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Najafi M, Nasr-Esfahani M, Vatandoost J, Hassanzade-Khankahdani H, Jami Moeini M. Transcriptome-based analysis of candidate gene markers associated with resistance mechanism to Phytophthora melonis that causes root and crown rot in pumpkin. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23038. [PMID: 38207292 DOI: 10.1071/fp23038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Root and crown rot incited by an oomycete, Phytophthora melonis , causes significant yield losses in commercial pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo ) production worldwide. Currently, resistant cultivars and knowledge of molecular mechanism of C. pepo against P. melonis are scarce. Here, we analysed the quantitative gene expression changes of 10 candidate gene markers (bHLH87, ERF014, HSF, MYB, PR-1, WRKY21, CPI, POD, PSK, SGT ) in pumpkin roots and leaves at three time points (h post-inoculation, hpi) following inoculation with P. melonis in two resistant (Ghelyani and Tanbal), and two susceptible (Marmari and Khoreshti) varieties of pumpkin. Gene expression using quantitative real time PCR along a time course revealed the strongest transcriptomic response at 48 and 72hpi in resistant genotypes, 1.1-2.7-fold in roots and leaves, respectively, with a high significant correlation (r =0.857**-0.974**). We also found that CPI , PSK, SGT1 and POD act as a dual regulator that similarly modulate immunity not only against P. melonis , but also against other diseases such as early blight (Alternaria cucumerina) , powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii ), downy mildews (Pseudoperonospora cubensis ), and pathogenic plant nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica ). Furthermore, significantly higher activities of the ROS scavenging defence enzymes, catalase (1.6-fold increase) and peroxidase (6-fold increase) were observed in the roots of resistant cultivars at different hpi compared with non-inoculated controls. In addition, the biomass growth parameters including leaf and root length, stem and root diameter, root fresh weight and volume were significantly different among studied genotypes. Cumulatively, the transcriptome data provide novel insights into the response of pumpkins for improving pumpkin breeding to P. melonis .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhadi Najafi
- Department of Agricultural-Biotechnology, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nasr-Esfahani
- Plant Protection Research Department, Isfahan Agriculture and Natural Resource Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan 81786-96446, Iran
| | - Jafar Vatandoost
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hamed Hassanzade-Khankahdani
- Department of Horticulture Crops Research, Hormozgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Matin Jami Moeini
- Department of Agricultural-Biotechnology, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran
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Haq SAU, Bashir T, Roberts TH, Husaini AM. Ameliorating the effects of multiple stresses on agronomic traits in crops: modern biotechnological and omics approaches. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:41. [PMID: 38158512 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
While global climate change poses a significant environmental threat to agriculture, the increasing population is another big challenge to food security. To address this, developing crop varieties with increased productivity and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses is crucial. Breeders must identify traits to ensure higher and consistent yields under inconsistent environmental challenges, possess resilience against emerging biotic and abiotic stresses and satisfy customer demands for safer and more nutritious meals. With the advent of omics-based technologies, molecular tools are now integrated with breeding to understand the molecular genetics of genotype-based traits and develop better climate-smart crops. The rapid development of omics technologies offers an opportunity to generate novel datasets for crop species. Identifying genes and pathways responsible for significant agronomic traits has been made possible by integrating omics data with genetic and phenotypic information. This paper discusses the importance and use of omics-based strategies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and phenomics, for agricultural and horticultural crop improvement, which aligns with developing better adaptability in these crop species to the changing climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Anam Ul Haq
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Tanzeel Bashir
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Thomas H Roberts
- Plant Breeding Institute, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, Australia
| | - Amjad M Husaini
- Genome Engineering and Societal Biotechnology Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India.
