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Guo J, Zhang C, Zhao H, Yan Y, Liu Z. The key mediator of diabetic kidney disease: Potassium channel dysfunction. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101119. [PMID: 38523672 PMCID: PMC10958065 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease, making it a global public health concern. The molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic kidney disease have not been elucidated due to its complex pathogenesis. Thus, exploring these mechanisms from new perspectives is the current focus of research concerning diabetic kidney disease. Ion channels are important proteins that maintain the physiological functions of cells and organs. Among ion channels, potassium channels stand out, because they are the most common and important channels on eukaryotic cell surfaces and function as the basis for cell excitability. Certain potassium channel abnormalities have been found to be closely related to diabetic kidney disease progression and genetic susceptibility, such as KATP, KCa, Kir, and KV. In this review, we summarized the roles of different types of potassium channels in the occurrence and development of diabetic kidney disease to discuss whether the development of DKD is due to potassium channel dysfunction and present new ideas for the treatment of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- Nephrology Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Chaojie Zhang
- Nephrology Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Nephrology Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Yufan Yan
- Nephrology Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Nephrology Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
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Kempuraj D, Mohan RR. Blast injury: Impact to the cornea. Exp Eye Res 2024; 244:109915. [PMID: 38677709 PMCID: PMC11179966 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Visual disorders are common even after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or blast exposure. The cost of blast-induced vision loss in civilians, military personnel, and veterans is significant. The visual consequences of blasts associated with TBI are elusive. Active military personnel and veterans report various ocular pathologies including corneal disorders post-combat blasts. The wars and conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, and Ukraine have significantly increased the number of corneal and other ocular disorders among military personnel and veterans. Binocular vision, visual fields, and other visual functions could be impaired following blast-mediated TBI. Blast-associated injuries can cause visual disturbances, binocular system problems, and visual loss. About 25% of veterans exposed to blasts report corneal injury. Blast exposure induces corneal edema, corneal opacity, increased corneal thickness, damage of corneal epithelium, corneal abrasions, and stromal and endothelial abnormality including altered endothelial density, immune cell infiltration, corneal neovascularization, Descemet membrane rupture, and increased pain mediators in animal models and the blast-exposed military personnel including veterans. Immune response exacerbates blast-induced ocular injury. TBI is associated with dry eyes and pain in veterans. Subjects exposed to blasts that cause TBI should undergo immediate clinical visual and ocular examinations. Delayed visual care may lead to progressive vision loss, lengthening/impairing rehabilitation and ultimately may lead to permanent vision problems and blindness. Open-field blast exposure could induce corneal injuries and immune responses in the cornea. Further studies are warranted to understand corneal pathology after blast exposure. A review of current advancements in blast-induced corneal injury will help elucidate novel targets for potential therapeutic options. This review discusses the impact of blast exposure-associated corneal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
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Chandran C, Santra M, Rubin E, Geary ML, Yam GHF. Regenerative Therapy for Corneal Scarring Disorders. Biomedicines 2024; 12:649. [PMID: 38540264 PMCID: PMC10967722 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12030649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The cornea is a transparent and vitally multifaceted component of the eye, playing a pivotal role in vision and ocular health. It has primary refractive and protective functions. Typical corneal dysfunctions include opacities and deformities that result from injuries, infections, or other medical conditions. These can significantly impair vision. The conventional challenges in managing corneal ailments include the limited regenerative capacity (except corneal epithelium), immune response after donor tissue transplantation, a risk of long-term graft rejection, and the global shortage of transplantable donor materials. This review delves into the intricate composition of the cornea, the landscape of corneal regeneration, and the multifaceted repercussions of scar-related pathologies. It will elucidate the etiology and types of dysfunctions, assess current treatments and their limitations, and explore the potential of regenerative therapy that has emerged in both in vivo and clinical trials. This review will shed light on existing gaps in corneal disorder management and discuss the feasibility and challenges of advancing regenerative therapies for corneal stromal scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Chandran
- Corneal Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Mercy Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (C.C.); (M.S.); (E.R.); (M.L.G.)
| | - Mithun Santra
- Corneal Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Mercy Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (C.C.); (M.S.); (E.R.); (M.L.G.)
| | - Elizabeth Rubin
- Corneal Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Mercy Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (C.C.); (M.S.); (E.R.); (M.L.G.)
| | - Moira L. Geary
- Corneal Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Mercy Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (C.C.); (M.S.); (E.R.); (M.L.G.)
| | - Gary Hin-Fai Yam
- Corneal Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Mercy Vision Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; (C.C.); (M.S.); (E.R.); (M.L.G.)
