1
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Ivanov VV, Buyko EE, Ufandeev AA, Nevskaya KV, Udut EV, Poluektova KI, Saprina TV, Udut VV. Intracellular Lipid Levels and Oxidative Stress in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Experimental Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 174:719-722. [PMID: 37157046 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus was modeled in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (25 mg/kg for 5 days), which led to the appearance of the main symptoms of insulin-dependent diabetes. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated by centrifugation on a Ficoll density gradient, the production of ROS and the level of intracellular lipids were evaluated by flow cytofluorimetry. In rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus, an increase in ROS levels in isolated peripheral blood monocytes, but not in the lymphocytic fraction was revealed. Incubation of isolated monocytes in a medium containing 1 mM oleic acid led to a 1.5-fold increase of intracellular lipid levels. After incubation of the lymphocyte fraction in this medium, no differences from the control were revealed. Disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in type 1 diabetes mellitus leading to an increase of free fatty acids and ROS levels can be detected ex vivo in isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Ivanov
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - E E Buyko
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A A Ufandeev
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russia
| | - K V Nevskaya
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E V Udut
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russia
| | - K I Poluektova
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russia
| | - T V Saprina
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V V Udut
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
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2
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Di Camillo B, Puricelli L, Iori E, Toffolo GM, Tessari P, Arrigoni G. Modeling SILAC Data to Assess Protein Turnover in a Cellular Model of Diabetic Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032811. [PMID: 36769128 PMCID: PMC9917874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein turnover rate is finely regulated through intracellular mechanisms and signals that are still incompletely understood but that are essential for the correct function of cellular processes. Indeed, a dysfunctional proteostasis often impacts the cell's ability to remove unfolded, misfolded, degraded, non-functional, or damaged proteins. Thus, altered cellular mechanisms controlling protein turnover impinge on the pathophysiology of many diseases, making the study of protein synthesis and degradation rates an important step for a more comprehensive understanding of these pathologies. In this manuscript, we describe the application of a dynamic-SILAC approach to study the turnover rate and the abundance of proteins in a cellular model of diabetic nephropathy. We estimated protein half-lives and relative abundance for thousands of proteins, several of which are characterized by either an altered turnover rate or altered abundance between diabetic nephropathic subjects and diabetic controls. Many of these proteins were previously shown to be related to diabetic complications and represent therefore, possible biomarkers or therapeutic targets. Beside the aspects strictly related to the pathological condition, our data also represent a consistent compendium of protein half-lives in human fibroblasts and a rich source of important information related to basic cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Camillo
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (B.D.C.); (G.A.)
| | - Lucia Puricelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Iori
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Gianna Maria Toffolo
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Tessari
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Proteomics Center, University of Padova and Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (B.D.C.); (G.A.)
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3
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Herance JR, Ciudin A, Lamas-Domingo R, Aparicio-Gómez C, Hernández C, Simó R, Palomino-Schätzlein M. The Footprint of Type 1 Diabetes on Red Blood Cells: A Metabolomic and Lipidomic Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12020556. [PMID: 36675484 PMCID: PMC9862852 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12020556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes type 1 (T1D) in the world populations is continuously growing. Although treatment methods are improving, the diagnostic is still symptom-based and sometimes far after onset of the disease. In this context, the aim of the study was the search of new biomarkers of the disease in red blood cells (RBCs), until now unexplored. The metabolomic and the lipidomic profile of RBCs from T1D patients and matched healthy controls was determined by NMR spectroscopy, and different multivariate discrimination models were built to select the metabolites and lipids that change most significantly. Relevant metabolites were further confirmed by univariate statistical analysis. Robust separation in the metabolomic and lipidomic profiles of RBCs from patients and controls was confirmed by orthogonal projection on latent structure discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), random forest analysis, and significance analysis of metabolites (SAM). The main changes were detected in the levels of amino acids, organic acids, creatine and phosphocreatine, lipid change length, and choline derivatives, demonstrating changes in glycolysis, BCAA metabolism, and phospholipid metabolism. Our study proves that robust differences exist in the metabolic and lipidomic profile of RBCs from T1D patients, in comparison with matched healthy individuals. Some changes were similar to alterations found already in RBCs of T2D patients, but others seemed to be specific for type 1 diabetes. Thus, many of the metabolic differences found could be biomarker candidates for an earlier diagnosis or monitoring of patients with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Raul Herance
- Medical Molecular Imaging Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute and Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-bbn (ISCIII), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.R.H.); (M.P.-S.); Tel.: +34-9-3489-3000 (ext. 4946) (J.R.H.); +34-9-6202-1811 (M.P.-S.)
