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Makagon MM, Pullin AN, Rufener CB, Tarlton J, Toscano M, Blatchford RA. Effects of pullet housing on bone development in aviary-housed Dekalb White hens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104245. [PMID: 39265518 PMCID: PMC11416587 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The skeletal health of laying hens improves when birds are given opportunities to perform load-bearing movements with elevated structures, such as perches. We investigated how early access to elevated structures varying in complexity and height would affect bone quality and subsequent keel bone fractures in a layer multitiered aviary. Female Dekalb White pullets were reared in floor pens furnished with floor perches (FL), single-tiered aviaries (ST), or 2-tiered aviaries (TT; n = 5 pens/treatment) through 16 wk of age. At 17 wks, all structures were replaced with identical multitiered layer aviaries. The keel, both tibiae, and both humeri were collected from 60 euthanized birds from each rearing treatment at 8, 16 and 30 wk of age, and analyzed with dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for bone mineral density and length. At 18, 26, 28, and 30 wk of age, 10 focal hens/pen were radiographed repeatedly and the presence, severity of keel bone fractures were assessed with a tagged visual analogue scale. The number of fractures was also recorded. At 16 wk of age, FL pullets had lower BMD of the tibia (P = 0.003), keel (P = 0.013), and humerus (P = 0.004) compared to ST and TT pullets. Most of the observed treatment differences disappeared after pullets were transferred to the aviary. BMD continued to increase for all hens through 30 wk of age. Pullet rearing did not affect the presence or severity of keel bone fractures, or number of new fractures incurred between ages (P > 0.05). The prevalence and severity of keel bone fractures increased between 26 to 28 wk and remained high to 30 wk of age (P < 0.0001). Hens experienced more new fractures between 26 to 30 wk than between 18 to 26 wk of age (P = 0.0046). The effects of pullet housing on bone quality were short-term when hens had access to adult housing with multiple opportunities for load-bearing movements. Keel fractures with minor severity were high in prevalence reflecting the use of radiography to assess this injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja M Makagon
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Animal Welfare, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.
| | - Allison N Pullin
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Animal Welfare, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Christina B Rufener
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Animal Welfare, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; Center for Proper Housing of Ruminants and Pigs, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Agroscope, Ettenhausen, 8356, Switzerland
| | - John Tarlton
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS405DU, UK
| | - Michael Toscano
- Center for Proper Housing of Poultry and Rabbits, University of Bern, Zollikofen 3052, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Blatchford
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Animal Welfare, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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2
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Huber K. Review: Welfare in farm animals from an animal-centred point of view. Animal 2024; 18:101311. [PMID: 39265500 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to enlighten aspects of welfare from the farm animal-centred point of view rarely addressed such as those anatomical and physiological alterations induced in farm animals to obtain high performance. Hence, the major working hypothesis was that high-producing farm animals developed an imbalance between body structural and functional capacities and the genetic procedures applied to obtain industrial production of animal protein. This is called "disproportionality", a feature which cannot be compensated by feeding and management approaches. Consequences of disproportionality are the insidious development of disturbances of the metabolism, low-grade systemic inflammation and as a final stage, production diseases, developing throughout the productive life span of a farm animal and affecting animal welfare. Based on scientific evidence from literature, the review discusses disproportional conditions in broilers, laying hens, sows, piglets, dairy cows, bulls and calves as the most important farm animals for production of milk, meat, foetuses and eggs. As a conclusion, farm animal welfare must consider analysing issues from an animal-centered point of view because it seems evident that, due to genetics and management pressures, most of farm animals are already beyond their physiological limitations. Animal welfare from an animal-centered point must be addressed as an ethical step to establish limits to the strength placed on the animal's anatomical and physiological functionality. It may allow more sustainable and efficient farm animal production and the availability of healthy animal-derived protein for human nutrition worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Huber
- Institute of Animal Science (460d), University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 35, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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3
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Marggraff J, Gernand E, Ahlers C, Huchler M, Rautenschlein S, Donat K. Factors associated with keel bone damage - a longitudinal study of commercial layer flocks during the laying period. Br Poult Sci 2024; 65:233-241. [PMID: 38578252 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2326444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
1. Keel bone damage, such as deformations and fractures, is a severe problem regarding animal welfare in layers. To identify risk factors under commercial conditions, 33 layer flocks (22 barn, 11 free range) with white (n = 18), brown (n = 11) and mixed (n = 4) genotypes were examined.2. Keel bone status was frequently scored by palpation throughout the laying period. Data on housing and management conditions were collected. Multiple regression and Generalized Estimating Equations procedure were used for analysis.3. At 65-74 weeks of age, the prevalence of keel bone damage ranged between 26% and 74%. White genotypes and those kept in multi-tier systems developed significantly (p < 0.05) more keel bone damage than brown genotypes or those kept in single-tier systems. Wing feather condition was associated with keel bone damage (p < 0.05), while other investigated variables regarding health, housing and management were not associated.4. In conclusion, housing and management should be adapted to meet the birds' specific needs in multi-tier systems, which may vary for brown and white genotypes. Whether those differences result from genotype associated predispositions or other individual traits remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marggraff
- Animal Health Service, Thuringian Animal Health Fund, Jena, Germany
| | - E Gernand
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Thuringian State Institute for Agriculture, Jena, Germany
| | - C Ahlers
- Animal Health Service, Thuringian Animal Health Fund, Jena, Germany
| | - M Huchler
- Thuringian Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs, Health, Women and Family, Erfurt, Germany
| | - S Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Donat
- Animal Health Service, Thuringian Animal Health Fund, Jena, Germany
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology with Veterinary Ambulance, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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4
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Baker SL, Robison CI, Karcher DM, Toscano MJ, Makagon MM. Influence of keel impacts and laying hen behavior on keel bone damage. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103423. [PMID: 38335665 PMCID: PMC10869299 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Keel bone damage, which presents as fractures and/or deviations of the keel, has been detected in laying hens housed in all types of systems. Factors leading to keel bone damage in hens housed with limited vertical space, such as those housed in furnished systems, are not well understood, and are the topic of this study. Ten focal hens from each of 12 furnished cages (4 rooms of 3 cages) were fitted with keel mounted tri-axial accelerometers. Their behavior was video recorded continuously over two 3-wk trials: the first when the hens were between 52 and 60 wk of age, and the second approximately 20 wk later. The integrity of each hen's keel was evaluated at the start and end of each 3-wk trial using digital computed tomography. We identified predominant behaviors associated with acceleration events sustained at the keel (collisions, aggressive interactions and grooming) by pairing accelerometer outputs with video data. For each recorded acceleration event we calculated the acceleration magnitudes as the maximum summed acceleration recorded during the event, and by calculating the area under the acceleration curve. A principle components analysis, which was used as a data reduction technique, resulted in the identification of 4 components that were used in a subsequent regression analysis. A key finding is that the number of collisions a hen has with structures in her environment, and the number of aggressive interactions that a hen is involved, each affect the likelihood that she will develop 1 or more fractures within a 3-wk time span. This relationship between hen behavior and keel fracture formation was independent of the magnitude of acceleration involved in the event. Observed behavior did not have an impact on the formation of keel bone deviations, further supporting reports that the mechanisms underlying the 2 types of keel bone damage are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney L Baker