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Liao K, Zeng H, Yang X, He D, Wang B, Yuan J. KCNK5 Regulating Potassium Efflux and Inducing Pyroptosis in Corneal Epithelial Cells Through TNFSF10-Mediated Autophagy in Dry Eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:34. [PMID: 38236186 PMCID: PMC10807492 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to elucidate the involvement of potassium two pore domain channel subfamily K member 5 (KCNK5)-mediated potassium efflux in the pathogenesis of dry eye and to unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods To induce experimental dry eye in adult wild-type C57BL/6 mice, scopolamine was administered via subcutaneous injection, and the mice were subjected to desiccating stress. To create an in vitro model of dry eye, desiccation stress was applied to the human corneal epithelial cell line (HCE-T). Intracellular potassium concentration was quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cellular death was assessed through lactate dehydrogenase assays. Gene expression profiling was conducted through both RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR. Protein analysis was carried out through Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Assessment of the corneal epithelial defect area was conducted through fluorescein sodium staining. Tear secretion was quantified using the phenol red cotton thread method. Results Potassium efflux was observed to further facilitate corneal epithelial pyroptosis. KCNK5 exhibited upregulation in both in vivo and in vitro models of dry eye. The overexpression of KCNK5 was observed to induce potassium efflux and activate the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in vitro. Silencing KCNK5 effectively mitigated pyroptosis in dry eye. Additionally, the overexpression of KCNK5 results in the downregulation of TNF superfamily member 10 (TNFSF10) and subsequent impairment of autophagy. TNFSF10 supplementation could promote autophagy and mitigate pyroptosis in dry eye. Conclusions The upregulation of KCNK5 mediates TNFSF10 to impair autophagy and induce pyroptosis in dry eye. Consequently, targeting KCNK5 may represent a novel and promising approach to therapeutic intervention in the management of dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dalian He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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García-López C, Rodríguez-Calvo-de-Mora M, Borroni D, Sánchez-González JM, Romano V, Rocha-de-Lossada C. The role of matrix metalloproteinases in infectious corneal ulcers. Surv Ophthalmol 2023; 68:929-939. [PMID: 37352980 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
During infectious keratitis, the production of collagenolytic and inflammatory substances, along with increased corneal matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, induces the degradation of corneal collagen and may cause postkeratitis complications, such as opacity, thinning, and corneal perforation. MMPs, especially MMP-2 and MMP-9, are overexpressed in infectious keratitis and sustained over time by inflammatory and nonmicrobial mechanisms. The high MMP levels are correlated with excessive corneal destruction in bacterial, herpetic, fungal, and acanthamoeba infections. Nonspecific treatments, such as tetracyclines, particularly doxycycline, or corticosteroids, are used as adjuvants to antimicrobials to alleviate the disproportionate degradation and inflammation of the corneal layers caused by corneal MMPs and decrease the recruitment and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Treatments showing inhibition of specific MMPs (Galardin, ZHAWOC7726), interfering with pro-MMP activation (EDTA, ascorbic acid), or showing anticytokine effect (epigallocatechin-2-gallate, TRAM-34) have been reported. Other treatments show a direct action over corneal collagen structure such as corneal cross-linking or have been associated with reduction of MMP levels such as amniotic membrane grafting. Although the use of these drugs has been shown in studies to be effective in controlling inflammation, especially in experimental ones, robust studies are still needed based on randomized and randomized clinical trials to demonstrate their potential effect as adjuvants in the management of infectious keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia García-López
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Marina Rodríguez-Calvo-de-Mora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology (Qvision), Vithas Almería, Almería, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology, VITHAS Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Davide Borroni
- Department of Doctoral Studies, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia; Cornea Research Unit, ADVALIA Vision, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Vito Romano
- Eye Unit, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Eye Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Rocha-de-Lossada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology (Qvision), Vithas Almería, Almería, Spain; Department of Ophthalmology, VITHAS Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology Area, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Gupta S, Martin LM, Zhang E, Sinha PR, Landreneau J, Sinha NR, Hesemann NP, Mohan RR. Toxicological effects of ocular acrolein exposure to eyelids in rabbits in vivo. Exp Eye Res 2023; 234:109575. [PMID: 37451567 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Acrolein is a highly reactive volatile toxic chemical that injures the eyes and many organs. It has been used in wars and terrorism for wounding masses on multiple occasions and is readily accessible commercially. Our earlier studies revealed acrolein's toxicity to the cornea and witnessed damage to other ocular tissues. Eyelids play a vital role in keeping eyes mobile, moist, lubricated, and functional utilizing a range of diverse lipids produced by the Meibomian glands located in the upper and lower eyelids. This study sought to investigate acrolein's toxicity to eyelid tissues by studying the expression of inflammatory and lipid markers in rabbit eyes in vivo utilizing our reported vapor-cap model. The study was approved by the institutional animal care and use committees and followed ARVO guidelines. Twelve New Zealand White Rabbits were divided into 3 groups: Naïve (group 1), 1-min acrolein exposure (group 2), or 3-min acrolein exposure (group 3). The toxicological effects of acrolein on ocular health in live animals were monitored with regular clinical eye exams and intraocular pressure measurements and eyelid tissues post-euthanasia were subjected to H&E and Masson's trichrome histology and qRT-PCR analysis. Clinical eye examinations witnessed severely swollen eyelids, abnormal ocular discharge, chemosis, and elevated intraocular pressure (p < 0.001) in acrolein-exposed eyes. Histological studies supported clinical findings and exhibited noticeable changes in eyelid tissue morphology. Gene expression studies exhibited significantly increased expression of inflammatory and lipid mediators (LOX, PAF, Cox-2, and LTB4; p < 0.001) in acrolein-exposed eyelid tissues compared to naïve eyelid tissues. The results suggest that acrolein exposure to the eyes causes acute damage to eyelids by altering inflammatory and lipid mediators in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel Gupta
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Lynn M Martin
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Eric Zhang
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Prashant R Sinha
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - James Landreneau
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Nishant R Sinha
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Nathan P Hesemann
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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Liao K, Cui Z, Wang Z, Peng Y, Tang S, Chen J. Hyperosmolar Potassium Inhibits Corneal Myofibroblast Transformation and Prevent Corneal Scar. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:238-250. [PMID: 36149345 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2129072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Corneal myofibroblasts play a crucial role in the process of corneal scarring. Potassium has been documented to reduce skin scar tissue formation. Herein, we investigated the ability of potassium to prevent corneal fibrosis in cell culture and in vivo. METHODS Corneal fibroblasts (CFs) were isolated from the corneal limbus and treated with TGF-β1 to transform into corneal myofibroblasts. Corneal myofibroblast markers were detected by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. The contractive functions of corneal myofibroblast were evaluated by the scratch assay and the collagen gel contraction assay. RNA sequencing in corneal fibroblasts was performed to explore the mechanisms underlying hyperosmolar potassium treatment. GO and KEGG analysis were performed to explore the underlying mechanism by hyperosmolar potassium treatment. The ATP detection assay assessed the level of cell metabolism. KCl eye drops four times per day were administered to mice models of corneal injury to evaluate the ability to prevent corneal scar formation. Corneal opacity area was evaluated by Image J software. RESULTS Treatment with hyperosmolar potassium could suppress corneal myofibroblast transformation and collagen I synthesis induced by TGF-β1 in cell culture. Hyperosmolar potassium could inhibit wound healing and gel contraction in CFs. RNA sequencing results suggested that genes involved in the metabolic pathway were downregulated after KCl treatment. ATP levels were significantly decreased in the KCl group compared with the control group. Hyperosmolar potassium could prevent corneal myofibroblast transformation after corneal injury and corneal scar formation in mice. CONCLUSION Potassium can suppress corneal myofibroblast transformation and collagen I protein synthesis. Moreover, given that KCl eye drops can prevent corneal scar formation, it has been suggested to have huge prospects as a novel treatment approach during clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liao
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zekai Cui
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shibo Tang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiansu Chen
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Aier Eye Institute, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Yang GN, Roberts PK, Gardner-Russell J, Shah MH, Couper TA, Zhu Z, Pollock GA, Dusting GJ, Daniell M. From bench to clinic: Emerging therapies for corneal scarring. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 242:108349. [PMID: 36682466 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Corneal diseases are one of the leading causes of moderate-to-severe visual impairment and blindness worldwide, after glaucoma, cataract, and retinal disease in overall importance. Given its tendency to affect people at a younger age than other blinding conditions such as cataract and glaucoma, corneal scarring poses a huge burden both on the individuals and society. Furthermore, corneal scarring and fibrosis disproportionately affects people in poorer and remote areas, making it a significant ophthalmic public health problem. Traditional medical strategies, such as topical corticosteroids, are not effective in preventing fibrosis or scars. Corneal transplantation, the only effective sight-restoring treatment for corneal scars, is curbed by challenges including a severe shortage of tissue, graft rejection, secondary conditions, cultural barriers, the lack of well-trained surgeons, operating rooms, and well-equipped infrastructures. Thanks to tremendous research efforts, emerging therapeutic options including gene therapy, protein therapy, cell therapy and novel molecules are in development to prevent the progression of corneal scarring and compliment the surgical options currently available for treating established corneal scars in clinics. In this article, we summarise the most relevant preclinical and clinical studies on emerging therapies for corneal scarring in recent years, showing how these approaches may prevent scarring in its early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gink N Yang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne 3002, Australia.