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Guo WL, Yang HL, Zhao JP, Bian SJ, Guo YY, Chen XJ, Li XZ. A pathogenesis-related protein 1 of Cucurbita moschata responds to powdery mildew infection. Front Genet 2023; 14:1168138. [PMID: 37593115 PMCID: PMC10427922 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1168138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) productivity is severely hindered by powdery mildew (PM) worldwide. The causative agent of pumpkin PM is Podosphaera xanthii, a biotrophic fungus. Pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) homolog was previously identified from transcriptomic analysis of a PM-resistant pumpkin. Here, we investigated the effects of CmPR1 gene from pumpkin for resistance to PM. Subcellular localization assay revealed that CmPR1 is a cytoplasmic protein in plants. The expression of CmPR1 gene was strongly induced by P. xanthii inoculation at 48 h and exogenous ethylene (ET), jasmonic acid (JA) and NaCl treatments, but repressed by H2O2 and salicylic acid (SA) treatments. Visual disease symptoms, histological observations of fungal growth and host cell death, and accumulation of H2O2 in transgenic tobacco plants indicated that CmPR1 overexpression significantly enhanced the resistance to Golovinomyces cichoracearum compared to wild type plants during PM pathogens infection, possibly due to inducing cell death and H2O2 accumulation near infected sites. The expression of PR1a was significantly induced in transgenic tobacco plants in response to G. cichoracearum, suggesting that CmPR1 overexpression positively modulates the resistance to PM via the SA signaling pathway. These findings indicate that CmPR1 is a defense response gene in C. moschata and can be exploited to develop disease-resistant crop varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Guo
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - He-Lian Yang
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jin-Peng Zhao
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shi-Jie Bian
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan-Yan Guo
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xue-Jin Chen
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xin-Zheng Li
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
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Bakhat N, Vielba-Fernández A, Padilla-Roji I, Martínez-Cruz J, Polonio Á, Fernández-Ortuño D, Pérez-García A. Suppression of Chitin-Triggered Immunity by Plant Fungal Pathogens: A Case Study of the Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Fungus Podosphaera xanthii. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:771. [PMID: 37504759 PMCID: PMC10381495 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens are significant plant-destroying microorganisms that present an increasing threat to the world's crop production. Chitin is a crucial component of fungal cell walls and a conserved MAMP (microbe-associated molecular pattern) that can be recognized by specific plant receptors, activating chitin-triggered immunity. The molecular mechanisms underlying the perception of chitin by specific receptors are well known in plants such as rice and Arabidopsis thaliana and are believed to function similarly in many other plants. To become a plant pathogen, fungi have to suppress the activation of chitin-triggered immunity. Therefore, fungal pathogens have evolved various strategies, such as prevention of chitin digestion or interference with plant chitin receptors or chitin signaling, which involve the secretion of fungal proteins in most cases. Since chitin immunity is a very effective defensive response, these fungal mechanisms are believed to work in close coordination. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current understanding of chitin-triggered immune signaling and the fungal proteins developed for its suppression. Second, as an example, we discuss the mechanisms operating in fungal biotrophs such as powdery mildew fungi, particularly in the model species Podosphaera xanthii, the main causal agent of powdery mildew in cucurbits. The key role of fungal effector proteins involved in the modification, degradation, or sequestration of immunogenic chitin oligomers is discussed in the context of fungal pathogenesis and the promotion of powdery mildew disease. Finally, the use of this fundamental knowledge for the development of intervention strategies against powdery mildew fungi is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisrine Bakhat
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Alejandra Vielba-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Padilla-Roji
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Martínez-Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Álvaro Polonio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Dolores Fernández-Ortuño
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
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Li Y, Nan Z, Matthew C, Wang Y, Duan T. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus changes alfalfa (Medicago sativa) metabolites in response to leaf spot (Phoma medicaginis) infection, with subsequent effects on pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) behavior. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:286-300. [PMID: 37010085 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant disease occurs simultaneously with insect attack. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) modify plant biotic stress response. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and pathogens may modify plant volatile organic compound (VOC) production and insect behavior. Nevertheless, such effects are rarely studied, particularly for mesocosms where component organisms interact with each other. Plant-mediated effects of leaf pathogen (Phoma medicaginis) infection on aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) infestation, and role of AMF (Rhizophagus intraradices) in modifying these interactions were elucidated in a glasshouse experiment. We evaluated alfalfa disease occurrence, photosynthesis, phytohormones, trypsin inhibitor (TI) and total phenol response to pathogen and aphid attack, with or without AMF, and aphid behavior towards VOCs from AMF inoculated and non-mycorrhizal alfalfa, with or without pathogen infection. AM fungus enhanced alfalfa resistance to pathogen and aphid infestation. Plant biomass, root : shoot ratio, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, salicylic acid, and TI were significantly increased in AM-inoculated alfalfa. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and pathogen significantly changed alfalfa VOCs. Aphids preferred VOCs of AM-inoculated and nonpathogen-infected to nonmycorrhizal and pathogen-infected alfalfa. We propose that AMF alter plant response to multiple biotic stresses in ways both beneficial and harmful to the plant host, providing a basis for strategies to manage pathogens and herbivore pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingde Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Zhibiao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Cory Matthew
- School of Agriculture and Environment, College of Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Yajie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Tingyu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730020, China