- Center for Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cara I Robison
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Darrin M Karcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michael J Toscano
- Center for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits, Division of Animal Welfare, VPHI, University of Bern, 3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Maja M Makagon
- Center for Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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5
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Fu Y, Zhou J, Schroyen M, Zhang H, Wu S, Qi G, Wang J. Decreased eggshell strength caused by impairment of uterine calcium transport coincide with higher bone minerals and quality in aged laying hens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:37. [PMID: 38439110 PMCID: PMC10910863 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deteriorations in eggshell and bone quality are major challenges in aged laying hens. This study compared the differences of eggshell quality, bone parameters and their correlations as well as uterine physiological characteristics and the bone remodeling processes of hens laying eggs of different eggshell breaking strength to explore the mechanism of eggshell and bone quality reduction and their interaction. A total of 240 74-week-old Hy-line Brown laying hens were selected and allocated to a high (HBS, 44.83 ± 1.31 N) or low (LBS, 24.43 ± 0.57 N) eggshell breaking strength group. RESULTS A decreased thickness, weight and weight ratio of eggshells were observed in the LBS, accompanied with ultrastructural deterioration and total Ca reduction. Bone quality was negatively correlated with eggshell quality, marked with enhanced structures and increased components in the LBS. In the LBS, the mammillary knobs and effective layer grew slowly. At the initiation stage of eggshell calcification, a total of 130 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, 122 upregulated and 8 downregulated) were identified in the uterus of hens in the LBS relative to those in the HBS. These DEGs were relevant to apoptosis due to the cellular Ca overload. Higher values of p62 protein level, caspase-8 activity, Bax protein expression and lower values of Bcl protein expression and Bcl/Bax ratio were seen in the LBS. TUNEL assay and hematoxylin-eosin staining showed a significant increase in TUNEL-positive cells and tissue damages in the uterus of the LBS. Although few DEGs were identified at the growth stage, similar uterine tissue damages were also observed in the LBS. The expressions of runt-related transcription factor 2 and osteocalcin were upregulated in humeri of the LBS. Enlarged diameter and more structural damages of endocortical bones and decreased ash were observed in femurs of the HBS. CONCLUSION The lower eggshell breaking strength may be attributed to a declined Ca transport due to uterine tissue damages, which could affect eggshell calcification and lead to a weak ultrastructure. Impaired uterine Ca transport may result in reduced femoral bone resorption and increased humeral bone formation to maintain a higher mineral and bone quality in the LBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Jianmin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Martine Schroyen
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Laboratory, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liège, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shugeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guanghai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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6
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Jung L, Hillemacher S, Tiemann I, Lepke M, Hinrichs D. Presence of keel bone damage in laying hens, pullets and roosters of local chicken breeds. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297586. [PMID: 38277352 PMCID: PMC10817119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In commercial laying hens, keel bone damage (KBD) is a severe health and welfare problem leading to pain, reduced mobility and decreased laying performance. Flocks of all production systems and hybrid lines can be affected. KBD is a multifactorial welfare issue and, among other factors, associated with a high laying performance which negatively affects the calcium deposit in the medullary bones. Therefore, mature hens of local breeds with much lower egg production than commercial hybrids may be expected to show less or even no keel bone damage. This study evaluates (i) the prevalence of KBD in local breeds, (ii) the difference in type and level of damages, and (iii) if roosters and pullets are also affected. In total, we palpated 343 mature hens, 40 pullets, and 18 roosters of 13 different local breeds and one commercial hybrid. The animals were kept on eight different farms in free-range or floor-housing systems. Our results showed that on average 44.2% of mature hens per local breed were affected by KBD (range: 11.1%-84.7%). We found deviation of less than 1 cm in 26.9%, deviations of more than 1 cm in 6.4% and palpable fractures in 23.8% of the mature hens of local breeds. The tip was damaged in 23.6% of the mature hens. Also, pullets and roosters were affected by KBD. Finally, we found that KBD also occurs in local breeds. Therefore, we conclude that even the low laying performance of local breeds does not prevent them from the occurrence of KBD.KBD in local breeds may rather be associated with genetics (breed) as well as management and housing. Thus, breeders of local breeds should include bone health as a selection trait. Owners of local breeds should also pay attention to the condition of the keel and ought to be trained about preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Jung
- Animal Breeding Section, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Sonja Hillemacher
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Inga Tiemann
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mascha Lepke
- Animal Breeding Section, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Dirk Hinrichs
- Animal Breeding Section, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany
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7
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Edgar JL, Omi Y, Booth F, Mackie N, Richards G, Tarlton J. Fear, anxiety, and production in laying hens with healed keel bone fractures. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102514. [PMID: 36805403 PMCID: PMC9969248 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
For laying hens, the immediate aftermath and healing period of a keel fracture (KF) is characterized by reduced ability to perform species-specific behavior, access resources, and pain. However, the longer-term impacts, once the fracture is completely healed, are less clear. As well as acute pain and behavioral changes, a negative experience can shape future responses to putatively threatening stimuli, raising future fear, and anxiety levels during husbandry-related events. We aimed to determine whether hens that had previously sustained keel bone fractures, but were now outside of the peak age range for new fractures, showed higher fear and anxiety levels compared to intact hens. We also determined if healed keel bone fractures were associated with reduced production, changes in behavior and resource use. One hundred and fifty hens with a palpation score of 1 ( "KF") and 150 hens with a palpation score of 0 (keel fracture free, "KFF") were selected from a commercial farm at 63 wk of age and housed in 6 groups (3 × KF and 3 × KFF). We compared production (hen weight and feed consumption, egg quantity, quality and weight, floor eggs, shell thickness, and weight) and home pen behavior (behaviors and transitional movements) in both groups. Finally, we measured the responses of KF (n = 75) and KFF (n = 75) during tonic immobility, novel arena, and novel object tests. KF and KFF hens did not differ in their responses to the tonic immobility, novel arena, and novel object tests, nor were there differences between the 2 groups in home pen behavior and transitional movements. KFF birds were lighter and laid eggs with less eggshell membrane compared KF birds, but no differences were found between KF and KFF in any other production measures. We found no evidence that healed KFs were associated with detrimental welfare effects in laying hens, but further work is required to determine the mechanisms and implications of the lower body weight and egg shell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Edgar
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom.