| | - Andreea Ciudin
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM (ISCIII), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Lamas-Domingo
- NMR Facility, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46013 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carolina Aparicio-Gómez
- Medical Molecular Imaging Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute and Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-bbn (ISCIII), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández
- CIBER-bbn (ISCIII), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Simó
- CIBER-bbn (ISCIII), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martina Palomino-Schätzlein
- NMR Facility, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46013 Valencia, Spain
- ProtoQSAR SL, CEEI (Centro Europeo de Empresas Innovadoras), Parque Tecnológico de Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.R.H.); (M.P.-S.); Tel.: +34-9-3489-3000 (ext. 4946) (J.R.H.); +34-9-6202-1811 (M.P.-S.)
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4
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Corkey BE, Kilpatrick LE, Evans-Molina C. Hypothesis: Induction of Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes-A Lipid Focus. Diabetes 2022; 71:2067-2074. [PMID: 36126206 PMCID: PMC10477405 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several unrelated findings led us to hypothesize that induction of autoimmunity is a consequence of a prior major inflammatory event in individuals with susceptible HLA phenotypes and elevated sensitivity to cytokines and free fatty acids (FFA). We observed provocative enhanced responsiveness of cultured human fibroblasts from individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D), but not control subjects, to FFA and the inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL1-β. Major infections increase inflammatory cytokines as well as circulating FFA. Endotoxin-treated animal models of sepsis also exhibit elevated inflammatory cytokines that inhibit FFA oxidation and elevate FFA. The pancreatic β-cell possesses low reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity and responds to both elevated FFA and cytokines with increased ROS production, a combination that increases exocytosis and trafficking of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane. Increased trafficking is accompanied by increased cycling of secretory granule proteins and may be linked with increased surface presentation of granule proteins to the immune system. We propose that this ultimately targets β-cell granular proteins at the cell surface and is consistent with the preponderance of autoantibodies to granule proteins. Our hypothesis encourages testing of potential early therapeutic interventions to prevent progression of β-cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E. Corkey
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Laurie E. Kilpatrick
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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5
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Huang YN, Chiang SL, Lin YJ, Liu SC, Li YH, Liao YC, Lee MR, Su PH, Tsai FJ, Hung HC, Wang CH. Long, Noncoding RNA SRA Induces Apoptosis of β-Cells by Promoting the IRAK1/LDHA/Lactate Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041720. [PMID: 33572095 PMCID: PMC7914996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA steroid receptor RNA activators (LncRNA SRAs) are implicated in the β-cell destruction of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), but functional association remains poorly understood. Here, we aimed to verify the role of LncRNA SRA regulation in β-cells. LncRNA SRAs were highly expressed in plasma samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from T1D patients. LncRNA SRA was strongly upregulated by high-glucose treatment. LncRNA SRA acts as a microRNA (miR)-146b sponge through direct sequence–structure interactions. Silencing of lncRNA SRA increased the functional genes of Tregs, resulting in metabolic reprogramming, such as decreased lactate levels, repressed lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA)/phosphorylated LDHA (pLDHA at Tyr10) expression, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increased ATP production, and finally, decreased β-cell apoptosis in vitro. There was a positive association between lactate level and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level in the plasma from patients with T1D. Recombinant human interleukin (IL)-2 treatment repressed lncRNA SRA expression and activity in β-cells. Higher levels of lncRNA-SRA/lactate in the plasma are associated with poor regulation in T1D patients. LncRNA SRA contributed to T1D pathogenesis through the inhibition of miR-146b in β-cells, with activating signaling transduction of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1)/LDHA/pLDHA. Taken together, LncRNA SRA plays a critical role in the function of β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Nan Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-N.H.); (H.-C.H.)
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital of China Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Lun Chiang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Jung Lin
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
| | - Su-Ching Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Children’s Hospital of China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Hsien Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 420, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (M.-R.L.)
