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Sarani Yaztappeh J, Lorestani E, Zaheri Y, Rezaei M, Mohammadi H, Kakabraee K, Rajabi M, Kianimoghadam AS, Fatollahzadeh S, Mohebi MD. A Study of Emotion Regulation Difficulties, Repetitive Negative Thinking, and Experiential Avoidance in Adults with Stuttering: A Comparative Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2024; 19:79-88. [PMID: 38420285 PMCID: PMC10896752 DOI: 10.18502/ijps.v19i1.14341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective: Stuttering is a type of communication and fluency disorder that hurts mental and emotional health. It is also associated with a significant increase in both trait and social anxiety. Studies on stuttering in adults have indicated the nature and impact of this phenomenon. In addition, some psychological aspects of this phenomenon remain vague and need further investigation. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare emotion regulation difficulties, repetitive negative thinking, and experiential avoidance between people who stutter and healthy individuals. Method : In this study, 101 people who stutter (43 females and 58 males, with a mean age of 29.55 ± 187 years), as well as 110 healthy individuals (74 females and 36 males, with a mean age of 25.57 ± 489 years) as participants were chosen using the convenience sampling method among those who referred to the speech therapy clinics of Tehran, Iran. Research instruments including the repetitive negative thinking inventory, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-I) were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using multivariate ANOVA test and Multiple Regression Analysis. Results: The mean age of the participants was 29.55 years in the people who stutter and 25.57 years in the healthy individuals (P < 0.01). The present results indicated that the mean score of experiential avoidance was higher in the people who stutter (M ± SD: 35.74 ± 9.24) compared to the healthy individuals (M ± SD: 8.89 ± 31.11). Additionally, the mean score of emotion regulation difficulties was higher in the people who stutter (M ± SD: 88.75 ± 20.59) compared to the healthy individuals (M ± SD: 64.14 ± 94.94) (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the mean score of repetitive negative thinking between the people who stutter (M ± SD: 98.45 ± 25.85) and healthy individuals (M ± SD: 93.71 ± 25.24) groups (P > 0.05). There was a significant correlation between experiential avoidance and emotion regulation difficulties in people who stutter (P < 0.01). Experiential avoidance and repetitive negative thinking can significantly predict emotion regulation difficulties in people who stutter (R = 0.65, P < 0.01). Conclusion: People who stutter obtained higher emotion regulation difficulties and experiential avoidance scores than those without stuttering and A significant correlation between experiential avoidance and emotion regulation difficulties was found. Future studies should consider the role of emotion regulation difficulties and experiential avoidance in people who stutter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Sarani Yaztappeh
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Taleghani Hospital Research Development Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Younes Zaheri
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rezaei
- Zendegi Clinic, Specialized Center of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hiwa Mohammadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Keivan Kakabraee
- Department of Psychology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Moslem Rajabi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sam Kianimoghadam
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Taleghani Hospital Research Development Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saina Fatollahzadeh
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Taleghani Hospital Research Development Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Contingent self-worth and depression in early adolescents: The role of psychological inflexibility as a mediator. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 230:103744. [PMID: 36113250 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether lower psychological flexibility (psychological inflexibility) mediates the relationship between contingent self-worth and depressive symptoms among Japanese adolescents. A total of 210 Japanese junior high school students aged 12 to 15 years (106 boys and 104 girls) were recruited for this study. Participants completed the Japanese adaptations of the Self-Worth Contingency Questionnaire, the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth, and the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children. Results indicated that psychological inflexibility mediated the association between contingent self-worth and depressive symptoms. Specifically, contingent self-worth affected lower psychological flexibility, which influenced higher depressive symptoms. The results highlight the importance of fostering autonomy and promoting psychological flexibility to reduce the risk of depression among adolescents.
