found between AWS and AWNS in accuracy. Both groups were more accurate and significantly faster in 1- followed by 2- followed by 3-back trials. However, AWS were significantly slower than AWNS in the 2-back level, regardless of linguistic condition. Furthermore, AWS demonstrated more false alarms compared to AWNS. CONCLUSION Results revealed differences in auditory verbal working memory and interference control between AWS and AWNS when processing highly linguistically demanding stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Gkalitsiou
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, USA.
| | - Courtney Byrd
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, USA; Arthur M. Blank Center for Stuttering Education and Research, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
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Tichenor SE, Wray AH, Ravizza SM, Yaruss JS. Individual differences in attentional control predict working memory capacity in adults who stutter. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2022; 100:106273. [PMID: 36274445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prior research has suggested that people who stutter exhibit differences in some working memory tasks, particularly when more phonologically complex stimuli are used. This study aimed to further specify working memory differences in adults who stutter by not only accounting for linguistic demands of the stimuli but also individual differences in attentional control and experimental influences, such as concomitant processing requirements. METHOD This study included 40 adults who stutter and 42 adults who do not stutter who completed the Attention Network Test (ANT; Fan et al., 2002) and three complex span working memory tasks: the Operation Span (OSPAN), Rotation Span, and Symmetry Span (Draheim et al., 2018; Foster et al., 2015; Unsworth et al., 2005, 2009). All complex span tasks were dual-tasks and varied in linguistic content in task stimuli. RESULTS Working memory capacities demonstrated by adults who stutter paralleled the hierarchy of linguistic content across the three complex span tasks, with statistically significant between-group differences in working memory capacity apparent in the task with the highest linguistic demand (i.e., OSPAN). Individual differences in attentional control in adults who stutter also significantly predicted working memory capacity on the OSPAN. DISCUSSION Findings from this study extend existing working memory research in stuttering by showing that: (1) significant working memory differences are present between adults who stutter and adults who do not stutter even using relatively simple linguistic stimuli in dual-task working memory conditions; (2) adults who stutter with stronger executive control of attention demonstrate working memory capacity more comparable to adults who do not stutter on the OSPAN compared to adults who stutter with lower executive control of attention.
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Elsherif MM, Wheeldon LR, Frisson S. Do dyslexia and stuttering share a processing deficit? JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2021; 67:105827. [PMID: 33444937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the prevalence of childhood stuttering in adults with dyslexia (AWD) and the prevalence of dyslexia in adults who stutter (AWS). In addition, the linguistic profiles of 50 AWD, 30 AWS and 84 neurotypical adults were measured. We found that 17 out of 50 AWD (34 %) reported stuttering during childhood compared to 1 % of the neurotypical population. This was moderated by the severity of dyslexia: People with mild dyslexia showed a lower prevalence rate (15 %) of childhood stuttering than those with severe dyslexia (47 %). In addition, we observed that 50 % of the AWS (n = 30) fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of dyslexia, even though they had never been diagnosed as dyslexic. Compared to neurotypical adults, phonological working memory, awareness, and retrieval were similarly reduced in AWS and AWD. The findings supports the view that stuttering and dyslexia may share a phonological deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Elsherif
- Department of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Linda R Wheeldon
- Department of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Department of Foreign Languages and Translation, University of Agder, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Steven Frisson
- Department of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Gkalitsiou Z, Byrd C, Griffin Z. Executive Control in Adults Who Stutter: The Antisaccade Task. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:1688-1699. [PMID: 32437256 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate executive control in adults who stutter (AWS) and adults who do not stutter (AWNS) via a nonspeech paradigm, wherein eye movements were monitored (i.e., antisaccade task). Processes involved in an antisaccade task include working memory, attention, and voluntary motor control, but the task primarily provides insight into inhibitory control. Method Seventeen AWS (14 men, three women; M = 23.41 years) and 17 AWNS (M = 23.29 years) were presented with a combination of prosaccade (i.e., looking toward a target) and antisaccade (i.e., suppress a reflexive saccade toward the target and look in the opposite direction) trials. The distance of the target from the center of the screen was also manipulated (i.e., 5.5o = short distance and 10.8o = long distance). Data for accuracy and reaction time of the first accurate saccade were collected and analyzed. Results No difference was found between AWS and AWNS in accuracy or in reaction time. Both groups were more accurate in the prosaccade than the antisaccade trials and in the long compared to the short distance trials. Furthermore, both groups demonstrated longer saccade latencies for long compared to short distances and for antisaccade compared to prosaccade trials. Conclusions Preliminary results do not support deficits in inhibition in AWS during a motorically simple, non-speech-related oculomotor task, but additional research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Gkalitsiou
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Courtney Byrd
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Zenzi Griffin
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin
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Sakai N, Yasu K, Mori K. Disfluencies and Strategies Used by People Who Stutter During a Working Memory Task. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:688-701. [PMID: 32186949 DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Working memory (WM) deficits are implicated in various communication disorders, including stuttering. The reading span test (RST) measures WM capacity with the dual task of reading sentences aloud and remembering target words. This study demonstrates a difference in strategy between people who stutter (PWS) and people who do not stutter (PWNS) in performing the RST. The impact of the effective strategy and the stuttering-like disfluencies during the RST were investigated. Method Twenty-six PWS and 24 people who do not stutter performed the RST and a simple reading aloud task. After the RST, they were asked which strategy ("imagery" or "rehearsal") they had used in order to remember the target words during the task. Results The proportion of those who used an "imagery" strategy during the RST was significantly smaller in the PWS group. However, the RST scores of those who used an "imagery" strategy were significantly higher than the RST scores of those who used a "rehearsal" strategy in both groups. The "rehearsal" users were asked to undertake one more RST with an "imagery" strategy, which resulted in an increased score for both groups. The disfluency frequency of the PWS group was significantly reduced during the RST than during the oral reading task, irrespective of the employed strategy. Conclusions PWS tended to use the less effective verbal "rehearsal" strategy during the RST. The differential effects of switching strategies on the measured WM capacity and on the disfluency rate suggest that the enhanced fluency during the RST would be mostly attributable to the reduced attention to speech motor control. Therefore, the use of the "imagery" strategy and focusing on the contents of communication, away from speech motor control, should help PWS communicate better in daily conversation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Sakai
- Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yasu
- Department of Industrial Information, Tsukuba University of Technology, Japan
| | - Koichi Mori
- Rehabilitation Services Bureau, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Japan
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Jenson D, Bowers AL, Hudock D, Saltuklaroglu T. The Application of EEG Mu Rhythm Measures to Neurophysiological Research in Stuttering. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 13:458. [PMID: 31998103 PMCID: PMC6965028 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in basal ganglia-based inhibitory and timing circuits along with sensorimotor internal modeling mechanisms are thought to underlie stuttering. However, much remains to be learned regarding the precise manner how these deficits contribute to disrupting both speech and cognitive functions in those who stutter. Herein, we examine the suitability of electroencephalographic (EEG) mu rhythms for addressing these deficits. We review some previous findings of mu rhythm activity differentiating stuttering from non-stuttering individuals and present some new preliminary findings capturing stuttering-related deficits in working memory. Mu rhythms are characterized by spectral peaks in alpha (8-13 Hz) and beta (14-25 Hz) frequency bands (mu-alpha and mu-beta). They emanate from premotor/motor regions and are influenced by basal ganglia and sensorimotor function. More specifically, alpha peaks (mu-alpha) are sensitive to basal ganglia-based inhibitory signals and sensory-to-motor feedback. Beta peaks (mu-beta) are sensitive to changes in timing and capture motor-to-sensory (i.e., forward model) projections. Observing simultaneous changes in mu-alpha and mu-beta across the time-course of specific events provides a rich window for observing neurophysiological deficits associated with stuttering in both speech and cognitive tasks and can provide a better understanding of the functional relationship between these stuttering symptoms. We review how independent component analysis (ICA) can extract mu rhythms from raw EEG signals in speech production tasks, such that changes in alpha and beta power are mapped to myogenic activity from articulators. We review findings from speech production and auditory discrimination tasks demonstrating that mu-alpha and mu-beta are highly sensitive to capturing sensorimotor and basal ganglia deficits associated with stuttering with high temporal precision. Novel findings from a non-word repetition (working memory) task are also included. They show reduced mu-alpha suppression in a stuttering group compared to a typically fluent group. Finally, we review current limitations and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jenson
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Andrew L. Bowers
- Epley Center for Health Professions, Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Daniel Hudock
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, United States
| | - Tim Saltuklaroglu
- College of Health Professions, Department of Audiology and Speech-Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Werle D, Byrd C, Gkalitsiou Z, Eggers K. Bimanual task performance: Adults who do and do not stutter. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2019; 81:105911. [PMID: 31152880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2019.105911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Research has demonstrated children who stutter score significantly lower than children who do not stutter on the Purdue Pegboard Test. Past data also suggest performance on this task may be associated with stuttering frequency (Choo et al., 2016; Mohammadi et al., 2016). The purpose of this study was to explore whether these performance differences and the relationship to stuttering frequency are present in adults who stutter (AWS). Forty-eight participants (AWS = 24, and AWNS = 24) matched for age, gender, education, and handedness completed all four tasks of the Purdue Pegboard Test. There were no significant between group differences and stuttering frequency did not predict performance. These findings suggest previous differences may only be applicable to subgroups and/or that, with development, the manual tasks unique to the Purdue Pegboard Test may not be sensitive enough to reveal differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Werle
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Texas at Austin, University Station A1100, Austin, TX 78759, USA.