| | - Philippe Ke Roberts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University Vienna, 18-20 Währinger Gürtel, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Jesse Gardner-Russell
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
| | - Manisha H Shah
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
| | - Terry A Couper
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne 3002, Australia; Lions Eye Donation Service, level 7, Smorgon Family Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Zhuoting Zhu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
| | - Graeme A Pollock
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne 3002, Australia; Lions Eye Donation Service, level 7, Smorgon Family Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Gregory J Dusting
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
| | - Mark Daniell
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, level 7, Peter Howson Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne 3002, Australia; Lions Eye Donation Service, level 7, Smorgon Family Wing, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
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Recent Advancements in Molecular Therapeutics for Corneal Scar Treatment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203310. [PMID: 36291182 PMCID: PMC9600986 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of corneal wound healing is complex and induces scar formation. Corneal scarring is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. The fibrotic healing of a major ocular wound disrupts the highly organized fibrillar collagen arrangement of the corneal stroma, rendering it opaque. The process of regaining this organized extracellular matrix (ECM) arrangement of the stromal layer to restore corneal transparency is complicated. The surface retention capacity of ocular drugs is poor, and there is a large gap between suitable corneal donors and clinical requirements. Therefore, a more efficient way of treating corneal scarring is needed. The eight major classes of interventions targeted as therapeutic tools for healing scarred corneas include those based on exosomes, targeted gene therapy, microRNAs, recombinant viral vectors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, bioactive molecules, growth factors, and nanotechnology. This review highlights the recent advancements in molecular therapeutics to restore a cornea without scarring. It also provides a scope to overcome the limitations of present studies and perform robust clinical research using these strategies.
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Gupta S, Fink MK, Kempuraj D, Sinha NR, Martin LM, Keele LM, Sinha PR, Giuliano EA, Hesemann NP, Raikwar SP, Chaurasia SS, Mohan RR. Corneal fibrosis abrogation by a localized AAV-mediated inhibitor of differentiation 3 (Id3) gene therapy in rabbit eyes in vivo. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3257-3269. [PMID: 35780298 PMCID: PMC9552811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we found that inhibitor of differentiation 3 (Id3) gene, a transcriptional repressor, efficiently inhibits corneal keratocyte differentiation to myofibroblasts in vitro. This study evaluated the potential of adeno-associated virus 5 (AAV5)-mediated Id3 gene therapy to treat corneal scarring using an established rabbit in vivo disease model. Corneal scarring/fibrosis in rabbit eyes was induced by alkali trauma, and 24 h thereafter corneas were administered with either balanced salt solution AAV5-naked vector, or AAV5-Id3 vector (n = 6/group) via an optimized reported method. Therapeutic effects of AAV5-Id3 gene therapy on corneal pathology and ocular health were evaluated with clinical, histological, and molecular techniques. Localized AAV5-Id3 gene therapy significantly inhibited corneal fibrosis/haze clinically from 2.7 to 0.7 on the Fantes scale in live animals (AAV5-naked versus AAV5-Id3; p < 0.001). Furthermore, AAV5-Id3 treatment significantly reduced profibrotic gene mRNA levels: α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) (2.8-fold; p < 0.001), fibronectin (3.2-fold; p < 0.001), collagen I (0.8-fold; p < 0.001), and collagen III (1.4-fold; p < 0.001), as well as protein levels of α-SMA (23.8%; p < 0.001) and collagens (1.8-fold; p < 0.001). The anti-fibrotic activity of AAV5-Id3 is attributed to reduced myofibroblast formation by disrupting the binding of E-box proteins to the promoter of α-SMA, a transforming growth factor-β signaling downstream target gene. In conclusion, these results indicate that localized AAV5-Id3 delivery in stroma caused no clinically relevant ocular symptoms or corneal cellular toxicity in the rabbit eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel Gupta
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Michael K Fink
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Nishant R Sinha
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Lynn M Martin
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Landon M Keele
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Prashant R Sinha
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Giuliano
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Nathan P Hesemann
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Shyam S Chaurasia
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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11
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Konken CP, Heßling K, Thale I, Schelhaas S, Dabel J, Maskri S, Bulk E, Budde T, Koch O, Schwab A, Schäfers M, Wünsch B. Imaging of the calcium activated potassium channel 3.1 (K Ca 3.1) in vivo using a senicapoc-derived positron emission tomography tracer. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200388. [PMID: 36161669 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-activated potassium channel 3.1 (KCa 3.1) is overexpressed in many tumor entities and has predictive power concerning disease progression and outcome. Imaging of the KCa 3.1 channel in vivo using a radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET) could therefore establish a potentially powerful diagnostic tool. Senicapoc shows high affinity and excellent selectivity toward the KCa 3.1 channel. We have successfully pursued the synthesis of the 18 F-labeled derivative [18 F]3 of senicapoc using the prosthetic group approach with 1-azido-2-[18 F]fluoroethane ([18 F]6) in a "click" reaction. The biological activity of the new PET tracer was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of the KCa 3.1 channel by 3 was demonstrated by patch clamp experiments and the binding pose was analyzed by docking studies. In mouse and human serum, [18 F]3 was stable for at least one half-life of [18 F]fluorine. Biodistribution experiments in wild-type mice were promising, showing rapid and predominantly renal excretion. An in vivo study using A549-based tumor-bearing mice was performed. The tumor signal could be delineated and image analysis showed a tumor-to-muscle ratio of 1.47 ± 0.24. The approach using 1-azido-2-[18 F]fluoroethane seems to be a good general strategy to achieve triarylacetamide-based fluorinated PET tracers for imaging of the KCa 3.1 channel in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Konken
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kathrin Heßling
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Insa Thale
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany.,GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sonja Schelhaas
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dabel
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sarah Maskri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany.,GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Etmar Bulk
- Institute for Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute for Physiology I, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Koch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany.,GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute for Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.,European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany.,GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
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12