| | - Y Omi
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - F Booth
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - N Mackie
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - G Richards
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
| | - J Tarlton
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
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8
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Kittelsen KE, Toftaker I, Tahamtani F, Moe RO, Thøfner I, Vasdal G. Keel bone fractures in broiler breeders: is palpation a reliable diagnostic method? Avian Pathol 2023; 52:78-83. [PMID: 36415970 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2147416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of palpation relative to necropsy for detection of keel bone fractures (KBF) in broiler breeders. In addition, the study investigated observer reliability of palpation. Four commercial breeder flocks (Ross 308 n = 2, Ranger Gold n = 1, Hubbard JA 757, n = 1) were included in the study. A total of 400 hens and 60 roosters were examined after culling or slaughter, at end of lay (63 weeks). Keel bones were first palpated independently by two raters with a varying degree of experience in palpation of keel bones in laying hens. After palpation, a necropsy with investigation of the keel bone was conducted. The prevalence of KBF at end of lay for hens, as diagnosed by necropsy, varied from 14-58%, while only one in 60 assessed roosters had KBF. Palpation had poor sensitivity, with differences between raters ranging from 56% to 36% when hybrid is not considered. The specificity of palpation for all hybrids together was 85% and 88%, for the two raters, respectively. The two raters had moderate agreement, Gwet's agreement coefficient (95% confidence interval): 0.60 (0.52-0.69). In conclusion, palpation has poor diagnostic accuracy for detection of KBF in broiler breeders, and other methods, like necropsy, must be applied for reliable assessments. KBF appears to be a prevalent condition in different hybrids of broiler breeder hens, but not in roosters.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS This is the first study to investigate palpation as a diagnostic method for detection of KBF in broiler breeders.Palpation has poor diagnostic accuracy for detection of KBF in broiler breeder hens with differences between raters.KBF can be a prevalent problem in broiler breeder hens of several hybrids, but not in roosters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid Toftaker
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Randi Oppermann Moe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Thøfner
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guro Vasdal
- Animalia- The Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Höhne A, Petow S, Bessei W, Schrader L. Contrafreeloading and foraging-related behavior in hens differing in laying performance and phylogenetic origin. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102489. [PMID: 36764137 PMCID: PMC9929851 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Different breeds of domestic and junglefowl differ in foraging strategies indicating that domestication resulted in modified energy saving behavioral strategies. In the present study we investigated foraging strategies and foraging-related behavior in 4 lines of laying hens differing in phylogenetic origin and laying performance to analyze a possible relationship between foraging and the level of egg production. High performing brown and white pure bred lines were compared with their low performing brown and white counterparts. To control possible effects on behavior other than genetic effects, all hens were reared and kept in an identical environment. A total of 72 hens from each line were kept in 6 compartments with 12 hens per compartment, respectively. Observations were done for 3 times during one laying period. Foraging strategy was tested by a contrafreeloading (CFL) paradigm. CFL describes a behavior in which animals prefer food that requires effort to obtain, although at the same time food is freely available. The hens were offered a commercial standard diet in one trough and a mixture of wood shavings and commercial standard diet in another trough. The behavior of hens was video recorded and the activity level of individual hens in the litter area was recorded by an antenna-transponder system. The high performing layers showed less CFL and foraging-related behavior compared with their low performing counterparts in both the white and brown layers. Despite differences in CFL, all hens showed a preference for the commercial standard diet compared to the mixture of wood-shavings. Our results show an association between foraging strategy and level of egg production. This suggests that a high level of egg production is accompanied by behaviors enabling the hens to satisfy their higher energy demand more efficiently. Saving energy by reduced activity probably allows them to reallocate energy into reproduction, that is, laying performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Höhne
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany,Corresponding author:
| | - S. Petow
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany
| | - W. Bessei
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany
| | - L. Schrader
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany
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10
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Zhao J, Pan H, Liu Y, He Y, Shi H, Ge C. Interacting Networks of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis Regulate Layer Hens Performance. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:141. [PMID: 36672882 PMCID: PMC9859134 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Egg production is a vital biological and economic trait for poultry breeding. The 'hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis' determines the egg production, which affects the layer hens industry income. At the organism level, the HPO axis is influenced by the factors related to metabolic and nutritional status, environment, and genetics, whereas at the cellular and molecular levels, the HPO axis is influenced by the factors related to endocrine and metabolic regulation, cytokines, key genes, signaling pathways, post-transcriptional processing, and epigenetic modifications. MiRNAs and lncRNAs play a critical role in follicle selection and development, atresia, and ovulation in layer hens; in particular, miRNA is known to affect the development and atresia of follicles by regulating apoptosis and autophagy of granulosa cells. The current review elaborates on the regulation of the HPO axis and its role in the laying performance of hens at the organism, cellular, and molecular levels. In addition, this review provides an overview of the interactive network regulation mechanism of the HPO axis in layer hens, as well as comprehensive knowledge for successfully utilizing their genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Zhao
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar 161005, China
| | - Hongbin Pan
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yang He
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hongmei Shi
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Changrong Ge
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
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11
