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Nasrabadi T, Ruegner H, Schwientek M, Ghadiri A, Hashemi SH, Grathwohl P. Dilution of PAHs loadings of particulate matter in air, dust and rivers in urban areas: A comparative study (Tehran megacity, Iran and city of Tübingen, SW-Germany). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151268. [PMID: 34710407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in urban areas are usually bound to particles. Concentrations are different in different compartments (airborne particles, street dust, suspended sediments in rivers and channels). This study follows concentrations of PAHs from particles in air to street dust and finally suspended sediments in the city of Tehran, Iran compared to Tübingen, Germany. Data sets are based on own investigations (PAHs on suspended sediments), or taken from literature studies (PAHs in street dust and airborne particles). Based on a cross-comparison of concentrations of PAHs on particles, and their congener distribution patterns, the occurrence, interrelation (exchange and mixing processes), as well as possible dilution processes among PAHs in the different particle classes are disentangled. Results show that for Tehran and Tübingen PAHs in airborne particles are very high (in the range of 500 mg kg-1). However, in street dust and suspended sediments PAHs concentrations on particles are around 100 times lower. Surprisingly concentrations in street dust and suspended sediments are 5 to 10 times lower in Tehran (average 0.5 mg kg-1) than in Tübingen (average 5 mg kg-1). Since it is unlikely that PAHs emissions are lower in the Tehran megacity, an effective dilution of the atmospheric signal by uncontaminated (background) particles is hypothesized. Uncontaminated particles may stem from wind erosion of bare surfaces, construction and sand mining sites or even dust from the desert areas, which are frequent in arid climate in Tehran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touraj Nasrabadi
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hermann Ruegner
- Centre for Applied Geoscience, Tübingen University, Schnarrenbergstrasse 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Schwientek
- Centre for Applied Geoscience, Tübingen University, Schnarrenbergstrasse 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ali Ghadiri
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran
| | | | - Peter Grathwohl
- Centre for Applied Geoscience, Tübingen University, Schnarrenbergstrasse 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Yao H, Jiang Q, Lu W, Niu G, Zhang Q, Liu H, Ni T. Estimating metal loading into the sea from tidal rivers using total suspended solids and water quality models. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:198-208. [PMID: 33982417 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metals are mainly transported with suspended sediments in tidal rivers, and it is difficult to describe the transformation process of metals. Freely dissolved metals and suspended metals (including acid-soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual metals) were separately analyzed according to a sequential extraction scheme. The regression of the observed suspended metals and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations allowed us to couple the two pollutant types. TSS is a highly dynamic parameter, and a model can be developed to simulate TSS transport. Thus, a method including the following five steps was proposed to estimate the loadings of metals entering the sea using TSS concentrations and water quality models: (1) collecting and observing basic information on the hydrological conditions, pollution sources, and water quality of the studied river; (2) obtaining a regression model between the suspended metals and TSS and analyzing the potential of establishing a suspended metal flux model; (3) introducing a model describing the fluxes of water-soluble metals into the sea; (4) establishing a calculation model to determine the fluxes of suspended metals into the sea; and (5) characterizing the fluxes of metals into the sea. The method was programmed, and metal concentrations and fluxes could be characterized quickly when the basic river data were sufficient. In addition, if regional development scenarios could be set, metal loadings in all scenarios could be predicted through the procedure developed herein, and some effective suggestions on regional sustainable development might be proposed for decision makers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:198-208. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yao
- School of Geography, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Yangtze River Economic Belt Research Institute, Nantong, China
| | - Qinyu Jiang
- School of Geography, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Yangtze River Economic Belt Research Institute, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Lu
- School of Geography, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Yangtze River Economic Belt Research Institute, Nantong, China
| | - Guangyuan Niu
- School of Geography, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Yangtze River Economic Belt Research Institute, Nantong, China
| | - Qingxiang Zhang
- School of Geography, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Yangtze River Economic Belt Research Institute, Nantong, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Geography, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Jiangsu Yangtze River Economic Belt Research Institute, Nantong, China
| | - Tianhua Ni
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Peterson JW, Fry BM, Wade DR, Fishman FJ, Stid JT, Peterson JM, Tarp CE, Wade RD, Brokus SA, Pikaart MJ, Krueger BP, Best AA. A global reconnaissance of particulates and metals/metalloids in untreated drinking water sources. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:307. [PMID: 33909163 PMCID: PMC8081693 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal and metalloid contamination in drinking water sources is a global concern, particularly in developing countries. This study used hollow membrane water filters and metal-capturing polyurethane foams to sample 71 drinking water sources in 22 different countries. Field sampling was performed with sampling kits prepared in the lab at Hope College in Holland, MI, USA. Filters and foams were sent back to the lab after sampling, and subsequent analysis of flushates and rinsates allowed the estimation of suspended solids and metal and other analayte concentrations in source waters. Estimated particulate concentrations were 0-92 mg/L, and consisted of quartz, feldspar, and clay, with some samples containing metal oxides or sulfide phases. As and Cu were the only analytes which occurred above the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines of 10 μg/L and 2000 μg/L, respectively, with As exceeding the guideline in 45% of the sources and Cu in 3%. Except for one value of ~ 285 μg/L, As concentrations were 45-200 μg/L (river), 65-179 μg/L (well), and 112-178 μg/L (tap). Other metals (Ce, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn) with no WHO guideline were also detected, with Mn the most common. This study demonstrated that filters and foams can be used for reconnaissance characterization of untreated drinking water. However, estimated metal and other analyte concentrations could only be reported as minimum values due to potential incomplete retrieval of foam-bound analytes. A qualitative reporting methodology was used to report analytes as "present" if the concentration was below the WHO guideline, and "present-recommend retesting" if the concentration was quantifiable and above the WHO guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Peterson
- Department of Geological & Environmental Sciences, Hope College, Holland, MI, USA.