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Corneal stromal repair and regeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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13
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Morotti M, Garofalo S, Cocozza G, Antonangeli F, Bianconi V, Mozzetta C, De Stefano ME, Capitani R, Wulff H, Limatola C, Catalano M, Grassi F. Muscle Damage in Dystrophic mdx Mice Is Influenced by the Activity of Ca2+-Activated KCa3.1 Channels. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040538. [PMID: 35455028 PMCID: PMC9025295 DOI: 10.3390/life12040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked disease, caused by a mutant dystrophin gene, leading to muscle membrane instability, followed by muscle inflammation, infiltration of pro-inflammatory macrophages and fibrosis. The calcium-activated potassium channel type 3.1 (KCa3.1) plays key roles in controlling both macrophage phenotype and fibroblast proliferation, two critical contributors to muscle damage. In this work, we demonstrate that pharmacological blockade of the channel in the mdx mouse model during the early degenerative phase favors the acquisition of an anti-inflammatory phenotype by tissue macrophages and reduces collagen deposition in muscles, with a concomitant reduction of muscle damage. As already observed with other treatments, no improvement in muscle performance was observed in vivo. In conclusion, this work supports the idea that KCa3.1 channels play a contributing role in controlling damage-causing cells in DMD. A more complete understanding of their function could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Morotti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (S.G.); (R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (S.G.); (R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Germana Cocozza
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (G.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Fabrizio Antonangeli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology-National Research Council (CNR), Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valeria Bianconi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology-National Research Council (CNR), Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Chiara Mozzetta
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology-National Research Council (CNR), Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Maria Egle De Stefano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Capitani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (S.G.); (R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (G.C.); (C.L.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Myriam Catalano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (S.G.); (R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Francesca Grassi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (S.G.); (R.C.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Fuchs AA, Balne PK, Giuliano EA, Sinha NR, Mohan RR. Evaluation of a novel combination of TRAM-34 and ascorbic acid for the treatment of corneal fibrosis in vivo. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262046. [PMID: 35007294 PMCID: PMC8746773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal injury and aberrant wound healing commonly result in corneal fibrosis and subsequent vision loss. Intermediate-conductance calmodulin/calcium-activated K+ channels (KCa3.1) have been shown to promote fibrosis in non-ocular and ocular tissues via upregulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). TRAM-34 is a selective inhibitor of KCa3.1 and reduces fibrosis by downregulation of TGFβ-induced transdifferentiation of stromal fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Ascorbic acid has been demonstrated to be effective in promoting corneal re-epithelialization and reduction of neovascularization via anti-VEGF and anti-MMP mechanisms. This study evaluates tolerability and efficacy of a novel combination of TRAM-34 (25μM) and ascorbic acid (10%) topical treatment for corneal fibrosis using an established in vivo rabbit model and conducting clinical eye examinations. Markers of corneal fibrosis were evaluated in all corneas at study endpoint via histopathology, immunofluorescence, and quantitative real-time PCR. The eyedrop treated eyes showed significantly improved clinical outcomes based on modified McDonald Shadduck scores, reduction of clinical haze on Fantes scores, and reduction of central corneal thickness (CCT). At cellular and molecular levels, eyedrop treatment also significantly reduced expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) mRNA and protein, collagen III mRNA, and fibronectin mRNA compared to non-treated eyes. Our study suggests that a tested new bimodal eyedrop is well tolerated and effectively reduces corneal fibrosis/haze in rabbits in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A. Fuchs
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Praveen K. Balne
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Giuliano
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nishant R. Sinha
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rajiv R. Mohan
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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15
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Brömmel K, Konken CP, Börgel F, Obeng-Darko H, Schelhaas S, Bulk E, Budde T, Schwab A, Schäfers M, Wünsch B. Synthesis and biological evaluation of PET tracers designed for imaging of calcium activated potassium channel 3.1 (K Ca3.1) channels in vivo. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30295-30304. [PMID: 35480282 PMCID: PMC9041111 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03850h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the Ca2+ activated potassium channel 3.1 (KCa3.1) channel (also known as the Gàrdos channel) is dysregulated in many tumor entities and has predictive power with respect to patient survival. Therefore, a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer targeting this ion channel could serve as a potential diagnostic tool by imaging the KCa3.1 channel in vivo. It was envisaged to synthesize [18F]senicapoc ([18F]1) since senicapoc (1) shows high affinity and excellent selectivity towards the KCa3.1 channels. Because problems occurred during 18F-fluorination, the [18F]fluoroethoxy senicapoc derivative [18F]28 was synthesized to generate an alternative PET tracer targeting the KCa3.1 channel. Inhibition of the KCa3.1 channel by 28 was confirmed by patch clamp experiments. In vitro stability in mouse and human serum was shown for 28. Furthermore, biodistribution experiments in wild type mice were performed. Since [18F]fluoride was detected in vivo after application of [18F]28, an in vitro metabolism study was conducted. A potential degradation route of fluoroethoxy derivatives in vivo was found which in general should be taken into account when designing new PET tracers for different targets with a [18F]fluoroethoxy moiety as well as when using the popular prosthetic group [18F]fluoroethyl tosylate for the alkylation of phenols. Expression of the Ca2+ activated potassium channel 3.1 (KCa3.1) channel (also known as the Gàrdos channel) is dysregulated in many tumor entities and has predictive power with respect to patient survival.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Brömmel
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster Corrensstraße 48 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Christian Paul Konken
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A1 D-48149 Münster Germany +49-8347363 +49-251-8344791
| | - Frederik Börgel
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster Corrensstraße 48 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Henry Obeng-Darko
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster Corrensstraße 48 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Sonja Schelhaas
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster Waldeyerstraße 15 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Etmar Bulk