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Jung L, Rufener C, Petow S. A tagged visual analog scale is a reliable method to assess keel bone deviations in laying hens from radiographs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:937119. [PMID: 36061110 PMCID: PMC9434373 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.937119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laying hens often suffer from keel bone damage (KBD) that includes pathologies with different etiologies, like diverse forms of fractures and deviations. Since KBD is a problem in all countries and housing systems, methods for the assessment of deviations are urgently needed. Comparisons between genetic lines and between studies are important to detect underlying mechanisms. Field researchers often use palpation as a low-cost and feasible technique for the assessment of KBD. In contrast to palpation, radiography is effective and highly precise at least in detecting keel bone fractures. The aim of this study was to: i) develop a scoring system to assess keel bone deviations from radiographs, ii) to assess inter- and intra-observer reliability of this scoring system, and iii) to investigate whether fractures and deviations of the keel are correlated. In total, 192 hens were used for the investigation. Digital radiographs were taken and evaluated for all hens after slaughter. We developed a tagged visual analog scale with two extreme images as anchors and four intermediate tags, resulting in six images representing the range from “no deviation” to “highly deviated” on a 10 cm line. Eleven participants scored 50 radiographs of keels with varying degree of severity, whereas five images were scored twice to assess intra-observer reliability. Intraclass correlation coefficient for inter-observer reliability was 0.979 with a confidence interval of 0.968 < ICC < 0.987 (F49,268 = 54.2, p < 0.0001). Intraclass correlation coefficient for intra-observer reliability was 0.831 with a confidence interval of 0.727 < ICC < 0.898 (F54,55 = 10.8, p < 0.0001). Individual intra-observer reliability ranged from 0.6 to 0.949. The Spearman correlation showed a strong positive correlation of fractures and deviations (sroh= 0.803, p < 0.001). The tagged visual analog scale could be a reliable instrument for the scoring of keel bone deviations. Our results support the assumption that the majority of highly deviated keels suffer from fractures as well. Further research is needed to investigate the correlation of palpation scores with the evaluation on radiographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Jung
- Animal Breeding Section, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
- Lisa Jung
| | - Christina Rufener
- Center for Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Petow
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stefanie Petow
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Productive performance, perching behavior, keel bone and other health aspects in dual-purpose compared to conventional laying hens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102095. [PMID: 36095865 PMCID: PMC9472069 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several alternatives to avoid killing male day-old chicks are available. One of these alternatives is to keep dual-purpose chicken strains. The aim of this study was to compare dual-purpose hens (Lohmann Dual, LD) with conventional laying hens (Lohmann Tradition, LT) in terms of performance, animal welfare parameters such as keel bone state and foot pad dermatitis, and perching behavior. We expected a generally equal or even better performance of the dual-purpose hens except for laying performance. Four hundred female day-old chicks were housed in 6 pens (3 pens per strain) and reared until 54 wk of age. Each pen offered a littered area, elevated slatted manure pit, elevated wooden frame with perches or grids and nest boxes on the manure pit. The wooden frame was alternately equipped with perches or grids. The elevated manure pit as well as the elevated structure was accessible via ramp. Productive performance parameters like mortality, total number of eggs and body weight were assessed periodically. In week 49, 132 hens (66 hens per strain) were randomly selected for radiography of the keel bone and assessment of plumage and foot pad state. Perching behavior was analyzed via scan sampling during rearing and laying period, respectively. Statistical analyzes were done with Linear Mixed Effect Model and General Linear Mixed Model. LD had a higher radiographic density than LT hens (P = 0.0016), other keel bone parameters (fracture score, P = 0.36; deformation, P = 0.83) showed no differences. The vast majority of fractures occurring in both strains were located in the caudal part of the keel bone. During the laying period, usage of elevated structures was higher with grids compared to perches (P < 0.001) and in LD compared to LT (P = 0.01). Some animal welfare problems were less frequent in LD compared to LT hens while other problems did not differ between the 2 strains or were even more frequent in LD hens. Grids may be more suitable as resting area than perches and may possibly help to decrease the prevalence of keel bone damage.
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13
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Mehlhorn J, Höhne A, Baulain U, Schrader L, Weigend S, Petow S. Estradiol-17ß Is Influenced by Age, Housing System, and Laying Performance in Genetically Divergent Laying Hens ( Gallus gallus f.d.). Front Physiol 2022; 13:954399. [PMID: 35936910 PMCID: PMC9353941 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.954399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogen estradiol-17ß is known as one of the major gonadal steroid hormones with different functions in reproduction. In this study we analyzed estradiol-17ß concentration in laying hens of four pure bred chicken laying lines at four different time intervals of the laying period (17th-19th week of age, 33rd-35th week of age, 49th-51st week of age, and 72nd week of age). The high performing white egg (WLA) and brown egg (BLA) layer lines as well as the low performing white (R11) and brown (L68) layer lines were kept in both single cages and a floor housing system. We investigated whether there were differences in estradiol -17ß concentrations between lines at different ages that could be related to selection for high egg production or phylogenetic origin of the animals, and whether there was an influence of housing conditions on estradiol-17ß. Estradiol-17ß concentrations differed between high and low performing layer lines at all time intervals studied. High performing hens showed higher estradiol-17ß concentrations compared to low performing hens. In all lines, highest estradiol-17ß concentration was measured at their 49th to their 51st week of age, whereas the peak of laying intensity was observed at their 33rd to their 35th week of age. Additionally, hens with fewer opportunities for activity housed in cages showed higher estradiol-17ß concentrations than hens kept in a floor housing system with more movement possibilities. We could show that laying performance is strongly linked with estradiol -17ß concentration. This concentration changes during laying period and is also influenced by the housing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mehlhorn
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anja Höhne
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baulain
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Lars Schrader
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany
| | - Steffen Weigend
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Stefanie Petow
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany
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Hanlon C, Ziezold CJ, Bédécarrats GY. The Diverse Roles of 17β-Estradiol in Non-Gonadal Tissues and Its Consequential Impact on Reproduction in Laying and Broiler Breeder Hens. Front Physiol 2022; 13:942790. [PMID: 35846017 PMCID: PMC9283702 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.942790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol-17β (E2) has long been studied as the primary estrogen involved in sexual maturation of hens. Due to the oviparous nature of avian species, ovarian production of E2 has been indicated as the key steroid responsible for activating the formation of the eggshell and internal egg components in hens. This involves the integration and coordination between ovarian follicular development, liver metabolism and bone physiology to produce the follicle, yolk and albumen, and shell, respectively. However, the ability of E2 to be synthesized by non-gonadal tissues such as the skin, heart, muscle, liver, brain, adipose tissue, pancreas, and adrenal glands demonstrates the capability of this hormone to influence a variety of physiological processes. Thus, in this review, we intend to re-establish the role of E2 within these tissues and identify direct and indirect integration between the control of reproduction, metabolism, and bone physiology. Specifically, the sources of E2 and its activity in these tissues via the estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ, GPR30) is described. This is followed by an update on the role of E2 during sexual differentiation of the embryo and maturation of the hen. We then also consider the implications of the recent discovery of additional E2 elevations during an extended laying cycle. Next, the specific roles of E2 in yolk formation and skeletal development are outlined. Finally, the consequences of altered E2 production in mature hens and the associated disorders are discussed. While these areas of study have been previously independently considered, this comprehensive review intends to highlight the critical roles played by E2 to alter and coordinate physiological processes in preparation for the laying cycle.