| | | | - Daniel R Wade
- Department of Geological & Environmental Sciences, Hope College, Holland, MI, USA
| | | | - Jacob T Stid
- Department of Geological & Environmental Sciences, Hope College, Holland, MI, USA
| | | | - Cleveland E Tarp
- Department of Geological & Environmental Sciences, Hope College, Holland, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Aaron A Best
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI, USA
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Lécrivain N, Clément B, Dabrin A, Seigle-Ferrand J, Bouffard D, Naffrechoux E, Frossard V. Water-level fluctuation enhances sediment and trace metal mobility in lake littoral. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128451. [PMID: 33038738 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water-level fluctuation (WLF) is a widespread management action in lakes and reservoirs whose impacts on contaminant fate have seldom been investigated. We used near shore hourly measurements (n = 2122) of turbidity (contaminant proxy) and water velocity (sediment resuspension proxy) to track high-frequency contaminant dynamics during a 0.6 m change in water level observed in autumn 2017 in a large French lake. Simultaneously, discrete trace metal measurements highlighted that trapped sediment was more contaminated and finer than surficial sediment supporting that suspended particles (measured by turbidity) were a preferential medium for contaminant mobility. General additive models involving tensor products revealed the enhancement of wind-speed and river discharge effects on turbidity with water draw down. The decrease of the explained deviances by the models over time-lags indicated short time-scale response of turbidity to external forcing. Three of the four major turbid events occurred at the lowest water-level and were concomitant of sediment resuspension as well as precipitation events and/or river flood suggesting a complex interplay among in-lake and watershed processes at controlling sediment mobility during the WLF. These results shed in light that WLF can affect lake littoral hydrodynamic cascading up to the enhancement of contaminant mobility. Sediment resuspension may be an overlooked feature of WLF increasing contamination risk and exposure for littoral organisms with widespread ecological consequences due to the large number of water-level regulated ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lécrivain
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023, LEHNA, F-69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Bernard Clément
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023, LEHNA, F-69518, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Aymeric Dabrin
- Irstea, UMR 5553 RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 69625, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | - Damien Bouffard
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Surface Waters - Research and Management, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | | | - Victor Frossard
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, 74200 Thonon-les-Bains, France.
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Levin PS, Howe ER, Robertson JC. Impacts of stormwater on coastal ecosystems: the need to match the scales of management objectives and solutions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190460. [PMID: 33131444 PMCID: PMC7662197 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their limited area relative to the global ocean, coastal zones—the regions where land meets the sea—play a disproportionately important role in generating ecosystem services. However, coastal ecosystems are under increasing pressure from human populations. In particular, urban stormwater is an increasingly important threat to the integrity of coastal systems. Urban catchments exhibit altered flow regimes that impact ecosystem processes and coastal foodwebs. In addition, urban stormwater contains complex and unpredictable mixtures of chemicals that result in a multitude of lethal and sublethal impacts on species in coastal systems. Along the western coast of the United States, we estimate that hundreds of billions of kilograms of suspended solids flow off land surfaces and enter the Northern California Current each year. However, 70% of this pollution could be addressed by treating only 1.35% of the land area. Determining how to prioritize treatment of stormwater in this region requires a clear articulation of objectives—spatial distribution of appropriate management actions is dependent on the life histories of species, and management schemes optimized for one species may not achieve desired objectives for other species. In particular, we highlight that the scale of stormwater interventions must match the ecological scale relevant to species targeted by management. In many cases, management and policy will require mechanisms in order to ensure that local actions scale-up to efficiently and effectively achieve management objectives. In the face of rapid urbanization of coastal zones, failure to consider the match of management and ecological scales will result in the continued decline of coastal ecosystems and the species they support. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S Levin
- The Nature Conservancy, Washington Field Office, 74 Wall Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emily R Howe
- The Nature Conservancy, Washington Field Office, 74 Wall Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James C Robertson
- The Nature Conservancy, Washington Field Office, 74 Wall Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Developing Sensor Proxies for “Chemical Cocktails” of Trace Metals in Urban Streams. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding transport mechanisms and temporal patterns in the context of metal concentrations in urban streams is important for developing best management practices and restoration strategies to improve water quality. In some cases, in-situ sensors can be used to estimate unknown concentrations of trace metals or to interpolate between sampling events. Continuous sensor data from the United States Geological Survey were analyzed to determine statistically significant relationships between lead, copper, zinc, cadmium, and mercury with turbidity, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and discharge for the Hickey Run, Watts Branch, and Rock Creek watersheds in the Washington, D.C. region. We observed a significant negative linear relationship between concentrations of Cu and dissolved oxygen at Rock Creek (p < 0.05). Sometimes, turbidity had significant positive linear relationships with Pb and Hg concentrations. There were negative or positive linear relationships between Pb, Cd, Zn, and Hg and specific conductance. There also appeared to be relationships between watershed areal fluxes of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd in streams with turbidity. Watershed monitoring approaches using continuous sensor data have the potential to characterize the frequency, magnitude, and composition of pulses in concentrations and loads of trace metals, which could improve the management and restoration of urban streams.