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Liu X, Fang P, Wang Z, Cao X, Yu Z, Chen X, Zhang Z. Comparative RNA-seq analysis reveals a critical role for ethylene in rose ( Rosa hybrida) susceptible response to Podosphera pannosa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1018427. [PMID: 36237514 PMCID: PMC9551381 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1018427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rose is one of the most important ornamental flowers, accounting for approximately one-third of the world's cut flower market. Powdery mildew caused by Podosphera pannosa is a devastating fungal disease in rose, mainly infecting the young leaves and causing serious economic losses. Therefore, a study on the mechanism of the fungus infecting the rose leaves and the possibility to improve resistance hereby is interesting and meaningful. Accordingly, we conducted transcriptome sequencing of rose leaves infected by P. pannosa at different time points to reveal the molecular mechanism of resistance to powdery mildew. The high-quality reads were aligned to the reference genome of Rosa chinensis, yielding 51,230 transcripts. A total of 1,181 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in leaves during P. pannosa infection at 12, 24, and 48 hpi. The transcription factors of ERF, MYB, bHLH, WRKY, etc., family were identified among DEGs, and most of them were downregulated during P. pannosa infection. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the hormone signal transduction pathway, especially ethylene signal-related genes, was consistently showing a downregulated expression during powdery mildew infection. More importantly, exogenous 1-MCP (inhibitor of ethylene) treatment could improve the rose leaves' resistance to P. pannosa. In summary, our transcriptome of rose leaf infected by powdery mildew gives universal insights into the complex gene regulatory networks mediating the rose leaf response to P. pannosa, further demonstrating the positive role of 1-MCP in resistance to biotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peihong Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyi Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forest, Jurong, China
- Engineering and Technical Center for Modern Horticulture, Jurong, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Horticulture College, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Transcriptomic Insight into Viviparous Growth in Water Lily. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8445484. [PMID: 35845943 PMCID: PMC9283058 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8445484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Water lily is an important ornamental flower plant which is capable of viviparous plantlet development. But no study has been reported on the molecular basis of viviparity in water lily. Hence, we performed a comparative transcriptome study between viviparous water lily Nymphaea micrantha and a nonviviparous species Nymphaea colorata at four developmental stages. The higher expression of highly conserved AUX/IAA, ARF, GH3, and SAUR gene families in N. micrantha compared to N. colorata is predicted to have a major impact on the development and evolution of viviparity in water lily. Likewise, differential regulation of hormone signaling, brassinosteroid, photosynthesis, and energy-related pathways in the two species provide clues of their involvement in viviparity phenomenon. This study revealed the complex mechanism of viviparity trait in water lily. The transcriptomic signatures identified are important basis for future breeding and research of viviparity in water lily and other plant species.
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Tian J, Zhang G, Zhang F, Ma J, Wen C, Li H. Genome-Wide Identification of Powdery Mildew Responsive Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cucurbita pepo. Front Genet 2022; 13:933022. [PMID: 35846119 PMCID: PMC9283782 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.933022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucurbita pepo L. is an essential economic vegetable crop worldwide, and its production is severely affected by powdery mildew (PM). However, our understanding of the molecular mechanism of PM resistance in C. pepo is very limited. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in regulating plant responses to biotic stress. Here, we systematically identified 2,363 reliably expressed lncRNAs from the leaves of PM-susceptible (PS) and PM-resistant (PR) C. pepo. The C. pepo lncRNAs are shorter in length and expressed at a lower level than the protein-coding transcripts. Among the 2,363 lncRNAs, a total of 113 and 146 PM-responsive lncRNAs were identified in PS and PR, respectively. Six PM-responsive lncRNAs were predicted as potential precursors of microRNAs (miRNAs). In addition, 58 PM-responsive lncRNAs were predicted as targets of miRNAs and one PM-responsive lncRNA was predicted as an endogenous target mimic (eTM). Furthermore, a total of 5,200 potential cis target genes and 5,625 potential trans target genes were predicted for PM-responsive lncRNAs. Functional enrichment analysis showed that these potential target genes are involved in different biological processes, such as the plant-pathogen interaction pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and plant hormone signal transduction pathway. Taken together, this study provides a comprehensive view of C. pepo lncRNAs and explores the putative functions of PM-responsive lncRNAs, thus laying the foundation for further study of the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs responding to PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Tian
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyu Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Changlong Wen
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Haizhen Li
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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GWAS Reveals a Novel Candidate Gene CmoAP2/ERF in Pumpkin ( Cucurbita moschata) Involved in Resistance to Powdery Mildew. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126524. [PMID: 35742978 PMCID: PMC9223685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne ex Poir.) is a multipurpose cash crop rich in antioxidants, minerals, and vitamins; the seeds are also a good source of quality oils. However, pumpkin is susceptible to the fungus Podosphaera xanthii, an obligate biotrophic pathogen, which usually causes powdery mildew (PM) on both sides of the leaves and reduces photosynthesis. The fruits of infected plants are often smaller than usual and unpalatable. This study identified a novel gene that involves PM resistance in pumpkins through a genome-wide association study (GWAS). The allelic variation identified in the CmoCh3G009850 gene encoding for AP2-like ethylene-responsive transcription factor (CmoAP2/ERF) was proven to be involved in PM resistance. Validation of the GWAS data revealed six single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variations in the CmoAP2/ERF coding sequence between the resistant (IT 274039 [PMR]) and the susceptible (IT 278592 [PMS]). A polymorphic marker (dCAPS) was developed based on the allelic diversity to differentiate these two haplotypes. Genetic analysis in the segregating population derived from PMS and PMR parents provided evidence for an incomplete dominant gene-mediated PM resistance. Further, the qRT-PCR assay validated the elevated expression of CmoAP2/ERF during PM infection in the PMR compared with PMS. These results highlighted the pivotal role of CmoAP2/ERF in conferring resistance to PM and identifies it as a valuable molecular entity for breeding resistant pumpkin cultivars.