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15
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Herrera-Castillo CM, Geiger M, Núñez-León D, Nagashima H, Gebhardt-Henrich S, Toscano M, Sanchez-Villagra MR. Skeletal variation in bird domestication: limb proportions and sternum in chicken, with comparisons to mallard ducks and Muscovy ducks. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13229. [PMID: 35502208 PMCID: PMC9055999 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Domestication, including selective breeding, can lead to morphological changes of biomechanical relevance. In birds, limb proportions and sternum characteristics are of great importance and have been studied in the past for their relation with flight, terrestrial locomotion and animal welfare. In this work we studied the effects of domestication and breed formation in limb proportions and sternum characteristics in chicken (Gallus gallus), mallard ducks (Anas plathyrhynchos) and Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata). Methods First, we quantified the proportional length of three long bones of the forelimb (humerus, radius, and carpometacarpus) and the hind limb (femur, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus) in domestic chickens, mallard ducks, and Muscovy ducks and their wild counterparts. For this, we took linear measurements of these bones and compared their proportions in the wild vs. the domestic group in each species. In chicken, these comparisons could also be conducted among different breeds. We then evaluated the proportional differences in the context of static and ontogenetic allometry. Further, we compared discrete sternum characteristics in red jungle fowl and chicken breeds. In total, we examined limb bones of 287 specimens and keel bones of 63 specimens. Results We found a lack of significant change in the proportions of limb bones of chicken and Muscovy duck due to domestication, but significant differences in the case of mallard ducks. Variation of evolvability, allometric scaling, and heterochrony may serve to describe some of the patterns of change we report. Flight capacity loss in mallard ducks resulting from domestication may have a relation with the difference in limb proportions. The lack of variation in proportions that could distinguish domestic from wild forms of chicken and Muscovy ducks may reflect no selection for flight capacity during the domestication process in these groups. In chicken, some of the differences identified in the traits discussed are breed-dependent. The study of the sternum revealed that the condition of crooked keel was not unique to domestic chicken, that some sternal characteristics were more frequent in certain chicken breeds than in others, and that overall there were no keel characteristics that are unique for certain chicken breeds. Despite some similar morphological changes identified across species, this study highlights the lack of universal patterns in domestication and breed formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeleine Geiger
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Núñez-León
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sabine Gebhardt-Henrich
- Center for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits (ZTHZ), Animal Welfare Division, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Toscano
- Center for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits (ZTHZ), Animal Welfare Division, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Kraus A, Krunt O, Zita L, Vejvodová K, Drábek O. Laying hens under smallholder conditions: laying performance, growth and bone quality of tibia and femur including essential elements. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101927. [PMID: 35679666 PMCID: PMC9178482 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to assess laying performance, growth rate, and bone quality properties of tibia and femur bones of various genotypes of laying hens, including determining essential element composition at the end of the laying cycle in smallholder conditions. The study included three genotypes of laying hens; Czech golden spotted (CGS), White Leghorn (LE) and Dominant Partridge D300 (D300) hens. In total, 180 hens (60/genotype) were used in 3 replications (20 hens/replication). The eggs were collected to determine egg lay and hen-day egg production. Additionally, feed consumption was recorded to determine feed consumption per day or egg, resp. The mortality rate was recorded. Hens were individually weighed every 10 wk to analyze the growth performance and body weight changes during the laying cycle. The differences in performance characteristics were observed as significant in all studied parameters. The bone quality analysis consisted of the determination of bone weight, length, width, and fracture toughness. Furthermore, dry matter, ash, and selected elements, which included boron (B), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) were assessed. Regarding the results of tibia and femur bones, the effect of genotype was determined as significant in all evaluated properties. In terms of element composition, all evaluated elements significantly differed among the genotypes in the tibia (with one exception of Cu) and in the femur (with one exception of Cd). In conclusion, our results showed that hens’ performance, production quality, mortality and bone properties significantly differed among genotypes under smallholder conditions. Thus, every genotype needs to be carefully considered, when the rearing conditions are set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kraus
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Animal Science, Prague- Suchdol 165 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Krunt
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Animal Science, Prague- Suchdol 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Zita
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Animal Science, Prague- Suchdol 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vejvodová
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Prague - Suchdol 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Drábek
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Prague - Suchdol 165 00, Czech Republic
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17
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Assessing animal welfare: a triangulation of preference, judgement bias and other candidate welfare indicators. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Wei H, Feng Y, Ding S, Nian H, Yu H, Zhao Q, Bao J, Zhang R. Keel bone damage affects behavioral and physiological responses related to stress and fear in two strains of laying hens. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6547233. [PMID: 35275597 PMCID: PMC9030218 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Keel bone damage (KBD) is more prevalent in alternative laying hen housing systems than in conventional cages, and its incidence differs from strain to strain. However, the information of KBD in Lindian chickens, a native Chinese strain, is limited. To investigate the effect of KBD on fearfulness and physiological indicators of stress in Lindian chickens and commercial laying hens, a total of two hundred 25-wk-old chickens (100 Hy-line Brown and 100 Lindian chickens) were studied for 7 wk. The birds were housed in furnished cages with 10 birds per cage for each strain. At 32-wk of age, the birds in each strain were divided into normal (NK), deviated (DK), and fractured (FK) hens according to the keel bone status. Ten birds in each keel bone status per strain were subsequently selected to collect blood for the determination of stress and fear-related indicators, including corticosterone, serotonin, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6, and measure fear responses, including novel object test (NOT), human approach test (HAT), and tonic immobility (TI) test. The results showed that egg production was lower and the incidence of keel bone fractures was higher in Lindian chickens than in Hy-line Brown hens (P < 0.05). Lindian chickens showed a significantly increased whole blood serotonin content, NOT-latency, HAT-score, and TI induction times (P < 0.05) and decreased serum interleukin-6 content and TI-duration (P < 0.05) compared with Hy-line Brown hens. Additionally, FK hens had significantly elevated whole blood corticosterone, serum interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 levels, TI-duration, and NOT-latency (P < 0.05), and a reduced whole blood serotonin content (P < 0.05) compared with NK and DK hens. Our results indicated that KBD affected stress and fear responses, and this impact was mainly reflected by FK hens compared with NK and DK hens. We suggest that keel bone fractures are the main factor impairing hen welfare. Besides, the incidence of keel bone fractures and stress and fear responses of Lindian chickens are more severe than Hy-line Brown laying hens, indicating that the strain type can affect the health and welfare of laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanru Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Susu Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Haoyang Nian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hanlin Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jun Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.,Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Runxiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.,Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
