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Kwon V, Cai P, Dixon CT, Hamlin V, Spencer CG, Rojas AM, Hamilton M, Shiau CE. Peripheral NOD-like receptor deficient inflammatory macrophages trigger neutrophil infiltration into the brain disrupting daytime locomotion. Commun Biol 2022; 5:464. [PMID: 35577844 PMCID: PMC9110401 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is known to disrupt normal behavior, yet the underlying neuroimmune interactions remain elusive. Here, we investigated whether inappropriate macrophage-evoked inflammation alters CNS control of daily-life animal locomotion using a set of zebrafish mutants selected for specific macrophage dysfunction and microglia deficiency. Large-scale genetic and computational analyses revealed that NOD-like receptor nlrc3l mutants are capable of normal motility and visuomotor response, but preferentially swim less in the daytime, suggesting possible low motivation rather than physical impairment. Examining their brain activities and structures implicates impaired dopaminergic descending circuits, where neutrophils abnormally infiltrate. Furthermore, neutrophil depletion recovered daytime locomotion. Restoring wild-type macrophages reversed behavioral and neutrophil aberrations, while three other microglia-lacking mutants failed to phenocopy nlrc3l mutants. Overall, we reveal how peripheral inflammatory macrophages with elevated pro-inflammatory cues (including il1β, tnfα, cxcl8a) in the absence of microglia co-opt neutrophils to infiltrate the brain, thereby potentially enabling local circuitry modulation affecting daytime locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Kwon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peiwen Cai
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cameron T Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victoria Hamlin
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Caroline G Spencer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alison M Rojas
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Hamilton
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Celia E Shiau
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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Graves CL, Chen A, Kwon V, Shiau CE. Zebrafish harbor diverse intestinal macrophage populations including a subset intimately associated with enteric neural processes. iScience 2021; 24:102496. [PMID: 34142024 PMCID: PMC8185245 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal macrophages are essential for gut health but remain understudied outside of human and mouse systems. Here, we establish zebrafish as a powerful model that provides superior imaging capabilities for whole-gut analysis along all dimensions (anterior-posterior and center-outer axes) for dissecting macrophage biology in gastrointestinal health and disease. We utilized high-resolution imaging to show that the zebrafish gut contains bona fide muscularis and mucosal macrophages, as well as surprisingly large subsets intimately associated with enteric neural processes. Interestingly, most muscularis macrophages span multiple gut layers in stark contrast to their mammalian counterparts typically restricted to a single layer. Using macrophage-deficient irf8 zebrafish, we found a depletion of muscularis but not mucosal macrophages, and that they may be dispensable for gross intestinal transit in adults but not during development. These characterizations provide first insights into intestinal macrophages and their association with the enteric nervous system from development to adulthood in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Graves
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Angela Chen
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Victoria Kwon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Celia E. Shiau
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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3
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Liu Z, Yuan M, Meng X, Bie H, Yao S. Identification of testicular Foxq1 as a critical modulator of lactate metabolism in mouse Sertoli cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 156:227-237. [PMID: 34091745 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-01994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Postmeiotic germ cells require the lactate produced by the adjacent Sertoli cells (SCs) as their sole energy fuels. Lactate production in SCs is elaborately regulated by monitoring the transcription of the lactate dehydrogenase A (Ldha) gene. However, the transcription factors that are responsible for the control of Ldha transcription in SCs remain ill defined. Herein, the expression of forkhead box Q1 (FOXQ1), a central modulator of glucose metabolism in liver, was demonstrated in mouse testis throughout postnatal development, with maximum levels in adult specimens. At this age, FOXQ1 was immunolocalized in the nuclei of the functionally mature SCs. Testicular levels of FOXQ1 were overtly modulated by germ cells (GCs)-derived IL-1α, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. To further clarify the biological functions of FOXQ1, we disrupted the mouse Foxq1 gene using a Cas9/RNA-mediated gene targeting strategy. Foxq1-/- males were subfertile and showed oligoasthenozoospermia due to lactate deficiency. Moreover, we provided the molecular evidence that FOXQ1 may regulate lactate production by directly targeting the transactivation of the Ldha gene in SCs. From a functional standpoint, overexpression of the exogenous Ldha ameliorated Foxq1 deficiency-impaired lactate synthesis in the SCsFoxq1-/- cells. Thus, these findings collectively underscore a reproductive facet of this recently characterized transcription factor, which may operate as a novel transcriptional integrator linking energy homeostasis and nursery function in SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetao Liu
- Department of Urology, Qingdao No. 3 People's Hospital, Qingdao, 266041, China
| | - Mingyou Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiangxiang Meng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Rizhao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rizhao, 276800, China
| | - Haiwen Bie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Rizhao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rizhao, 276800, China
| | - Shaobo Yao
- Department of Pathology, Linyi Cancer Hospital, No. 6 Lingyuan East Rd., Linyi, 276034, China.