- Instrument Center, Office of Research and Development, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 420, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chen Liao
- Instrument Center, Office of Research and Development, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 420, Taiwan;
| | - Maw-Rong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 420, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (M.-R.L.)
| | - Pen-Hua Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 412, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-N.H.); (H.-C.H.)
| | - Chung-Hsing Wang
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital of China Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2205-2121 (ext. 4641)
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Targeting Leukotrienes as a Therapeutic Strategy to Prevent Comorbidities Associated with Metabolic Stress. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:55-69. [PMID: 32894507 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are potent lipid mediators that exert a variety of functions, ranging from maintaining the tone of the homeostatic immune response to exerting potent proinflammatory effects. Therefore, LTs are essential elements in the development and maintenance of different chronic diseases, such as asthma, arthritis, and atherosclerosis. Due to the pleiotropic effects of LTs in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, studies are needed to discover potent and specific LT synthesis inhibitors and LT receptor antagonists. Even though most clinical trials using LT inhibitors or antagonists have failed due to low efficacy and/or toxicity, new drug development strategies are driving the discovery for LT inhibitors to prevent inflammatory diseases. A newly important detrimental role for LTs in comorbidities associated with metabolic stress has emerged in the last few years and managing LT production and/or actions could represent an exciting new strategy to prevent or treat inflammatory diseases associated with metabolic disorders. This review is intended to shed light on the synthesis and actions of leukotrienes, the most common drugs used in clinical trials, and discuss the therapeutic potential of preventing LT function in obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.
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Perng W, Oken E, Dabelea D. Developmental overnutrition and obesity and type 2 diabetes in offspring. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1779-1788. [PMID: 31451868 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity has reached pandemic proportions, and youth-onset type 2 diabetes is following suit. This review summarises the literature on the influence of developmental overnutrition, resulting from maternal diabetes, obesity, maternal dietary intake during pregnancy, excess gestational weight gain, and infant feeding practices, on the aetiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes risk during childhood and adolescence. Key goals of this review are: (1) to summarise evidence to date on consequences of developmental overnutrition; (2) describe shared and distinct biological pathways that may link developmental overnutrition to childhood obesity and youth-onset type 2 diabetes; and (3) to translate current knowledge into clinical and public health strategies that not only target primary prevention in youth, but also encourage primordial prevention during the perinatal period, with the aim of breaking the intergenerational cycle of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Perng
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 East 17th Ave, Box B119, Room W3110, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 East 17th Ave, Box B119, Room W3110, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
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8
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Fatty Acid Metabolites Combine with Reduced β Oxidation to Activate Th17 Inflammation in Human Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metab 2019; 30:447-461.e5. [PMID: 31378464 PMCID: PMC8506657 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms that regulate metabolites and downstream energy generation are key determinants of T cell cytokine production, but the processes underlying the Th17 profile that predicts the metabolic status of people with obesity are untested. Th17 function requires fatty acid uptake, and our new data show that blockade of CPT1A inhibits Th17-associated cytokine production by cells from people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). A low CACT:CPT1A ratio in immune cells from T2D subjects indicates altered mitochondrial function and coincides with the preference of these cells to generate ATP through glycolysis rather than fatty acid oxidation. However, glycolysis was not critical for Th17 cytokines. Instead, β oxidation blockade or CACT knockdown in T cells from lean subjects to mimic characteristics of T2D causes cells to utilize 16C-fatty acylcarnitine to support Th17 cytokines. These data show long-chain acylcarnitine combines with compromised β oxidation to promote disease-predictive inflammation in human T2D.
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Ramalho T, Ramalingam L, Filgueiras L, Festuccia W, Jancar S, Moustaid‐Moussa N. Leukotriene‐B4 modulates macrophage metabolism and fat loss in type 1 diabetic mice. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:665-675. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma1218-477rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Ramalho
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research ClusterTexas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research ClusterTexas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Luciano Filgueiras
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - William Festuccia
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Sonia Jancar
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Naima Moustaid‐Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Obesity Research ClusterTexas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
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10
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Ratter JM, Tack CJ, Netea MG, Stienstra R. Environmental Signals Influencing Myeloid Cell Metabolism and Function in Diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:468-480. [PMID: 29789206 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The environment induces metabolic reprogramming of immune cells via specific signaling pathways. Recent studies have revealed that changes in cell metabolism affect key immune cell functions including cytokine production and migration. In diabetes, these functions are either insufficiently or excessively activated, translating into diabetes-associated complications, including increased susceptibility to infection and accelerated cardiovascular disease. Diabetes alters the abundance of environmental signals, including glucose, insulin, and lipids. Subsequently, changes in environmental signals drive metabolic reprogramming, impair immune cell function, and ultimately contribute to diabetes-associated complications. We review here recent studies on changes in innate immune cell metabolism, especially in myeloid cells, that are driven by environmental signals relevant to diabetes, and discuss therapeutic perspectives of targeting metabolism of immune cells in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Ratter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J Tack
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department for Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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