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Xu F, Meng Q, Suo X, Xie Y, Cheng Y, Luo M. Transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms of response to an emergent yellow-flower disease in green Chinese prickly ash (Zanthoxylum schinifolium). Sci Rep 2021; 11:18886. [PMID: 34556742 PMCID: PMC8460732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese prickly ash (Zanthoxylum) is extensively used as spice and traditional medicine in eastern Asian countries. Recently, an emergent yellow-flower disease (YFD) break out in green Chinese prickly ash (Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Qinghuajiao in Chinese) at Chongqing municipality, and then leads to a sharp reduction in the yield of Qinghuajiao, and thus results in great economic losses for farmers. To address the molecular response for the emergent YFD of Qinghuajiao, we analyzed the transcriptome of 12 samples including the leaves and inflorescences of asymptomatic and symptomatic plants from three different towns at Chongqing by high-throughput RNA-Seq technique. A total of 126,550 genes and 229,643 transcripts were obtained, and 21,054 unigenes were expressed in all 12 samples. There were 56 and 164 different expressed genes (DEGs) for the AL_vs_SL (asymptomatic leaf vs symptomatic leaf) and AF_vs_SF (asymptomatic flower vs symptomatic flower) groups, respectively. The results of KEGG analysis showed that the “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” pathway that related to plant–pathogen interaction were found in AL_vs_SL and AF_vs_SF groups, and the “Plant–pathogen interaction” found in AF_vs_SF group, implying that this Qinghuajiao YFD might cause by plant pathogen. Interestingly, we detected 33 common unigenes for the 2 groups, and almost these unigenes were up-regulated in the symptomatic plants. Moreover, most of which were homologs to virus RNA, the components of viruses, implying that this YFD was related to virus. Our results provided a primary molecular basis for the prevention and treatment of YFD of Qinghuajiao trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Meng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Suo
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghong Xie
- Fruit Research Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueqing Cheng
- Fruit Research Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China.
| | - Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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11
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Gene Mining for Conserved, Non-Annotated Proteins of Podosphaera xanthii Identifies Novel Target Candidates for Controlling Powdery Mildews by Spray-Induced Gene Silencing. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090735. [PMID: 34575773 PMCID: PMC8465782 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera xanthii is one of the most important limiting factors for cucurbit production worldwide. Despite the significant efforts made by breeding and chemical companies, effective control of this pathogen remains elusive to growers. In this work, we examined the suitability of RNAi technology called spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) for controlling cucurbit powdery mildew. Using leaf disc and cotyledon infiltration assays, we tested the efficacy of dsRNA applications to induce gene silencing in P. xanthii. Furthermore, to identify new target candidate genes, we analyzed sixty conserved and non-annotated proteins (CNAPs) deduced from the P. xanthii transcriptome in silico. Six proteins presumably involved in essential functions, specifically respiration (CNAP8878, CNAP9066, CNAP10905 and CNAP30520), glycosylation (CNAP1048) and efflux transport (CNAP948), were identified. Functional analysis of these CNAP coding genes by dsRNA-induced gene silencing resulted in strong silencing phenotypes with large reductions in fungal growth and disease symptoms. Due to their important contributions to fungal development, the CNAP1048, CNAP10905 and CNAP30520 genes were selected as targets to conduct SIGS assays under plant growth chamber conditions. The spray application of these dsRNAs induced high levels of disease control, supporting that SIGS could be a sustainable approach to combat powdery mildew diseases.