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Heshmati R, Azmoodeh S, Caltabiano ML. Pathway Linking Different Types of Childhood Trauma to Somatic Symptoms in a Subclinical Sample of Female College Students: The Mediating Role of Experiential Avoidance. J Nerv Ment Dis 2021; 209:497-504. [PMID: 34170858 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Research has shown that women are more prone to childhood trauma and this state is associated with somatic symptoms. Also, people who have been exposed to traumatic experiences use experiential avoidance to reduce negative emotions. However, the mediating role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between childhood trauma and somatic symptoms is not clear, so, the present study investigated whether the relationships among different types of childhood trauma and somatic symptoms could be explained by experiential avoidance in female college students. In a cross-sectional study, 251 Iranian female college students with somatic symptoms were recruited from the University of Tabriz. Participants completed self-report scales, including the Persian version of Child Abuse Self-Reported Scale, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), and the Patient-health questionnaire (PHQ-15). A path analysis was used to empirically explore the relationships. Structural equation modeling analyses confirmed a partial mediation model. Study participants who had a higher level of emotional trauma reported higher levels of somatic symptoms. Emotional and neglect trauma showed significant positive relations with experiential avoidance. Bootstrapping results showed that experiential avoidance partially mediated the relationship between emotional trauma and somatic symptoms. Moreover, the association between neglect and somatic symptoms was fully mediated by experiential avoidance. These findings suggest that experiential avoidance might be one mechanism explaining how adverse emotional and neglect experiences influence somatic symptoms. Interventions addressing experiential avoidance through methods such as emotion-focused therapy and mindfulness are discussed as potential future directions for treating somatic symptoms in females who experienced emotional and neglect trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Heshmati
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz
| | - Shahin Azmoodeh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Marie L Caltabiano
- College of Healthcare Sciences, Division of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
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Hernández-López M, Cepeda-Benito A, Díaz-Pavón P, Rodríguez-Valverde M. Psychological inflexibility and mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain: A longitudinal study. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2020; 19:42-49. [PMID: 33520642 PMCID: PMC7834284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Spain, one of the European countries most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, underwent a strict lockdown between March and May 2020. This study examines longitudinally the evolution of both psychological inflexibility and mental health symptoms in a sample of college students from the beginning and throughout the end of the mandated lockdown period. We present the results from 197 participants who responded to an online survey at least at two of three data-collection waves scheduled at the beginning (N = 226), halfway (N = 172), and end (N = 188) of the lockdown. The analyses revealed that psychological inflexibility and symptomatology increased over time, and that inflexibility at the beginning of the lockdown indirectly predicted self-reported symptoms at the end of the lockdown via autoregressive parallel paths that also connected cross-sectionally to reveal that changes in inflexibility were predictive of changes in mental health. These results present a dynamic and robust relationship between psychological inflexibility and mental health symptoms throughout a relatively long and presumably stressful period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Hernández-López
- Psychology Department, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas S/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Díaz-Pavón
- Psychology Department, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas S/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
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Ugwu DI, Onyedibe MCC, Chukwuorji JC. Anxiety sensitivity and psychological distress among hypertensive patients: the mediating role of experiential avoidance. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2020; 26:701-710. [PMID: 32397750 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2020.1764599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is often associated with adverse psychosocial outcomes and psychological factors have been advanced for better explanatory models and to enhance the development of effective interventions in the treatment of hypertensive patients. Although the link between anxiety sensitivity (AS) and poor mental health outcomes has been established, the mechanism through which it results in psychological distress (PD) is not yet well understood. In addition to investigating the direct associations of AS and experiential avoidance (EA) to PD, the present study examines whether AS predicts adverse mental health outcomes via EA. Hypertensive patients (N = 240; women = 135; Mean age = 41.09, SD = 9.11 years) drawn from cardiology unit of a Nigerian teaching hospital completed the following measures: Psychological Distress Scale, Anxiety Sensitivity Index - 3, and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. Results showed that that greater AS and greater EA predicted increased PD, even when controlling for age and gender. The mediation hypothesis was further supported suggesting that the association between AS with increase in PD was a function of heightened EA. These findings are consistent with the notion that acceptance of daily experiences may serve to buffer against the potential adverse mental health outcomes and may be a critical target for interventions to ameliorate PD in patients with chronic health conditions such as hypertension. Psychological interventions that deals with experiential avoidance could be used in the management of distressed hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy I Ugwu
- Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Takahashi F, Ishizu K, Matsubara K, Ohtsuki T, Shimoda Y. Acceptance and commitment therapy as a school-based group intervention for adolescents: An open-label trial. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ishizu K, Ohtsuki T, Shimoda Y, Takahashi F. Bon Voyage: Developing a scale for measuring value among younger populations and examining its reliability and validity. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shimoda Y, Ishizu K, Ohtsuki T. The reciprocal relations between experiential avoidance and social anxiety among early adolescents: A prospective cohort study. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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