- Institute for Physiology II, University Hospital Münster Robert-Koch-Straße 27b D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute for Physiology I, University Hospital Münster Robert-Koch-Straße 27a D-48149 Münster Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster Waldeyerstraße 15 D-84149 Münster Germany
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institute for Physiology II, University Hospital Münster Robert-Koch-Straße 27b D-48149 Münster Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster Waldeyerstraße 15 D-84149 Münster Germany
| | - Michael Schäfers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 Building A1 D-48149 Münster Germany +49-8347363 +49-251-8344791.,European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster Waldeyerstraße 15 D-48149 Münster Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster Waldeyerstraße 15 D-84149 Münster Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster Corrensstraße 48 D-48149 Münster Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Center, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster Waldeyerstraße 15 D-84149 Münster Germany
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16
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Tharp DL, Bowles DK. K Ca3.1 Inhibition Decreases Size and Alters Composition of Atherosclerotic Lesions Induced by Low, Oscillatory Flow. Artery Res 2021; 27:93-100. [PMID: 34457083 PMCID: PMC8388312 DOI: 10.2991/artres.k.210202.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low, oscillatory flow/shear patterns are associated with atherosclerotic lesion development. Increased expression of KCa3.1 has been found in Vascular Smooth Muscle (VSM), macrophages and T-cells in lesions from humans and mice. Increased expression of KCa3.1, is also required for VSM cell proliferation and migration. Previously, we showed that the specific KCa3.1 inhibitor, TRAM-34, could inhibit coronary neointimal development following balloon injury in swine. Atherosclerosis develops in regions with a low, oscillatory (i.e. atheroprone) flow pattern. Therefore, we used the Partial Carotid Ligation (PCL) model in high-fat fed, Apoe−/− mice to determine the role of KCa3.1 in atherosclerotic lesion composition and development. PCL was performed on 8–10 week old male Apoe−/− mice and subsequently placed on a Western diet (TD.88137, Teklad) for 4 weeks. Mice received daily s.c. injections of TRAM-34 (120 mg/kg) or equal volumes of vehicle (peanut oil, PO). 1-[(2-chlorophenyl) diphenylmethyl]-1H-pyrazole (TRAM-34) treatment reduced lesion size ~50% (p < 0.05). In addition, lesions from TRAM-34 treated mice contained less collagen (6% ± 1% vs. 15% ± 2%; p < 0.05), fibronectin (14% ± 3% vs. 32% ± 3%; p < 0.05) and smooth muscle content (19% ± 2% vs. 29% ± 3%; p < 0.05). Conversely, TRAM-34 had no effect on total cholesterol (1455 vs. 1334 mg/dl, PO and TRAM, resp.) or body weight (29.1 vs. 28.8 g, PO and TRAM, resp.). Medial smooth muscle of atherosclerotic carotids showed diminished RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor (REST)/Neural Restrictive Silencing Factor (NRSF) expression, while REST overexpression in vitro inhibited smooth muscle migration. Together, these data support a downregulation of REST/NRSF and upregulation of KCa3.1 in determining smooth muscle and matrix content of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darla L Tharp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, E102 Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Douglas K Bowles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, E102 Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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17
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Wong HL, Hung LT, Kwok SS, Bu Y, Lin Y, Shum HC, Wang H, Lo ACY, Yam GHF, Jhanji V, Shih KC, Chan YK. The anti-scarring role of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on cornea epithelial-stromal injury. Exp Eye Res 2021; 211:108747. [PMID: 34450184 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cornea epithelial-stromal scarring is related to the differentiation of fibroblasts into opaque myofibroblasts. Our study aims to assess the effectiveness of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) solution as a pre-treatment in minimizing corneal scarring. METHODS Human corneal fibroblasts were cultured in a three-dimensional collagen type I-based hydrogel in an eye-on-a-chip model. Fibroblasts were pre-treated with 2 mg/mL LBP for 24 h, followed by another 24-h incubation with 10 ng/mL transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) to induce relevant physiological events after stromal injury. Intracellular pro-fibrotic proteins, extracellular matrix proteins, and pro-inflammatory cytokines that involved in fibrosis, were assessed using immunocytochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Compared to the positive control TGF-β1 group, LBP pre-treated cells had a significantly lower expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, marker of myofibroblasts, vimentin (p < 0.05), and also extracellular matrix proteins both collagen type II and type III (p < 0.05) that can be found in scar tissues. Moreover, LBP pre-treated cells had a significantly lower secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 (p < 0.05). The cell-laden hydrogel contraction and stiffness showed no significant difference between LBP pre-treatment and control groups. Fibroblasts pretreated with LBP as well had reduced angiogenic factors expression and suppression of undesired proliferation (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results showed that LBP reduced both pro-fibrotic proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines on corneal injury in vitro. We suggest that LBP, as a natural Traditional Chinese Medicine, may potentially be a novel topical pre-treatment option prior to corneal refractive surgeries with an improved prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Lam Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Lap Tak Hung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Sum Sum Kwok
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yashan Bu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Hua Wang
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, China
| | - Amy Cheuk Yin Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Gary Hin Fai Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, USA
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, USA
| | - Kendrick Co Shih
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Yau Kei Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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18
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Alishahedani ME, Yadav M, McCann KJ, Gough P, Castillo CR, Matriz J, Myles IA. Therapeutic candidates for keloid scars identified by qualitative review of scratch assay research for wound healing. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253669. [PMID: 34143844 PMCID: PMC8213172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The scratch assay is an in vitro technique used to analyze cell migration, proliferation, and cell-to-cell interaction. In the assay, cells are grown to confluence and then ‘scratched’ with a sterile instrument. For the cells in the leading edge, the resulting polarity induces migration and proliferation in attempt to ‘heal’ the modeled wound. Keloid scars are known to have an accelerated wound closure phenotype in the scratch assay, representing an overactivation of wound healing. We performed a qualitative review of the recent literature searching for inhibitors of scratch assay activity that were already available in topical formulations under the hypothesis that such compounds may offer therapeutic potential in keloid treatment. Although several shortcomings in the scratch assay literature were identified, caffeine and allicin successfully inhibited the scratch assay closure and inflammatory abnormalities in the commercially available keloid fibroblast cell line. Caffeine and allicin also impacted ATP production in keloid cells, most notably with inhibition of non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption. The traditional Chinese medicine, shikonin, was also successful in inhibiting scratch closure but displayed less dramatic impacts on metabolism. Together, our results partially summarize the strengths and limitations of current scratch assay literature and suggest clinical assessment of the therapeutic potential for these identified compounds against keloid scars may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali E. Alishahedani