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Srivastava A, Chahar V, Sharma V, Acharya R, Ajith N, Swain KK, Knolle F, Maekawa M, Schnug E, Srivastava T. Quantification of multielements for mobilization study in water and sediments of Satluj River and Harike Wetland using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Analyzing Particle-Associated Pollutant Transport to Identify In-Stream Sediment Processes during a High Flow Event. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12061794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urban areas are a leading source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that result from combustion processes and are emitted into rivers, especially during rain events and with particle wash-off from urban surfaces. In-stream transport of suspended particles and attached PAHs is linked strongly to sediment turnover processes. This study aimed to identify particle exchange processes that contribute to the transport of suspended particles during flood events. An urban high-flow signal was tracked in high temporal resolution at two sampling sites in the Ammer River (South-western Germany). Samples were analyzed for turbidity, total suspended solids concentrations (TSS), particle-size distribution, organic carbon, and PAH. Maximum discharge and the highest TSS occurred nearly simultaneously at the upstream sampling site, whereas a temporally shifted course was observed for downstream. The total load of particles was similar, yet a decrease of PAH mass (~28%) and an increase of the particulate organic carbon (POC) content (~3.5%-points) occurred. Coarser particles (≥26 µm) dominated at the beginning of the event at both sampling sites. The signal of remobilized riverbed sediment increases downstream and leads to well-established, robust linear correlations between TSS and PAHs. This study highlights that riverbed sediment acts as intermediate storage for contaminated particles from upstream sources that shape, together with the fresh urban input, the “particle signature” of suspensions moving through catchments during high discharge conditions.
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Rügner H, Schwientek M, Milačič R, Zuliani T, Vidmar J, Paunović M, Laschou S, Kalogianni E, Skoulikidis NT, Diamantini E, Majone B, Bellin A, Chiogna G, Martinez E, López de Alda M, Díaz-Cruz MS, Grathwohl P. Particle bound pollutants in rivers: Results from suspended sediment sampling in Globaqua River Basins. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:645-652. [PMID: 30092520 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transport of hydrophobic pollutants in rivers such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals is often facilitated by suspended sediment particles, which are typically mobilized during high discharge events. Suspended sediments thus represent a means of transport for particle related pollutants within river reaches and may represent a suitable proxy for average pollutant concentrations estimation in a river reach or catchment. In this study, multiple high discharge/turbidity events were sampled at high temporal resolution in the Globaqua River Basins Sava (Slovenia, Serbia), Adige (Italy), and Evrotas (Greece) and analysed for persistent organic pollutants such as PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) or PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and heavy metals. For comparison, river bed sediment samples were analysed as well. Further, results are compared to previous studies in contrasting catchments in Germany, Iran, Spain, and beyond. Overall results show that loadings of suspended sediments with pollutants are catchment-specific and relatively stable over time at a given location. For PAHs, loadings on suspended particles mainly correlate to urban pressures (potentially diluted by sediment mass fluxes) in the rivers, whereas metal concentrations mainly display a geogenic origin. By cross-comparison with known urban pressure/sediment yield relationships (e.g. for PAHs) or soil background values (for metals) anthropogenic impact - e.g. caused by industrial activities - may be identified. Sampling of suspended sediments gives much more reliable results compared to sediment grab samples which typically show a more heterogeneous contaminant distribution. Based on mean annual suspended sediment concentrations and distribution coefficients of pollutants the fraction of particle facilitated transport versus dissolved fluxes can be calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Rügner
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | - Momi Paunović
- IBISS, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sofia Laschou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavyssos, Greece
| | | | | | - Elena Diamantini
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Bruno Majone
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Alberto Bellin
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Gabriele Chiogna
- Technical University of Munich, Germany & University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elena Martinez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Díaz-Cruz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Herrero A, Vila J, Eljarrat E, Ginebreda A, Sabater S, Batalla RJ, Barceló D. Transport of sediment borne contaminants in a Mediterranean river during a high flow event. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:1392-1402. [PMID: 29758892 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Herrero
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Fluvial Dynamics Research Group (RIUS), University of Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, (Spain).
| | - Judit Vila
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ginebreda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Sabater
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Ramon J Batalla
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Fluvial Dynamics Research Group (RIUS), University of Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, (Spain); Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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