1
|
Hao CL, Arken K, Kadir M, Zhang WR, Rong MJ, Wei NW, Liu YJ, Yue C. The complete mitochondrial genomes of Paradiplozoon yarkandense and Paradiplozoon homoion confirm that Diplozoidae evolve at an elevated rate. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:149. [PMID: 35477556 PMCID: PMC9044634 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diplozoidae are monogenean (Monogenea: Polyopisthocotylea) fish parasites characterised by a unique life history: two larvae permanently fuse into an X-shaped "Siamese" organism. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Diplozoidae and Polyopisthocotylea remain unresolved due to the unavailability of molecular markers with sufficiently high resolution. Mitogenomes may be a suitable candidate, but there are currently only 12 available for the Polyopisthocotylea (three for Diplozoidae). The only available study of diplozoid mitogenomes found unique base composition patterns and elevated evolution rates in comparison with other Monogenean mitogenomes. METHODS To further explore their evolution and generate molecular data for evolutionary studies, we sequenced the complete mitogenomes of two Diplozoidae species, Paradiplozoon homoion and Paradiplozoon yarkandense, and conducted a number of comparative mitogenomic analyses with other polyopisthocotyleans. RESULTS We found further evidence that mitogenomes of Diplozoidae evolve at a unique, elevated rate, which was reflected in their exceptionally long branches, large sizes, unique base composition, skews, and very low gene sequence similarity levels between the two newly sequenced species. They also exhibited remarkably large overlaps between some genes. Phylogenetic analysis of Polyopisthocotylea resolved all major taxa as monophyletic, and Mazocraeidea was split into two major clades: (Diplozoidae) + (all four remaining families: Diclidophoridae, Chauhaneidae, Mazocraeidae and Microcotylidae). It also provided further confirmation that the genus Paradiplozoon is paraphyletic and requires a taxonomic revision, so the two species may have to be renamed Indodiplozoon homoion and Diplozoon yarkandense comb. nov. CONCLUSIONS Although our findings indicate that mitogenomes may be a promising tool for resolving the phylogeny of Polyopisthocotylea, elevated evolutionary rates of Diplozoidae may cause phylogenetic artefacts, so future studies should pay caution to this problem. Furthermore, as the reason for their elevated evolution remains unknown, Diplozoidae are a remarkably interesting lineage for other types of evolutionary mitogenomic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Lan Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kadirden Arken
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Munira Kadir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wen-Run Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Meng-Jie Rong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nian-Wen Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Cheng Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tkach VV. Presidential Address: Parasitology and Technology: A Perfect Symbiosis. J Parasitol 2021. [DOI: 10.1645/21-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl V. Tkach
- Biology Department, University of North Dakota, 10 Cornell Street, Stop 9019, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9019
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Valigurová A, Vaškovicová N, Gelnar M, Kováčiková M, Hodová I. Eudiplozoon nipponicum: morphofunctional adaptations of diplozoid monogeneans for confronting their host. BMC ZOOL 2021; 6:23. [PMID: 37170182 PMCID: PMC10127055 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-021-00087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Monogeneans, in general, show a range of unique adaptations to a parasitic lifestyle, making this group enormously diverse. Due to their unique biological properties, diplozoid monogeneans represent an attractive model group for various investigations on diverse biological interactions. However, despite numerous studies, there are still gaps in our knowledge of diplozoid biology and morphofunctional adaptations.
Results
In this study, we provide a comprehensive microscopic analysis of systems/structures involved in niche searching, sensing and self-protection against the host environment, and excretory/secretory processes in Eudiplozoon nipponicum. Freeze-etching enabled us to detect syncytium organisational features not visible by TEM alone, such as the presence of a membrane subjacent to the apical plasma membrane (separated by a dense protein layer) and a lack of basal plasma membrane. We located several types of secretory/excretory vesicles and bodies, including those attached to the superficial membranes of the tegument. Giant unicellular glands were seen accumulating predominantly in the apical forebody and hindbody haptor region. Muscle layer organisation differed from that generally described, with the outer circular and inner longitudinal muscles being basket-like interwoven by diagonal muscles with additional perpendicular muscles anchored to the tegument. Abundant muscles within the tegumentary ridges were detected, which presumably assist in fixing the parasite between the gill lamellae. Freeze-etching, alongside transmission electron and confocal microscopy with tubulin labelling, enabled visualisation of the protonephridia and nervous system, including the peripheral network and receptor innervation. Three types of receptor were identified: 1) uniciliated sensory endings with a subtle (or missing) tegumentary rim, 2) obviously raised uniciliated receptors with a prominent tegumentary rim (packed with massive innervation and muscles) and 3) non-ciliated papillae (restricted to the hindbody lateral region).