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Wang Y, Qi C, Luo Y, Zhang F, Dai Z, Li M, Qu S. Identification and mapping of CpPM10.1, a major gene involved in powdery mildew (race 2 France of Podosphaera xanthii) resistance in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:2531-2545. [PMID: 33914112 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew resistance in zucchini is controlled by one major dominant locus, CpPM10.1. CpPM10.1 was fine mapped. The expression of candidate gene Cp4.1LG10g02780 in resistant individuals was significantly upregulated after inoculation with the powdery mildew. Powdery mildew (PM) is one of the most destructive fungal diseases, reducing the productivity of Cucurbita crops globally. PM influences the photosynthesis, growth and development of infected zucchini and seriously reduces fruit yield and quality. In the present study, the zucchini inbred line 'X10' had highly stable PM resistance, and the inbred line 'Jin234' was highly susceptible to PM in the seedling stage and adult stages. Genetic analysis revealed that PM resistance in 'X10' is controlled by one major dominant locus. Based on the strategy of QTL-seq combined with linkage analysis and developed molecular markers, the major locus was found to be located in a 382.9-kb candidate region on chromosome 10; therefore, the major locus was named CpPM10.1. Using 1,400 F2 individuals derived from a cross between 'X10' and 'JIN234' and F2:3 offspring of the recombinants, the CpPM10.1 locus was defined in a region of approximately 20.9 kb that contained 5 coding genes. Among them, Cp4.1LG10g02780 contained a conserved domain (RPW8), which controls resistance to a broad range of PM pathogens. Cp4.1LG10g02780 also had nonsynonymous SNPs between the resistant 'X10' and susceptible 'Jin234.' Furthermore, the expression of Cp4.1LG10g02780 was strongly positively involved in PM resistance in the key period of inoculation. Further allelic diversity analysis in zucchini germplasm resources indicated that PM resistance was associated with two SNPs in the Cp4.1LG10g02780 RPW8 domain. This study not only provides highly stable PM resistance gene resources for cucurbit crops but also lays the foundation for the functional analysis of PM resistance and resistance breeding in zucchini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Cong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yusong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zuyun Dai
- Anhui Jianghuai Horticulture Seeds Corporation Limited, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Man Li
- Anhui Jianghuai Horticulture Seeds Corporation Limited, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Shuping Qu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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13
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Wang W, Zhang F, Cui J, Chen D, Liu Z, Hou J, Zhang R, Liu T. Identification of microRNA-like RNAs from Trichoderma asperellum DQ-1 during its interaction with tomato roots using bioinformatic analysis and high-throughput sequencing. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254808. [PMID: 34293017 PMCID: PMC8297844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-like small RNAs (milRNAs) and their regulatory roles in the interaction between plant and fungus have recently aroused keen interest of plant pathologists. Trichoderma spp., one of the widespread biocontrol fungi, can promote plant growth and induce plant disease resistance. To investigate milRNAs potentially involved in the interaction between Trichoderma and tomato roots, a small RNA (sRNA) library expressed during the interaction of T. asperellum DQ-1 and tomato roots was constructed and sequenced using the Illumina HiSeqTM 2500 sequencing platform. From 13,464,142 sRNA reads, we identified 21 milRNA candidates that were similar to other known microRNAs in the miRBase database and 22 novel milRNA candidates that possessed a stable microRNA precursor hairpin structure. Among them, three milRNA candidates showed different expression level in the interaction according to the result of stem-loop RT-PCR indicating that these milRNAs may play a distinct regulatory role in the interaction between Trichoderma and tomato roots. The potential transboundary milRNAs from T. asperellum and their target genes in tomato were predicted by bioinformatics analysis. The results revealed that several interesting proteins involved in plant growth and development, disease resistance, seed maturation, and osmotic stress signal transduction might be regulated by the transboundary milRNAs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of milRNAs taking part in the process of interaction of T. asperellum and tomato roots and associated with plant promotion and disease resistance. The results might be useful to unravel the mechanism of interaction between Trichoderma and tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Haikou, Hainan, PR China
| | - Fengtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, PR China
| | - Jia Cui
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, PR China
| | - Di Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, PR China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, PR China
| | - Jumei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, PR China
| | - Rongyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, PR China
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, PR China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Wang X, Li N, Li W, Gao X, Cha M, Qin L, Liu L. Advances in Transcriptomics in the Response to Stress in Plants. Glob Med Genet 2020; 7:30-34. [PMID: 32939512 PMCID: PMC7490119 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse stress influences the normal growth and development of plants. With the development of molecular biology technology, understanding the molecular mechanism of plants in response to adverse stress has gradually become an important topic for academic exploration. The expression of the transcriptome is dynamic, which reflects the level of expression of all genes in a particular cell, tissue, or organ of an individual organism at a particular stage of growth and development. Transcriptomics can disclose the expression at the whole genome level under stress from the whole transcriptional level, which can be useful in understanding the complex regulatory network associated with the adaptability and tolerance of plants to stress. In this article, we review the application of transcriptomics in understanding the response of plants to biotic stresses such as diseases and insect infestation and abiotic stresses such as water, temperature, salt, and heavy metals to provide a guideline for related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wang
- ChiFeng University, Hongshan, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Forestry Sciences, Inner Mongolia, Saihan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- ChiFeng University, Hongshan, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlei Gao
- ChiFeng University, Hongshan, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Muha Cha
- ChiFeng University, Hongshan, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijin Qin