- Epithelial Therapeutics Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manoj Yadav
- Epithelial Therapeutics Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katelyn J. McCann
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Portia Gough
- Epithelial Therapeutics Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carlos R. Castillo
- Epithelial Therapeutics Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jobel Matriz
- Epithelial Therapeutics Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Myles
- Epithelial Therapeutics Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jhanji V, Billig I, Yam GHF. Cell-Free Biological Approach for Corneal Stromal Wound Healing. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671405. [PMID: 34122095 PMCID: PMC8193853 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal opacification is the fourth most common cause of blindness globally behind cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. The standard treatment of serious corneal scarring is corneal transplantation. Though it is effective for restoring vision, the treatment outcome is not optimal, due to limitations such as long-term graft survival, lifelong use of immunosuppressants, and a loss of corneal strength. Regulation of corneal stromal wound healing, along with inhibition or downregulation of corneal scarring is a promising approach to prevent corneal opacification. Pharmacological approaches have been suggested, however these are fraught with side effects. Tissue healing is an intricate process that involves cell death, proliferation, differentiation, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Current research on stromal wound healing is focused on corneal characteristics such as the immune response, angiogenesis, and cell signaling. Indeed, promising new technologies with the potential to modulate wound healing are under development. In this review, we provide an overview of cell-free strategies and some approaches under development that have the potential to control stromal fibrosis and scarring, especially in the context of early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Isabelle Billig
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Gary Hin-Fai Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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20
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Fuchs A, Giuliano EA, Sinha NR, Mohan RR. Ocular toxicity of mustard gas: A concise review. Toxicol Lett 2021; 343:21-27. [PMID: 33600921 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent that has been used throughout recent history and remains a threat today. Exposed soldiers and civilians experience a variety of symptoms primarily in the respiratory system, skin, and eyes. The ocular tissues are highly sensitive to damage by SM and undergo unique manifestations of acute, chronic, and delayed complications that can persist for months and years after exposure. The mechanisms of this unique mustard gas keratopathy are still not fully understood and animal models for the study of this disease are discussed. Recent advances in mechanisms of injury are included in this review. Ophthalmic manifestations of SM injury including persistent epithelial defects, limbal stem cell deficiency, corneal neovascularization, dry eye, and corneal opacification have been reported. A wide variety of medical and surgical therapies have been studied and are reviewed here along with potential future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Fuchs
- One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Giuliano
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Nishant R Sinha
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States; One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
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21
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Gao Q, Yang C, Meng L, Wang Z, Chen D, Peng Y, Yang K, Bian Z. Activated KCNQ1 channel promotes fibrogenic response in hereditary gingival fibromatosis via clustering and activation of Ras. J Periodontal Res 2020; 56:471-481. [PMID: 33381870 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Activated potassium channels were found to be strongly correlated with gingival overgrowth (GO) phenotype as we reviewed syndromic hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF). Nevertheless, the functional roles of potassium channels in gingival fibrosis or gingival overgrowth remained uncovered. The aim of the present study was to explore the pathogenic role of aberrantly activated potassium channel in Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis (HGF). METHODS Gingival tissues were collected from 9 HGF patients and 15 normal controls. Expression of KCNQ1 was detected by immunohistochemistry. Gingival fibroblasts were isolated, and outward K+ currents were detected by whole-cell patch-clamp analysis, transmembrane potential was determined by flow cytometry. Normal human gingival fibroblasts (NHGFs) were transfected with KCNQ1 adenovirus or treated with KCNQ1 selective agonist ML277 and antagonist chromanol 293B. Accumulation of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) was measured by Western blotting and Sircol Soluble Collagen Assay. Content of secreted TGF-β1 was measured by ELISA. Active RAS pull-down assay and cell immunofluorescence were utilized to verify RAS activation. RESULTS KCNQ1 was upregulated in gingival tissues derived from HGF patients and HGF gingival fibroblasts presented increased outward K+ currents than NHGFs. Overexpression of KCNQ1, or KCNQ1 agonist ML277, promoted fibrotic responses of NHGFs. TGF-β1 and KCNQ1 channels formed a positive feed-back loop. ML277 generated lateral clustering and activation of Ras on plasma membrane, followed by augmented MAPK/AP-1 signaling pathway output. JNK or ERK1/2 inhibitors suppressed ML277-induced AP-1 and ECM upregulation. CONCLUSION Activation of KCNQ1 potassium channel promoted fibrogenic responses in NHGFs via Ras/MAPK/AP-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chengcan Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liuyan Meng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ziming Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kai Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuan Bian
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Kamil S, Mohan RR. Corneal stromal wound healing: Major regulators and therapeutic targets. Ocul Surf 2020; 19:290-306. [PMID: 33127599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Corneal stromal wound healing is a complex event that occurs to restore the transparency of an injured cornea. It involves immediate apoptosis of keratocytes followed by their activation, proliferation, migration, and trans-differentiation to myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts contract to close the wound and secrete extracellular matrix and proteinases to remodel it. Released proteinases may degenerate the basement membrane allowing an influx of cytokines from overlying epithelium. Immune cells infiltrate the wound to clear cellular debris and prevent infections. Gradually basement membrane regenerates, myofibroblasts and immune cells disappear, abnormal matrix is resorbed, and transparency of the cornea is restored. Often this cascade deregulates and corneal opacity results. Factors that prevent corneal opacity after an injury have always intrigued the researchers. They hold clinical relevance as they can guide the outcomes of corneal surgeries. Studies in the past have shed light on the role of various factors in stromal healing. TGFβ (transforming growth factor-beta) signaling is the central player guiding stromal responses. Other major regulators include myofibroblasts, basement membrane, collagen fibrils, small leucine-rich proteoglycans, biophysical cues, proteins derived from extracellular matrix, and membrane channels. The knowledge about their roles helped to develop novel therapies to prevent corneal opacity. This article reviews the role of major regulators that determine the outcome of stromal healing. It also discusses emerging therapies that modulate the role of these regulators to prevent stromal opacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeeh Kamil