Conclusions
This study points to specific morphofunctional adaptations that have evolved in diplozoid monogeneans to confront their fish host. We clearly demonstrate that the combination of different microscopic techniques is beneficial and can reveal hidden differences, even in much-studied model organisms such as E. nipponicum.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pimentel-Acosta CA, Ramírez-Salcedo J, Morales-Serna FN, Fajer-Ávila EJ, Chávez-Sánchez C, Lara HH, García-Gasca A. Molecular Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Monogenean Parasites: Lessons from Caenorhabditis elegans. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165889. [PMID: 32824343 PMCID: PMC7460582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of action of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in monogenean parasites of the genus Cichlidogyrus were investigated through a microarray hybridization approach using genomic information from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The effects of two concentrations of AgNPs were explored, low (6 µg/L Ag) and high (36 µg/L Ag). Microarray analysis revealed that both concentrations of AgNPs activated similar biological processes, although by different mechanisms. Expression profiles included genes involved in detoxification, neurotoxicity, modulation of cell signaling, reproduction, embryonic development, and tegument organization as the main biological processes dysregulated by AgNPs. Two important processes (DNA damage and cell death) were mostly activated in parasites exposed to the lower concentration of AgNPs. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing information on the sub-cellular and molecular effects of exposure to AgNPs in metazoan parasites of fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Citlalic A. Pimentel-Acosta
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Unidad Mazatlán en Acuicultura y Manejo Ambiental, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82112, Mexico; (C.A.P.-A.); (F.N.M.-S.); (E.J.F.-Á.); (C.C.-S.)
| | - Jorge Ramírez-Salcedo
- Unidad de Microarreglos, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Francisco Neptalí Morales-Serna
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Unidad Mazatlán en Acuicultura y Manejo Ambiental, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82112, Mexico; (C.A.P.-A.); (F.N.M.-S.); (E.J.F.-Á.); (C.C.-S.)
- CONACYT, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Unidad Mazatlán en Acuicultura y Manejo Ambiental, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82112, Mexico
| | - Emma J. Fajer-Ávila
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Unidad Mazatlán en Acuicultura y Manejo Ambiental, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82112, Mexico; (C.A.P.-A.); (F.N.M.-S.); (E.J.F.-Á.); (C.C.-S.)
| | - Cristina Chávez-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Unidad Mazatlán en Acuicultura y Manejo Ambiental, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82112, Mexico; (C.A.P.-A.); (F.N.M.-S.); (E.J.F.-Á.); (C.C.-S.)
| | - Humberto H. Lara
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
| | - Alejandra García-Gasca
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Unidad Mazatlán en Acuicultura y Manejo Ambiental, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82112, Mexico; (C.A.P.-A.); (F.N.M.-S.); (E.J.F.-Á.); (C.C.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-66-9989-8700
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Teo BG, Dhillon SK. An automated 3D modeling pipeline for constructing 3D models of MONOGENEAN HARDPART using machine learning techniques. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:658. [PMID: 31870297 PMCID: PMC6929343 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying structural and functional morphology of small organisms such as monogenean, is difficult due to the lack of visualization in three dimensions. One possible way to resolve this visualization issue is to create digital 3D models which may aid researchers in studying morphology and function of the monogenean. However, the development of 3D models is a tedious procedure as one will have to repeat an entire complicated modelling process for every new target 3D shape using a comprehensive 3D modelling software. This study was designed to develop an alternative 3D modelling approach to build 3D models of monogenean anchors, which can be used to understand these morphological structures in three dimensions. This alternative 3D modelling approach is aimed to avoid repeating the tedious modelling procedure for every single target 3D model from scratch. RESULT An automated 3D modeling pipeline empowered by an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was developed. This automated 3D modelling pipeline enables automated deformation of a generic 3D model of monogenean anchor into another target 3D anchor. The 3D modelling pipeline empowered by ANN has managed to automate the generation of the 8 target 3D models (representing 8 species: Dactylogyrus primaries, Pellucidhaptor merus, Dactylogyrus falcatus, Dactylogyrus vastator, Dactylogyrus pterocleidus, Dactylogyrus falciunguis, Chauhanellus auriculatum and Chauhanellus caelatus) of monogenean anchor from the respective 2D illustrations input without repeating the tedious modelling procedure. CONCLUSIONS Despite some constraints and limitation, the automated 3D modelling pipeline developed in this study has demonstrated a working idea of application of machine learning approach in a 3D modelling work. This study has not only developed an automated 3D modelling pipeline but also has demonstrated a cross-disciplinary research design that integrates machine learning into a specific domain of study such as 3D modelling of the biological structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bee Guan Teo