- ChiFeng University, Hongshan, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Liu
- ChiFeng University, Hongshan, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
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15
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Guo WL, Chen BH, Guo YY, Chen XJ, Li QF, Yang HL, Li XZ, Zhou JG, Wang GY. Expression of Pumpkin CmbHLH87 Gene Improves Powdery Mildew Resistance in Tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:163. [PMID: 32318077 PMCID: PMC7147351 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM), caused by Podosphaera xanthii, is a major threat to the global cucurbit yield. The molecular mechanisms underlying the PM resistance of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) are largely unknown. A homolog of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor was previously identified through a transcriptomic analysis of a PM-resistant pumpkin. In this study, this bHLH homolog in pumpkin has been functionally characterized. CmbHLH87 is present in the nucleus. CmbHLH87 expression in the PM-resistant material was considerably downregulated by PM; and abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, ethephon, and NaCl treatments induced CmbHLH87 expression. Ectopic expression of CmbHLH87 in tobacco plants alleviated the PM symptoms on the leaves, accelerated cell necrosis, and enhanced H2O2 accumulation. The expression levels of PR1a, PR5, and NPR1 were higher in the PM-infected transgenic plants than in PM-infected wild-type plants. Additionally, the chlorosis and yellowing of plant materials were less extensive and the concentration of bacteria at infection sites was lower in the transgenic tobacco plants than in the wild-type plants in response to bacterial wilt and scab pathogens. CmbHLH87 may be useful for genetic engineering of novel pumpkin cultivars in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Guo
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Bi-Hua Chen
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan-Yan Guo
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xue-Jin Chen
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qing-Fei Li
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - He-Lian Yang
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xin-Zheng Li
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jun-Guo Zhou
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guang-Yin Wang
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
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16
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Xu X, Zhong C, Tan M, Song Y, Qi X, Xu Q, Chen X. Identification of MicroRNAs and Their Targets That Respond to Powdery Mildew Infection in Cucumber by Small RNA and Degradome Sequencing. Front Genet 2020; 11:246. [PMID: 32273882 PMCID: PMC7113371 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) is a prevalent disease known to limit cucumber production worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded molecules that regulate host defense responses through posttranscriptional gene regulation. However, which specific miRNAs are involved and how they regulate cucumber PM resistance remain elusive. A PM-resistant single-segment substitution line, SSSL508-28, was developed previously using marker-assisted backcrossing of the PM-susceptible cucumber inbred D8 line. In this study, we applied small RNA and degradome sequencing to identify PM-responsive miRNAs and their target genes in the D8 and SSSL508-28 lines. The deep sequencing resulted in the identification of 156 known and 147 novel miRNAs. Among them, 32 and six differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were detected in D8 and SSSL508-28, respectively. The positive correlation between DEMs measured by small RNA sequencing and stem-loop quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction confirmed the accuracy of the observed miRNA abundances. The 32 DEMs identified in the PM-susceptible D8 were all upregulated, whereas four of the six DEMs identified in the PM-resistant SSSL508-28 were downregulated. Using in silico and degradome sequencing approaches, 517 and 20 target genes were predicted for the D8 and SSSL508-28 DEMs, respectively. Comparison of the DEM expression profiles with the corresponding mRNA expression profiles obtained in a previous study with the same experimental design identified 60 and three target genes in D8 and SSSL508-28, respectively, which exhibited inverse expression patterns with their respective miRNAs. In particular, five DEMs were located in the substituted segment that contained two upregulated DEMs, Csa-miR172c-3p and Csa-miR395a-3p, in D8 and two downregulated DEMs, Csa-miR395d-3p and Csa-miR398b-3p, in SSSL508-28. One gene encoding L-aspartate oxidase, which was targeted by Csa-miR162a, was also located on the same segment and was specifically downregulated in PM-inoculated D8 leaves. Our results will facilitate the future use of miRNAs in breeding cucumber varieties with enhanced resistance to PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Xu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Cailian Zhong
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Tan
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ya Song
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Qi
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, China
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17
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Weldon WA, Palumbo CD, Kovaleski AP, Tancos K, Gadoury DM, Osier MV, Cadle-Davidson L. Transcriptomic Profiling of Acute Cold Stress-Induced Disease Resistance (SIDR) Genes and Pathways in the Grapevine Powdery Mildew Pathosystem. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:284-295. [PMID: 31556345 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0183-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Temperatures from 2 to 8°C transiently induce quantitative resistance to powdery mildew in several host species (cold stress-induced disease resistance [SIDR]). Although cold SIDR events occur in vineyards worldwide an average of 14 to 21 times after budbreak of grapevine and can significantly delay grapevine powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) epidemics, its molecular basis was poorly understood. We characterized the biology underlying the Vitis vinifera cold SIDR phenotype-which peaks at 24 h post-cold (hpc) treatment and results in a 22 to 28% reduction in spore penetration success-through highly replicated (n = 8 to 10) RNA sequencing experiments. This phenotype was accompanied by a sweeping transcriptional downregulation of photosynthesis-associated pathways whereas starch and sugar metabolism pathways remained largely unaffected, suggesting a transient imbalance in host metabolism and a suboptimal target for pathogen establishment. Twenty-six cold-responsive genes peaked in their differential expression at the 24-hpc time point. Finally, a subset of genes associated with nutrient and amino acid transport accounted for four of the eight most downregulated transcripts, including two nodulin 1A gene precursors, a nodulin MtN21 precursor, and a Dynein light chain 1 motor protein precursor. Reduced transport could exacerbate localized nutrient sinks that would again be transiently suboptimal for pathogen growth. This study links the transient cold SIDR phenotype to underlying transcriptional changes and provides an experimental framework and library of candidate genes to further explore cold SIDR in several systems, with an ultimate goal of identifying novel breeding or management targets for reduced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Weldon