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; One-Health Vision Research Program, Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; One-Health Vision Research Program, Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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23
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Amador-Muñoz D, Gutiérrez ÁM, Payán-Gómez C, Matheus LM. In silico and in vitro analysis of cation-activated potassium channels in human corneal endothelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2020; 197:108114. [PMID: 32561484 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The corneal endothelium is the inner cell monolayer involved in the maintenance of corneal transparence by the generation of homeostatic dehydration. The glycosaminoglycans of the corneal stroma develop a continuous swelling pressure that should be counteracted by the corneal endothelial cells through active transport mechanisms to move the water to the anterior chamber. Protein transporters for sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) are involved in this endothelial "pump function", however despite its physiological importance, the efflux mechanism is not completely understood. There is experimental evidence describing transendothelial diffusion of water in the absence of osmotic gradients. Therefore, it is important to get a deeper understanding of alternative models that drive the fluid transport across the endothelium such as the electrochemical gradients. Three transcriptomic datasets of the corneal endothelium were used in this study to analyze the expression of genes that encode proteins that participate in the transport and the reestablishment of the membrane potential across the semipermeable endothelium. Subsequently, the expression of the identified channels was validated in vitro both at mRNA and protein levels. The results of this study provide the first evidence of the expression of KCNN2, KCNN3 and KCNT2 genes in the corneal endothelium. Differences among the level of expression of KCNN2, KCNT2 and KCNN4 genes were found in a differentially expressed gene analysis of the dataset. Taken together these results underscore the potential importance of the ionic channels in the pathophysiology of corneal diseases. Moreover, we elucidate novel mechanisms that might be involved in the pivotal dehydrating function of the endothelium and in others physiologic functions of these cells using in silico pathways analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amador-Muñoz
- Neuroscience (NEUROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63 C 69, P.O 111221, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Ángela María Gutiérrez
- Escuela Superior de Oftalmología, Instituto Barraquer de América, Calle 100 No. 18 A 51, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - César Payán-Gómez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63 C 69, Bogotá, P.O 111221, Colombia.
| | - Luisa Marina Matheus
- Neuroscience (NEUROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63 C 69, P.O 111221, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Barrientez B, Nicholas SE, Whelchel A, Sharif R, Hjortdal J, Karamichos D. Corneal injury: Clinical and molecular aspects. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107709. [PMID: 31238077 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Currently, over 10 million people worldwide are affected by corneal blindness. Corneal trauma and disease can cause irreversible distortions to the normal structure and physiology of the cornea often leading to corneal transplantation. However, donors are in short supply and risk of rejection is an ever-present concern. Although significant progress has been made in recent years, the wound healing cascade remains complex and not fully understood. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are currently at the apex of investigation in the pursuit of novel corneal therapeutics. This review uniquely integrates the clinical and cellular aspects of both corneal trauma and disease and provides a comprehensive view of the most recent findings and potential therapeutics aimed at restoring corneal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brayden Barrientez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Sarah E Nicholas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Amy Whelchel
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Rabab Sharif
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jesper Hjortdal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dimitrios Karamichos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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Pethő Z, Najder K, Bulk E, Schwab A. Mechanosensitive ion channels push cancer progression. Cell Calcium 2019; 80:79-90. [PMID: 30991298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In many cases, the mechanical properties of a tumor are different from those of the host tissue. Mechanical cues regulate cancer development by affecting both tumor cells and their microenvironment, by altering cell migration, proliferation, extracellular matrix remodeling and metastatic spread. Cancer cells sense mechanical stimuli such as tissue stiffness, shear stress, tissue pressure of the extracellular space (outside-in mechanosensation). These mechanical cues are transduced into a cellular response (e. g. cell migration and proliferation; inside-in mechanotransduction) or to a response affecting the microenvironment (e. g. inducing a fibrosis or building up growth-induced pressure; inside-out mechanotransduction). These processes heavily rely on mechanosensitive membrane proteins, prominently ion channels. Mechanosensitive ion channels are involved in the Ca2+-signaling of the tumor and stroma cells, both directly, by mediating Ca2+ influx (e. g. Piezo and TRP channels), or indirectly, by maintaining the electrochemical gradient necessary for Ca2+ influx (e. g. K2P, KCa channels). This review aims to discuss the diverse roles of mechanosenstive ion channels in cancer progression, especially those involved in Ca2+-signaling, by pinpointing their functional relevance in tumor pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Pethő
- Institut für Physiologie II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Karolina Najder
- Institut für Physiologie II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Etmar Bulk
- Institut für Physiologie II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institut für Physiologie II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Mohan RR, Tripathi R, Sharma A, Sinha PR, Giuliano EA, Hesemann NP, Chaurasia SS. Decorin antagonizes corneal fibroblast migration via caveolae-mediated endocytosis of epidermal growth factor receptor. Exp Eye Res 2019; 180:200-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Castro N, Gillespie SR, Bernstein AM. Ex Vivo Corneal Organ Culture Model for Wound Healing Studies. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30829330 PMCID: PMC7641194 DOI: 10.3791/58562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea has been used extensively as a model system to study wound healing. The ability to generate and utilize primary mammalian cells in two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) culture has generated a wealth of information not only about corneal biology but also about wound healing, myofibroblast biology, and scarring in general. The goal of the protocol is an assay system for quantifying myofibroblast development, which characterizes scarring. We demonstrate a corneal organ culture ex vivo model using pig eyes. In this anterior keratectomy wound, corneas still in the globe are wounded with a circular blade called a trephine. A plug of approximately 1/3 of the anterior cornea is removed including the epithelium, the basement membrane, and the anterior part of the stroma. After wounding, corneas are cut from the globe, mounted on a collagen/agar base, and cultured for two weeks in supplemented-serum free medium with stabilized vitamin C to augment cell proliferation and extracellular matrix secretion by resident fibroblasts. Activation of myofibroblasts in the anterior stroma is evident in the healed cornea. This model can be used to assay wound closure, the development of myofibroblasts and fibrotic markers, and for toxicology studies. In addition, the effects of small molecule inhibitors as well as lipid-mediated siRNA transfection for gene knockdown can be tested in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nileyma Castro
- Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University
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Lei ZY, Chen JJ, Cao ZJ, Ao MZ, Yu LJ. Efficacy of Aeschynomene indica L. leaves for wound healing and isolation of active constituent. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 228:156-163. [PMID: 30107245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In traditional Chinese medicine, the aerial parts of Aeschynomene indica L. (AIL) have been used for wound healing, and to treat urinary tract infection, hepatitis, enteritis, dysentery, nyctalopia, conjunctivitis, urticaria, and furuncle. However, no scientific investigation has been conducted on its wound healing potential. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effects of AIL extract on wound healing, isolate the active constituent and reveal the possible mechanism of enhancing wound healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS The circular excision wound healing model was used to evaluate in vivo wound-healing activity. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was applied to assess inflammatory cells infiltration, angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, collagen remodeling, and skin appendages generation. Sirius red-picric acid staining was employed for quantitative analysis of the ratio of collagen I/III. Immunohistochemical staining for CD68, CCR7 (CD197), CD163, TGF-β1 and α-SMA was performed to determine macrophages phenotypes transition (M1-to-M2) and prove the scar-improving effect of AIL on wound healing. RESULTS We successfully isolated the active constituent (Sub-Fr0.2) for wound healing from AIL extract, circular excision wound healing experiment and hematoxylin & eosin staining showed Sub-Fr0.2 has a significant promoting effect on wound healing. Results of sirius red-picric acid staining demonstrated a reduced ratio of collagen I/III in the Sub-Fr0.2 group as compared with the vehicle group. Immunohistochemical staining for CD68, CCR7 (CD197), and CD163 in the Sub-Fr0.2 group exhibited an elevated speed of macrophages transiting from M1 phenotype to M2 phenotype, when compared with the vehicle group. Besides, the expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA were inhibited on wounds treated with the ointment containing Sub-Fr0.2. CONCLUSION Leaves of AIL and its active constituent (Sub-Fr0.2) effectively promoted wound healing and reduced scar formation, this efficacy might be exerted by accelerating macrophages phenotypes transition and inhibiting TGF-β1 and α-SMA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Lei
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jing-Jing Chen
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ming-Zhang Ao
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Long-Jiang Yu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Matsui M, Kajikuri J, Kito H, Endo K, Hasegawa Y, Murate S, Ohya S. Inhibition of Interleukin 10 Transcription through the SMAD2/3 Signaling Pathway by Ca2+-Activated K+Channel KCa3.1 Activation in Human T-Cell Lymphoma HuT-78 Cells. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:294-302. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Phua JL, Hou A, Lui YS, Bose T, Chandy GK, Tong L, Venkatraman S, Huang Y. Topical Delivery of Senicapoc Nanoliposomal Formulation for Ocular Surface Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2977. [PMID: 30274277 PMCID: PMC6213297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical ophthalmologic treatments have been facing great challenges with main limitations of low drug bioavailability, due to highly integrative defense mechanisms of the eye. This study rationally devised strategies to increase drug bioavailability by increasing ocular surface residence time of drug-loaded nanoliposomes dispersed within thermo-sensitive hydrogels (Pluronic F-127). Alternatively, we utilized sub-conjunctival injections as a depot technique to localize nanoliposomes. Senicapoc was encapsulated and sustainably released from free nanoliposomes and hydrogels formulations in vitro. Residence time increased up to 12-fold (60 min) with 24% hydrogel formulations, as compared to 5 min for free liposomes, which was observed in the eyes of Sprague-Dawley rats using fluorescence measurements. Pharmacokinetic results obtained from flushed tears, also showed that the hydrogels had greater drug retention capabilities to that of topical viscous solutions for up to 60 min. Senicapoc also remained quantifiable within sub-conjunctival tissues for up to 24 h post-injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liang Phua
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Aihua Hou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
| | - Yuan Siang Lui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Tanima Bose
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
| | | | - Louis Tong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore 168751, Singapore.
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Subbu Venkatraman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Yingying Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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Matsui M, Terasawa K, Kajikuri J, Kito H, Endo K, Jaikhan P, Suzuki T, Ohya S. Histone Deacetylases Enhance Ca 2+-Activated K⁺ Channel K Ca3.1 Expression in Murine Inflammatory CD4⁺ T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102942. [PMID: 30262728 PMCID: PMC6213394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The up-regulated expression of the Ca2+-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 in inflammatory CD4+ T cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) through the enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ). However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. The objective of the present study is to clarify the involvement of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the up-regulation of KCa3.1 in the CD4+ T cells of IBD model mice. The expression levels of KCa3.1 and its regulators, such as function-modifying molecules and transcription factors, were quantitated using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, Western blotting, and depolarization responses, which were induced by the selective KCa3.1 blocker TRAM-34 (1 μM) and were measured using a voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye imaging system. The treatment with 1 μM vorinostat, a pan-HDAC inhibitor, for 24 h repressed the transcriptional expression of KCa3.1 in the splenic CD4+ T cells of IBD model mice. Accordingly, TRAM-34-induced depolarization responses were significantly reduced. HDAC2 and HDAC3 were significantly up-regulated in the CD4+ T cells of IBD model mice. The down-regulated expression of KCa3.1 was observed following treatments with the selective inhibitors of HDAC2 and HDAC3. The KCa3.1 K+ channel regulates inflammatory cytokine production in CD4+ T cells, mediating epigenetic modifications by HDAC2 and HDAC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Matsui
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Terasawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Junko Kajikuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kito
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Endo
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Pattaporn Jaikhan
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 403-8334, Japan.
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 403-8334, Japan.
| | - Susumu Ohya
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
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