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Data Science and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sarinder Kaur Dhillon
- Data Science and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chmúrčiaková N, Kašný M, Orosová M. Cytogenetics of Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Monogenea, Diplozoidae): Karyotype, spermatocyte division and 18S rDNA location. Parasitol Int 2019; 76:102031. [PMID: 31770588 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ectoparasitic monogeneans of the family Diplozoidae have direct and monoxenous life cycle. The cytogenetics of monogeneans in general and diplozoids in particular, is a relatively underexplored area. This is why each new detailed description of a karyotype provides significant information about the evolution of monogenean chromosomes and contributes to a better understanding of phylogenetic relationships within this group. This study offers new data on the chromosomes of Eudiplozoon nipponicum, an invasive parasite of the common carp. This species' karyotype consists of seven pairs of telocentric chromosomes (2n = 14 t). After DAPI staining, we marked heterochromatin blocks on all chromosomes in the pericentromeric region. Silver staining (AgNO3) and staining with fluorescent dye YOYO-1 revealed the presence of one large active nucleolus. Fluorescent in situ hybridization with an 18S rDNA probe revealed one cluster of ribosomal genes at the terminal part of the long arms of chromosome pair No. 7. We compared our results with studies on the phylogenetic relationships of diplozoids which applied a combination of molecular methods and classical morphological characterization and found that the results of our cytogenetic analysis are consistent with the hypothesis that E. nipponicum is more basal member of the family Diplozoidae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Chmúrčiaková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kašný
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Orosová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mochalova NV, Terenina NB, Poddubnaya LG, Yashin VA, Kuchin AV, Kreshchenko ND. First evidence of serotoninergic components in the nervous system of the monogenean Chimaericola leptogaster (Chimaericolidae, Polyopisthocotylea), a gill parasite of the relict holocephalan fish. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2019; 66. [PMID: 31366737 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2019.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The localisation and distribution of the serotoninergic nerve elements was studied for the first time in the flatworm Chimaericola leptogaster (Leuckart, 1830) using immunocytochemical methodology and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The musculature was investigated by histochemical staining of actin filaments; scanning electron microscopy was used to identify the sensory structures on the worm's surface. Uniciliated, bi-ciliated and multiciliated sensory endings have been described on the worm's surface. The morphological data demonstrate the presence of circular, longitudinal and diagonal muscles that comprise the musculature of C. leptogaster in the anterior, median and posterior body regions. Well-developed radial and circular muscle fibres were also observed surrounding the genital pore, two vaginae and in clumps of the haptor. The study revealed the presence of biogenic amine, serotonin, in the central and peripheral nervous systems of C. leptogaster: in the neurons and fibres of the cephalic ganglia and ventral nerve cord, in the innervation of reproductive system compartments. The localised sites of the serotoninergic elements point to important roles of serotonin in monogenean reproductive processes and, possibly, in the regulation of muscle function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalya V Mochalova
- Centre of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda B Terenina
- Centre of Parasitology, А.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Larisa G Poddubnaya
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Yaroslavl Province, Russia
| | - Valery A Yashin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Andrei V Kuchin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Natalya D Kreshchenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Efficacy of silver nanoparticles against the adults and eggs of monogenean parasites of fish. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1741-1749. [PMID: 31049694 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Monogeneans are a diverse group of parasites that are commonly found on fish. Some monogenean species are highly pathogenic to cultured fish. The present study aimed to determine the in vitro anthelmintic effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against adults and eggs of monogeneans in freshwater using Cichlidogyrus spp. as a model organism. We tested two types of AgNPs with different synthesis methodologies and size diameters: ARGOVIT (35 nm) and UTSA (1-3 nm) nanoparticles. Damage to the parasite tegument was observed by scanning electron microscopy. UTSA AgNPs were more effective than ARGOVIT; in both cases, there was a concentration-dependent effect. A concentration of 36 μg/L UTSA AgNPs for 1 h was 100% effective against eggs and adult parasites, causing swelling, loss of corrugations, and disruption of the parasite's tegument. This is an interesting result considering that monogenean eggs are typically tolerant to antiparasite drugs and chemical agents. To the best of our knowledge, no previous reports have assessed the effect of AgNPs on any metazoan parasites of fish. Therefore, the present work provides a basis for future research on the control of fish parasite diseases.
Collapse
|