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Rojas AM, Shiau CE. Brain-localized and Intravenous Microinjections in the Larval Zebrafish to Assess Innate Immune Response. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3978. [PMID: 33889672 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating a robust and controlled infection model is imperative for studying the innate immune response. Leveraging the particular strengths of the zebrafish model system, such as optical transparency, ex utero development, and large clutch size, allows for the development of methods that yield consistent and reproducible results. We created a robust model for activation of innate immunity by microinjecting bacterial particles or live bacteria into larval zebrafish, unlike previous studies which largely restricted such manipulations to embryonic stages of zebrafish. The ability to introduce stimuli locally or systemically at larval stages provides significant advantages to examine host response in more mature tissues as well as the possibility to interrogate adaptive immunity at older larval stages. This protocol describes two distinct modes of microinjection to introduce lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or bacteria into the living larval zebrafish: one localized to the brain, and another into the bloodstream via the caudal vein plexus. Graphic abstract: Schematic shows the two distinct modes of larval zebrafish microinjection, either in the brain parenchyma or in the blood stream intravenously. Reagents introduced into the zebrafish to assess immune response are depicted in the "injection components" as described in the protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Rojas
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Celia E Shiau
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
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Yang L, Jiménez JA, Earley AM, Hamlin V, Kwon V, Dixon CT, Shiau CE. Drainage of inflammatory macromolecules from the brain to periphery targets the liver for macrophage infiltration. eLife 2020; 9:58191. [PMID: 32735214 PMCID: PMC7434444 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many brain pathologies are associated with liver damage, but a direct link has long remained elusive. Here, we establish a new paradigm for interrogating brain-periphery interactions by leveraging zebrafish for its unparalleled access to the intact whole animal for in vivo analysis in real time after triggering focal brain inflammation. Using traceable lipopolysaccharides (LPS), we reveal that drainage of these inflammatory macromolecules from the brain led to a strikingly robust peripheral infiltration of macrophages into the liver independent of Kupffer cells. We further demonstrate that this macrophage recruitment requires signaling from the cytokine IL-34 and Toll-like receptor adaptor MyD88, and occurs in coordination with neutrophils. These results highlight the possibility for circulation of brain-derived substances to serve as a rapid mode of communication from brain to the liver. Understanding how the brain engages the periphery at times of danger may offer new perspectives for detecting and treating brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Yang
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Jessica A Jiménez
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Alison M Earley
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Victoria Hamlin
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Victoria Kwon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Cameron T Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Celia E Shiau
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
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Harjula SKE, Saralahti AK, Ojanen MJT, Rantapero T, Uusi-Mäkelä MIE, Nykter M, Lohi O, Parikka M, Rämet M. Characterization of immune response against Mycobacterium marinum infection in the main hematopoietic organ of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103523. [PMID: 31626817 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major global health challenge. To gain information about genes important for defense against tuberculosis, we used a well-established tuberculosis model; Mycobacterium marinum infection in adult zebrafish. To characterize the immunological response to mycobacterial infection at 14 days post infection, we performed a whole-genome level transcriptome analysis using cells from kidney, the main hematopoietic organ of adult zebrafish. Among the upregulated genes, those associated with immune signaling and regulation formed the largest category, whereas the largest group of downregulated genes had a metabolic role. We also performed a forward genetic screen in adult zebrafish and identified a fish line with severely impaired survival during chronic mycobacterial infection. Based on transcriptome analysis, these fish have decreased expression of several immunological genes. Taken together, these results give new information about the genes involved in the defense against mycobacterial infection in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna-Kaisa E Harjula
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Anni K Saralahti
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Markus J T Ojanen
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland; Laboratory of Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Tommi Rantapero
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Meri I E Uusi-Mäkelä
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Matti Nykter
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Olli Lohi
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- Laboratory of Infection Biology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland; Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Mika Rämet
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521, Tampere, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 10, FI-90029, OYS, Finland.
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7
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Ahi EP, Singh P, Duenser A, Gessl W, Sturmbauer C. Divergence in larval jaw gene expression reflects differential trophic adaptation in haplochromine cichlids prior to foraging. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:150. [PMID: 31340758 PMCID: PMC6657104 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding how variation in gene expression contributes to morphological diversity is a major goal in evolutionary biology. Cichlid fishes from the East African Great lakes exhibit striking diversity in trophic adaptations predicated on the functional modularity of their two sets of jaws (oral and pharyngeal). However, the transcriptional basis of this modularity is not so well understood, as no studies thus far have directly compared the expression of genes in the oral and pharyngeal jaws. Nor is it well understood how gene expression may have contributed to the parallel evolution of trophic morphologies across the replicate cichlid adaptive radiations in Lake Tanganyika, Malawi and Victoria. Results We set out to investigate the role of gene expression divergence in cichlid fishes from these three lakes adapted to herbivorous and carnivorous trophic niches. We focused on the development stage prior to the onset of exogenous feeding that is critical for understanding patterns of gene expression after oral and pharyngeal jaw skeletogenesis, anticipating environmental cues. This framework permitted us for the first time to test for signatures of gene expression underlying jaw modularity in convergent eco-morphologies across three independent adaptive radiations. We validated a set of reference genes, with stable expression between the two jaw types and across species, which can be important for future studies of gene expression in cichlid jaws. Next we found evidence of modular and non-modular gene expression between the two jaws, across different trophic niches and lakes. For instance, prdm1a, a skeletogenic gene with modular anterior-posterior expression, displayed higher pharyngeal jaw expression and modular expression pattern only in carnivorous species. Furthermore, we found the expression of genes in cichlids jaws from the youngest Lake Victoria to exhibit low modularity compared to the older lakes. Conclusion Overall, our results provide cross-species transcriptional comparisons of modularly-regulated skeletogenic genes in the two jaw types, implicating expression differences which might contribute to the formation of divergent trophic morphologies at the stage of larval independence prior to foraging. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1483-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Pashay Ahi
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria. .,Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Pooja Singh
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Duenser
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Gessl
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Sturmbauer
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
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