| | - Courtney Byrd
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Texas at Austin, University Station A1100, Austin, TX 78759, USA
| | - Zoi Gkalitsiou
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Texas at Austin, University Station A1100, Austin, TX 78759, USA
| | - Kurt Eggers
- Dept. of Speech-Language Therapy, Thomas More University College, Molenstraat 8, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium; Dept. of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
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Bowers A, Bowers LM, Hudock D, Ramsdell-Hudock HL. Phonological working memory in developmental stuttering: Potential insights from the neurobiology of language and cognition. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2018; 58:94-117. [PMID: 30224087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current review examines how neurobiological models of language and cognition could shed light on the role of phonological working memory (PWM) in developmental stuttering (DS). Toward that aim, we review Baddeley's influential multicomponent model of PWM and evidence for load-dependent differences between children and adults who stutter and typically fluent speakers in nonword repetition and dual-task paradigms. We suggest that, while nonword repetition and dual-task findings implicate processes related to PWM, it is unclear from behavioral studies alone what mechanisms are involved. To address how PWM could be related to speech output in DS, a third section reviews neurobiological models of language proposing that PWM is an emergent property of cyclic sensory and motor buffers in the dorsal stream critical for speech production. We propose that anomalous sensorimotor timing could potentially interrupt both fluent speech in DS and the emergent properties of PWM. To further address the role of attention and executive function in PWM and DS, we also review neurobiological models proposing that prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basal ganglia (BG) function to facilitate working memory under distracting conditions and neuroimaging evidence implicating the PFC and BG in stuttering. Finally, we argue that cognitive-behavioral differences in nonword repetition and dual-tasks are consistent with the involvement of neurocognitive networks related to executive function and sensorimotor integration in PWM. We suggest progress in understanding the relationship between stuttering and PWM may be accomplished using high-temporal resolution electromagnetic experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bowers
- University of Arkansas, Epley Center for Health Professions, 606 N. Razorback Road, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States.
| | - Lisa M Bowers
- University of Arkansas, Epley Center for Health Professions, 606 N. Razorback Road, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States.
| | - Daniel Hudock
- Idaho State University, 650 Memorial Dr. Bldg. 68, Pocatello, ID 83201, United States.
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Coalson GA, Byrd CT, Treleaven SB, Dang L. Segmental and metrical complexity during non-word repetition in adults who stutter. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2018; 33:256-278. [PMID: 30084671 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2018.1504988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-word repetition is weaker for adults who stutter (AWS) compared to adults who do not stutter (AWNS) as phonological demands increase. However, non-word stimuli used in previous studies varied by length, but did not vary with regard to segmental or metrical complexity. The purpose of the present study was to examine the unique influence of these two distinct types of complexity on non-word repetition in AWS and AWNS via administration of the Test of Phonological Structure (TOPhS). Twenty-four adults (12 AWNS, 12 AWS) repeated 96 non-words within a soundproof booth immediately after auditory presentation. All 96 non-word targets included on the TOPhS were one to four syllables in length and ranked based on segmental complexity (simple, moderate and complex) and metrical complexity (simple, moderate and complex). No main effect of metrical complexity was detected between groups, and no differences in accuracy were observed for non-words with simple or moderate segmental complexity. However, AWS were significantly more likely to produce a phonemic error when repeating words with complex segmental structure than AWNS, irrespective of metrical complexity. Segmental complexity may contribute to the differences in phonological working memory in AWS when controlling for metrical complexity and length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Coalson
- a Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Courtney T Byrd
- b Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Shanley B Treleaven
- a Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Lillian Dang
- a Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
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Coalson GA, Byrd CT. Delayed silent phoneme monitoring in adults who do and do not stutter. SPEECH LANGUAGE AND HEARING 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2050571x.2018.1458067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A. Coalson
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Courtney T. Byrd
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Coalson GA, Byrd CT, Kuylen A. Uniqueness Point Effects during Speech Planning in Adults Who Do and Do Not Stutter. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2018. [PMID: 29533938 DOI: 10.1159/000485657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Previous studies employing a variety of tasks have demonstrated that adults who stutter (AWS) pre-sent with phonological encoding differences compared to adults who do not stutter (AWNS). The present study examined whether atypical preverbal monitoring also influenced AWS performance during one such paradigm - the silent phoneme monitoring task. Specifically, we investigated whether monitoring latencies for AWS were accelerated after the word's uniqueness point - the phoneme that isolates the word from all lexical competitors - as observed for AWNS when monitoring internal and external speech. METHODS Twenty adults (10 AWS, 10 AWNS) completed a silent phoneme monitoring task using stimuli which contained either (a) early uniqueness points (EUP), (b) late uniqueness points, or (c) no uniqueness point (NUP). Response latency when identifying word-final phonemes was measured. RESULTS AWNS exhibited the expected uniqueness point effect when monitoring internal speech; word-final phonemes were accessed more rapidly for words with EUP than NUP. In contrast, AWS did not differ in the phoneme monitoring speed. That is, AWS did not exhibit the expected uniqueness point effects. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that inefficient or atypical preverbal monitoring may be present in AWS and support theories that implicate the internal speech monitor as an area of deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Coalson
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Courtney T Byrd
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda Kuylen
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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