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Cal D Palumbo
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, U.S.A
| | - Alisson P Kovaleski
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Grape Genetics Research Unit, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Kiersten Tancos
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - David M Gadoury
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Michael V Osier
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, U.S.A
| | - Lance Cadle-Davidson
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Grape Genetics Research Unit, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
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18
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Li Y, Duan T, Nan Z, Li Y. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus alleviates alfalfa leaf spots caused by Phoma medicaginis revealed by RNA-seq analysis. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 130:547-560. [PMID: 31310670 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS One of the major limitations to the production of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the fungus Phoma medicaginis, which infects alfalfa and causes leaf spots. This study aims to understand alfalfa's response to P. medicaginis infection, the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and the effect of AMF on plant-pathogen interactions. METHODS AND RESULTS Transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in alfalfa infected by P. medicaginis and colonized by AMF Rhizophagus intraradices. AMF ameliorated the effects of P. medicaginis infection on alfalfa by reducing leaf spot incidence and disease index by 39·48 and 56·18% respectively. Inoculation with pathogen and AMF induced the activity of defence pathways, including peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase activities and jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid concentration. Plants showed differential expression of P. medicaginis resistance-related genes, including genes belonging to pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, chitinase activity, flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism and photosynthesis. Inoculation with AMF led to changes in the expression of genes involved in PR proteins, chitinase activity, phenylalanine metabolism and photosynthesis. CONCLUSION The physiological and transcriptional changes caused by P. medicaginis infection in non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal alfalfa provides crucial information for understanding AMF's association with pathogenic systems. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study showed that AMF alleviated alfalfa leaf spots demonstrating that AMF can serve as a biocontrol strategy for alfalfa disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems Lanzhou Unviersity, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - T Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems Lanzhou Unviersity, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Z Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems Lanzhou Unviersity, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Y Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems Lanzhou Unviersity, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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19
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Guo WL, Chen BH, Guo YY, Yang HL, Mu JY, Wang YL, Li XZ, Zhou JG. Improved Powdery Mildew Resistance of Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana Overexpressing the Cucurbita moschata CmSGT1 Gene. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:955. [PMID: 31402923 PMCID: PMC6670833 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM), which is mainly caused by Podosphaera xanthii, is a serious biotrophic pathogen disease affecting field-grown and greenhouse-grown cucurbit crops worldwide. Because fungicides poorly control PM, the development and cultivation of PM-resistant varieties is critical. A homolog of SGT1 (suppressor of the G2 allele of skp1), which encodes a key component of the plant disease-associated signal transduction pathway, was previously identified through a transcriptomic analysis of a PM-resistant pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) inbred line infected with PM. In this study, we have characterized this SGT1 homolog in C. moschata, and investigated its effects on biotic stress resistance. Subcellular localization results revealed that CmSGT1 is present in the nucleus. Additionally, CmSGT1 expression levels in the PM-resistant material was strongly induced by PM, salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In contrast, SA and H2O2 downregulated CmSGT1 expression in the PM-susceptible material. The ethephon (Eth) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments upregulated CmSGT1 expression in both plant materials. The constitutive overexpression of CmSGT1 in Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) minimized the PM symptoms on the leaves of PM-infected seedlings, accelerated the onset of cell necrosis, and enhanced the accumulation of H2O2. Furthermore, the expression levels of PR1a and PR5, which are SA signaling transduction markers, were higher in the transgenic plants than in wild-type plants. Thus, the transgenic N. benthamiana plants were significantly more resistant to Erysiphe cichoracearum than the wild-type plants. This increased resistance was correlated with cell death, H2O2 accumulation, and upregulated expression of SA-dependent defense genes. However, the chlorosis and yellowing of plant materials and the concentration of bacteria at infection sites were greater in the transgenic N. benthamiana plants than in the wild-type plants in response to infections by the pathogens responsible for bacterial wilt and scab. Therefore, CmSGT1-overexpressing N. benthamiana plants were hypersensitive to these two diseases. The results of this study may represent valuable genetic information for the breeding of disease-resistant pumpkin varieties, and may also help to reveal the molecular mechanism underlying CmSGT1 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Guo
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Bi-Hua Chen
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan-Yan Guo
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - He-Lian Yang
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jin-Yan Mu
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan-Li Wang
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xin-Zheng Li
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jun-Guo Zhou
- School of Horticulture Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
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20