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Eusemann BK, Ulrich R, Sanchez-Rodriguez E, Benavides-Reyes C, Dominguez-Gasca N, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Petow S. Bone quality and composition are influenced by egg production, layer line, and estradiol-17ß in laying hens. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:267-282. [PMID: 35261302 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2050671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Keel bone fractures are a serious animal welfare problem in laying hens. The aim of the current study was to assess the influence of egg production, estradiol-17ß, and selection for high laying performance on bone quality. Hens of two layer lines differing in laying performance (WLA: 320 eggs per year, G11: 200 eggs per year) were allocated to four treatment groups. Group S received a deslorelin acetate implant that suppressed egg production. Group E received an implant with the sexual steroid estradiol-17ß. Group SE received both implants and group C did not receive any implant. In the 63rd week of age, composition and characteristics of the tibiotarsi were assessed using histological analysis, three-point bending test, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and two-dimensional X-ray diffraction, respectively. Non-egg laying hens showed a higher total bone area and a higher relative amount of cortical bone compared to egg laying hens. Hens of layer line G11 showed a higher relative amount of medullary bone and a higher degree of mineralization of the cortical bone compared to hens of layer line WLA. These differences in bone composition may explain different susceptibility for keel bone fractures in non-egg laying compared to egg laying hens as well as in hens of layer lines differing in laying performance. The effect of exogenous estradiol-17ß on bone parameters varied between the layer lines indicating a genetic influence on bone physiology and the way it can be modulated by hormone substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefanie Petow
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
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Wei H, Chen Y, Nian H, Wang J, Liu Y, Wang J, Yang K, Zhao Q, Zhang R, Bao J. Abnormal Bone Metabolism May Be a Primary Causative Factor of Keel Bone Fractures in Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113133. [PMID: 34827866 PMCID: PMC8614394 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Keel is an essential structural bone, providing anchorage for the attachment of large breast muscles in birds, allowing them to flap wings and provide proper ventilation for their lungs during flight. Previous studies reported that keel bone damage (especially fractures) negatively affects the welfare, health, production performance, eggshell quality, and mobility of laying hens contained in different housing systems. Furthermore, various factors affect keel bone damage, including nutrition, age, housing systems, and strains of laying hens. However, studies on the effects of abnormal bone metabolism and development on keel bone damage in laying hens are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impacts of bone metabolism and development status on keel bone damage by determining the levels of serum bone turnover markers in laying hens. The results showed that laying hens with impaired keel bone had significantly altered levels of serum Ca and P metabolism-related and osteoblast and osteoclast activity-related markers compared to those in laying hens with normal keel bone. Thus, these results indicated that abnormal bone metabolism before keel bone damage reflected by varying levels of serum bone turnover markers might be a pivotal factor causing keel bone damage in laying hens. Our results also provide new insights into the occurrence of keel bone damage in laying hens. Abstract Keel bone damage negatively affects the welfare, production performance, egg quality, and mobility of laying hens. This study aimed to investigate whether abnormal bone metabolism causes keel bone damage in laying hens. Eighty Hy-line Brown laying hens were housed in eight furnished cages with 10 birds per cage and studied from 18 to 29 weeks of age (WOA). Accordingly, keel bone status was assessed at 18, 22, 25, and 29 WOA using the X-ray method, and the serum samples of laying hens with normal keel (NK), deviated keel (DK), and fractured keel (FK) that occurred at 29 WOA were collected across all the time-points. Subsequently, the serum samples were used to measure markers related to the metabolism of Ca and P and activities of osteoblast and osteoclast. The results showed that FK laying hens had lighter bodyweight than NK and DK birds throughout the trial (p < 0.05), while the keel bone length and weight were not different in NK, DK, and FK hens at 29 WOA (p > 0.05). Moreover, bone hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining indicated that damaged keel bone had evident pathological changes. In the FK hens, serum P level was reduced but serum 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3) levels were elevated compared to NK hens (p < 0.05). Additionally, DK hens had higher levels of serum 1,25-(OH)2D3, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT), and lower level of serum 25-OHD3 than the NK birds (p < 0.05). Furthermore, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), osteoprotegerin (OPG), TRAP, and corticosterone (CORT) levels were elevated in DK and FK hens compared to NK hens (p < 0.05). The levels of serum Ca, P, PTH, ALP, TRAP, OPG, OC, and CORT in laying hens fluctuated with the age of the birds. Generally, the results of this study indicate that keel bone damage, especially fractures, could be associated with abnormal bone metabolism in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.W.); (Y.C.); (H.N.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Yanqing Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.W.); (Y.C.); (H.N.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Haoyang Nian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.W.); (Y.C.); (H.N.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (J.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Yilin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.W.); (Y.C.); (H.N.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Jianxing Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (J.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Kaiqi Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.W.); (Y.C.); (H.N.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qian Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.W.); (Y.C.); (H.N.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Runxiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.W.); (Y.C.); (H.N.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.); (Q.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
- Correspondence: (R.Z.); (J.B.)
| | - Jun Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.W.); (Y.C.); (H.N.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.); (Q.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, China
- Correspondence: (R.Z.); (J.B.)
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The Welfare Status of Hens in Different Housing Systems – A Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The currently used poultry farming methods, which aim to maximise economic profit, are based on ever new technological solutions that improve flock management and increase bird performance. However, they do not always meet the natural needs of birds. Every housing method and technological solution currently in use is faced with some issues, such as social stress, adverse temperature/ humidity conditions, risk of zoonoses, and behavioural pathologies, which determine poultry performance and welfare. Disregard for animal welfare involves not only ethical but also practical aspects, because well-being and housing comfort translate into better weight gains, health and productivity of the birds. The studies reported here suggest that every production system, despite the many welfare-improving aspects, causes numerous behavioural, productivity and health abnormalities in laying hens. Therefore, further research is needed to identify various risk factors for the purpose of improving housing systems and increasing the welfare of hens.