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Wang Y, Yan C, Zou B, Wang C, Xu W, Cui C, Qu S. Morphological, Transcriptomic and Hormonal Characterization of Trimonoecious and Subandroecious Pumpkin ( Cucurbita maxima) Suggests Important Roles of Ethylene in Sex Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133185. [PMID: 31261811 PMCID: PMC6651883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex expression is a complex process, and in-depth knowledge of its mechanism in pumpkin is important. In this study, young shoot apices at the one-true-leaf stage and 10-leaf stage in Cucurbita maxima trimonoecious line ‘2013–12’ and subandroecious line ‘9–6’ were collected as materials, and transcriptome sequencing was performed using an Illumina HiSeqTM 2000 System. 496 up-regulated genes and 375 down-regulated genes were identified between shoot apices containing mostly male flower buds and only female flower buds. Based on gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the ethylene and auxin synthesis and signal transduction pathways. In addition, shoot apices at the 4-leaf stage were treated with the ethylene-releasing agent 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel), aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG), AgNO3 and indoleacetic acid (IAA). The number of female flowers up to node 20 on the main stem of ‘2013–12’ increased significantly after Ethrel and IAA treatment and decreased significantly after AVG and AgNO3 treatment. The female flowers in ‘9–6’ showed slight changes after treatment with the exogenous chemicals. The expression of key genes in ethylene synthesis and signal transduction (CmaACS7, CmaACO1, CmaETR1 and CmaEIN3) was determined using quantitative RT-PCR, and the expression of these four genes was positively correlated with the number of female flowers in ‘2013–12’. The variations in gene expression, especially that of CmaACS7, after chemical treatment were small in ‘9–6’. From stage 1 (S1) to stage 7 (S7) of flower development, the expression of CmaACS7 in the stamen was much lower than that in the ovary, stigma and style. These transcriptome data and chemical treatment results indicated that IAA might affect pumpkin sex expression by inducing CmaACS7 expression and indirectly affecting ethylene production, and the ethylene synthesis and signal transduction pathways play crucial roles in pumpkin flower sex expression. A possible reason for the differences in sex expression between pumpkin lines ‘2013–12’ and ‘9–6’ was proposed based on the key gene expression. Overall, these transcriptome data and chemical treatment results suggest important roles for ethylene in pumpkin sex expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Chundong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Bingxue Zou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Chaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Wenlong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Chongshi Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Shuping Qu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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21
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Polonio Á, Pineda M, Bautista R, Martínez-Cruz J, Pérez-Bueno ML, Barón M, Pérez-García A. RNA-seq analysis and fluorescence imaging of melon powdery mildew disease reveal an orchestrated reprogramming of host physiology. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7978. [PMID: 31138852 PMCID: PMC6538759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cucurbit powdery mildew elicited by Podosphaera xanthii is one of the most important limiting factors in cucurbit production. Our knowledge of the genetic and molecular bases underlying the physiological processes governing this disease is very limited. We used RNA-sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes in leaves of Cucumis melo upon inoculation with P. xanthii, using RNA samples obtained at different time points during the early stages of infection and their corresponding uninfected controls. In parallel, melon plants were phenotypically characterized using imaging techniques. We found a high number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in infected plants, which allowed for the identification of many plant processes that were dysregulated by the infection. Among those, genes involved in photosynthesis and related processes were found to be upregulated, whereas genes involved in secondary metabolism pathways, such as phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, were downregulated. These changes in gene expression could be functionally validated by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging and blue-green fluorescence imaging analyses, which corroborated the alterations in photosynthetic activity and the suppression of phenolic compound biosynthesis. The powdery mildew disease in melon is a consequence of a complex and multifaceted process that involves the dysregulation of many plant pathways such as primary and secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Polonio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mónica Pineda
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Rocío Bautista
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Edificio de Bioinnovación, Severo Ochoa 34, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Martínez-Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Luisa Pérez-Bueno
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Matilde Barón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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22
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Transcriptome Analyses Provide Novel Insights into Heat Stress Responses in Chieh-Qua ( Benincasa hispida Cogn. var. Chieh-Qua How). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040883. [PMID: 30781658 PMCID: PMC6413116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature rising caused by global warming has imposed significant negative effects on crop qualities and yields. To get the well-known molecular mechanism upon the higher temperature, we carefully analyzed the RNA sequencing-based transcriptomic responses of two contrasting chieh-qua genotypes: A39 (heat-tolerant) and H5 (heat-sensitive). In this study, twelve cDNA libraries generated from A39 and H5 were performed with a transcriptome assay under normal and heat stress conditions, respectively. A total of 8705 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected under normal conditions (3676 up-regulated and 5029 down-regulated) and 1505 genes under heat stress (914 up-regulated and 591 down-regulated), respectively. A significant positive correlation between RNA-Seq data and qRT-PCR results was identified. DEGs related to heat shock proteins (HSPs), ubiquitin-protein ligase, transcriptional factors, and pentatricopeptide repeat-containing proteins were significantly changed after heat stress. Several genes, which encoded HSPs (CL2311.Contig3 and CL6612.Contig2), cytochrome P450 (CL4517.Contig4 and CL683.Contig7), and bHLH TFs (CL914.Contig2 and CL8321.Contig1) were specifically induced after four days of heat stress. DEGs detected in our study between these two contrasting cultivars would provide a novel basis for isolating useful candidate genes of heat stress responses in chieh-qua.
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