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Thøfner ICN, Dahl J, Christensen JP. Keel bone fractures in Danish laying hens: Prevalence and risk factors. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256105. [PMID: 34388183 PMCID: PMC8362975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Keel bone fractures (KBF) in commercial poultry production systems are a major welfare problem with possible economic consequences for the poultry industry. Recent investigations suggest that the overall situation may be worsening. Depending on the housing system, fracture prevalences exceeding 80% have been reported from different countries. No specific causes have yet been identified and this has consequently hampered risk factor identification. The objective of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of KBF in Danish layer hens and to identify risk factors in relation to KBF in all major productions systems, including parent stock production. For risk factor identification, production data from the included flocks was used. In total, 4794 birds from 40 flocks were investigated at end-of-lay. All birds were euthanized on farm and underwent inspection and palpation followed by necropsy. All observations were recorded and subsequently analysed using the SAS statistical software package. In flocks from non-caged systems, fracture prevalence in the range 53%-100%, was observed whereas the prevalence in flocks from enriched cages ranged between 50–98%. Furthermore, often multiple fractures (≥4) were observed in individual birds (range 5–81% of the birds with fractures) depending on the flock. The localization of the fractures at the distal end of the keel bone is highly consistent in all flocks (>96%). Macroscopically the fractures varied morphologically from an appearance with an almost total absence of callus, most frequently observed in caged birds, to large callus formations in and around the fracture lines, which was a typical finding in non-caged birds. Despite being housed under cage-free conditions, parent birds had significantly fewer fractures (all flocks were 60 weeks old) per bird, than other birds from cage-free systems. The body weight at end-of-lay had an effect on the risk of having fractures, heavy hens have significantly fewer fractures at end-of-lay. The older the hens were at onset of lay, the lower was the flock prevalence at end-of-lay. Additionally, the daily egg size at onset of lay was of importance for the risk of developing fractures, the production of heavier eggs initially, resulted in higher fracture prevalence at depopulation. The odds ratio of body weight, (+100 g) was 0.97, age at onset of lay (+1 week) was 0.87 and daily egg weight at onset (+1 gram) was 1.03. In conclusion, the study demonstrated a very high prevalence of KBF in hens from all production systems and identified hen size, age at onset of lay and daily egg weight at onset of lay to be major risk factors for development of KBF in the modern laying hen. Further research regarding this is warranted to strengthen the longevity and enhance the welfare of laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida C. N. Thøfner
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Jan Dahl
- Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Christensen
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Keel bone fractures are more prevalent in White Leghorn hens than in Red Jungle fowl hens-A pilot study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255234. [PMID: 34314465 PMCID: PMC8315525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractures and deviations to the keel bone are common in commercial laying hens, with reported variations in occurrence across strains and breeds. The aetiology is not fully understood, however, modern genetics and selection for efficient egg production has been claimed to be important factors for the keel bone fractures. To explore this further, we investigated keel bones from two different breeds, representing different degrees of selection for egg production: Red jungle fowl (n = 82), and White Leghorn (n = 32), where the latter is a selected laying breed which is the origin for many modern laying hen hybrids. Keel bones from a total of 116 birds, 53 hens and 63 roosters, were examined by necropsy at 80 weeks of age. All birds were raised in modified aviaries in the same holding facility. Overall, 24.5% of the hens had one or more fractures to the keel, with a difference in the prevalence between hens from the two breeds (p<0.01): 10% (95% CI: 3.7–24%) in the Red Jungle fowl hens and 69% (95% CI: 37–90%) in the White Leghorn hens. No roosters, regardless of breed, had keel bone fractures. Mild to moderate keel bone deviations were present in 54% (95% CI: 25–80%) of the hens and 4.7% (95% CI: 0.5–30%) of the roosters, all White Leghorns.
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24
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Keßler F, Grümpel-Schlüter A, Looft C, Petow S. Investigation of the Morphology of Adrenal Glands in Hens Kept in Two Different Housing Systems-A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2124. [PMID: 34359252 PMCID: PMC8300344 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to objectively assess the chronic effects of housing systems on livestock and particularly on laying hens. However, this seems to be important in the context of animal welfare. Therefore, we conducted the present study in order to compare the effect of two different housing conditions, single cage (SC) and floor pen (FP), on the morphology of the adrenal gland. A higher amount of interrenal cells, which secrete stress hormones, can lead to a difference in the relation of adrenal and interrenal cells, which could be interpreted as an indication of chronic stress. For this purpose, adrenal glands were extracted, prepared, stained and examined by microscopy, and total area of the cut, total area of interrenal cells and total area of adrenal cells were measured. As a result, all laying hens had a higher percentage of interrenal cells than adrenal cells (FP: interrenal cells/adrenal cells = 78.37%/21.63%; SC: 80.00%/20.00%). The median of adrenal-interrenal ratio did not differ significantly (FP = 0.2503, SC = 0.2499), while the variation of the ratio between laying hens in FP and SC showed a slight tendency of a higher ratio in adrenal glands of FP (p < 0.0870). Body weight and adrenal-interrenal ratio were significantly negatively correlated in laying hens in FP (rS = -0.943, p < 0.0048) but not in SC (rS = -0.162, p = 0.7283). There was no significant correlation between body weight and total cell area for interrenal cells or adrenal cells. Body weight was significantly lower for laying hens kept in SC than for laying hens kept in FP (p < 0.0001). Due to the present results, it can be concluded that keeping laying hens in single cages can have a negative effect on body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Keßler
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 29223 Celle, Germany;
| | | | - Christian Looft
- Department of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Applied Science Neubrandenburg, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany;
| | - Stefanie Petow
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 29223 Celle, Germany;
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25
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Benavides-Reyes C, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, McCormack HA, Eusemann BK, Dominguez-Gasca N, Alvarez-Lloret P, Fleming RH, Petow S, Dunn IC. Comparative analysis of the morphology, chemistry and structure of the tibiotarsus, humerus and keel bones in laying hens. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:795-803. [PMID: 34142894 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1943310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. Bone properties are adapted to their specific functions in the animal, so various types of bones develop different characteristics depending on their location in the skeleton.2. The aim of this research was to compare the chemical composition, mineral characteristics and structural organisation in tibiotarsus, humerus and keel bones as representatives of hen skeletal mineralisation. Complementary analytical techniques, such as X-ray radiography, optical and electron microscopy, thermogravimetry and 2D X-ray diffraction, were used for characterisation.3. The humerus had a thinner cortex and cortical bone mineral had higher crystallinity and a greater degree of crystal orientation than the tibiotarsus. The humerus generally lacks medullary bone although, when present, it has a higher mineral content than seen in the tibiotarsus. These differences were attributed to the different forces that stimulate bone formation and remodelling.4. The keel cortical bone had a lower degree of mineralisation than the tibiotarsus or humerus. Its degree of mineralisation decreased from the cranial to the distal end of the bone. This gradient may affect keel mechanical properties, making it more prone to deformation and fractures.5. Data from studying different bones in laying hens can help to understand mineralisation as well as finding solutions to prevent osteoporosis-related fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Benavides-Reyes
- Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - H A McCormack
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - B K Eusemann
- Institut Für Tierschutz Und Tierhaltung, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
| | - N Dominguez-Gasca
- Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - R H Fleming
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - S Petow
- Institut Für Tierschutz Und Tierhaltung, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
| | - I C Dunn
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
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26
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Mehlhorn J, Caspers S. The Effects of Domestication on the Brain and Behavior of the Chicken in the Light of Evolution. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:287-301. [PMID: 34044402 DOI: 10.1159/000516787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The avian class is characterized by particularly strong variability in their domesticated species. With more than 250 breeds and highly efficient commercial lines, domestic chickens represent the outcome of a really long period of artificial selection. One characteristic of domestication is the alterations in brain size and brain composition. The influence of domestication on brain morphology has been reviewed in the past, but mostly with a focus on mammals. Studies on avian species have seldom been taken into account. In this review, we would like to give an overview about the changes and variations in (brain) morphology and behavior in the domestic chicken, taking into consideration the constraints of evolutionary theory and the sense or nonsense of excessive artificial selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mehlhorn
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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27
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Habig C, Henning M, Baulain U, Jansen S, Scholz AM, Weigend S. Keel Bone Damage in Laying Hens-Its Relation to Bone Mineral Density, Body Growth Rate and Laying Performance. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1546. [PMID: 34070496 PMCID: PMC8228274 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Keel bone damage is an important animal welfare problem in laying hens. Two generations of four layer lines, differing in phylogenetic background and performance level and kept in single cages or floor pens were weighed and scored for keel bone deformities (KBD) during the laying period. KBD, keel bone fractures (KBF) and the bone mineral density (BMD) of the keels were assessed post mortem. For BMD, relationships to laying performance and body growth were estimated. Caged hens showed more deformities, but fewer fractures and a lower BMD of the keel bone than floor-housed hens. White-egg layers had a lower BMD (0.140-0.165 g/cm2) and more KBD than brown-egg layers (0.179-0.184 g/cm2). KBF occurred more often in the high-performing lines than the moderate-performing ones. However, in the high-performing lines, BMD was positively related to total egg number from 18 to 29 weeks of age. The adult body weight derived from fitted growth curves (Gompertz function) had a significant effect (p < 0.001) on keels' BMD. The study contributes to the understanding of predisposing factors for keel bone damage in laying hens. It showed that the growth rate has a rather subordinate effect on keels' BMD, while the BMD itself greatly affects KBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Habig
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (M.H.); (U.B.); (S.J.); (S.W.)
| | - Martina Henning
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (M.H.); (U.B.); (S.J.); (S.W.)
| | - Ulrich Baulain
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (M.H.); (U.B.); (S.J.); (S.W.)
| | - Simon Jansen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (M.H.); (U.B.); (S.J.); (S.W.)
| | - Armin Manfred Scholz
- Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany;
| | - Steffen Weigend
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (M.H.); (U.B.); (S.J.); (S.W.)
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28
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Habig C, Weigend A, Baulain U, Petow S, Weigend S. Influence of Age and Phylogenetic Background on Blood Parameters Associated With Bone Metabolism in Laying Hens. Front Physiol 2021; 12:678054. [PMID: 33995131 PMCID: PMC8117343 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.678054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The high laying performance of today’s laying hens places enormous demands on their mineral metabolism. While up-to-date data are rare, the present study aimed to describe blood parameters associated with egg laying and bone metabolism during the pre-laying period, in the course of the laying period and the daily egg laying cycle. Ten to 15 laying hens of two high-performing, phylogenetically divergent lines (BLA: brown-egg layer; WLA: white-egg layer), kept in single cages were blood sampled at 17, 25, 29, 49, and 69 weeks of age. Sampling was made at 6 a.m., 10 a.m., 2 p.m. and, with the exception of week 17, 6 p.m. Blood samples were analyzed for concentrations of total and ionized calcium, inorganic phosphate (PO4), markers of bone formation (osteocalcin) and resorption [carboxyterminal crosslinked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I)], 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) and estradiol-17β. In the pre-laying period (17 week), the estradiol-17β level calculated for WLA was more than twice as high as the level calculated for BLA, while no significant difference could be observed in the laying period (25 to 69 weeks). BLA hens had significantly higher total calcium concentrations at 49 weeks of age as well as up to twice as high levels of osteocalcin and 25(OH)D3 than WLA at any time of the day from 25 to 69 weeks of age. While osteocalcin, CTX-I and 25(OH)D3 concentrations were significantly higher before the onset of lay, total calcium and estradiol-17β levels significantly increased from 17 to 69 weeks of age. In contrast, PO4 values varied only slightly during the experimental period and ionized calcium was highest at 17 and 49 weeks of age and lowest around peak production (29 week). In the course of the daily egg laying cycle blood concentrations clearly reflected the stage of egg formation. Our results provide up-to-date data of bone- and egg laying-associated blood parameters of two contemporary purebred layer lines over the course of the pre- and egg-laying period and the daily egg laying cycle. Differences between brown- and white-egg layers raise questions, whether phylogenetic background determines their efficiency to cope with high calcium demands relating to egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Habig
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Annett Weigend
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baulain
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Petow
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
| | - Steffen Weigend
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
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Alfonso-Carrillo C, Benavides-Reyes C, de los Mozos J, Dominguez-Gasca N, Sanchez-Rodríguez E, Garcia-Ruiz AI, Rodriguez-Navarro AB. Relationship between Bone Quality, Egg Production and Eggshell Quality in Laying Hens at the End of an Extended Production Cycle (105 Weeks). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:623. [PMID: 33652961 PMCID: PMC7996911 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Nowadays the industry aims to improve lay persistency for extended cycles (100 weeks or longer) to make egg production more sustainable. However, intensive egg production challenges hen health, inducing severe osteoporosis and the incidence of bone fractures. In this study, the relationship between bone quality and egg production, and/or eggshell quality, was evaluated at the end of an extended laying cycle of 100 weeks, comparing groups of hens with different production and eggshell quality parameters; (2) Methods: Quality parameters of egg (as weight, egg white height), eggshell (as thickness, weight, breaking strength, elasticity and microstructure) and tibiae bone (weight, diameter, cortical thickness, ash weight, breaking strength, medullary bone) were determined; (3) Results: Hens from groups with a high egg production and good eggshell quality have poorer bone quality (lower ash weight and lesser amount of medullary bone). However, Pearson's correlation analysis shows no clear relationship between bone and egg/eggshell parameters. (4) Conclusions: Bone and egg production/eggshell quality are independent and can be improved separately. Medullary bone has an important contribution to bone mechanical properties, being important to accumulate enough bone medullary bone early in life to maintain skeletal integrity and eggshell quality in old hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Alfonso-Carrillo
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Ctra. CM 4004, km 10.5, Casarrubios del Monte, 45950 Toledo, Spain; (C.A.-C.); (J.d.l.M.)
| | - Cristina Benavides-Reyes
- Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain; (C.B.-R.); (N.D.-G.); (E.S.-R.)
| | - Jon de los Mozos
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Ctra. CM 4004, km 10.5, Casarrubios del Monte, 45950 Toledo, Spain; (C.A.-C.); (J.d.l.M.)
| | - Nazaret Dominguez-Gasca
- Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain; (C.B.-R.); (N.D.-G.); (E.S.-R.)
| | - Estefanía Sanchez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain; (C.B.-R.); (N.D.-G.); (E.S.-R.)
| | - Ana Isabel Garcia-Ruiz
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Ctra. CM 4004, km 10.5, Casarrubios del Monte, 45950 Toledo, Spain; (C.A.-C.); (J.d.l.M.)
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30
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Dunn IC, De Koning DJ, McCormack HA, Fleming RH, Wilson PW, Andersson B, Schmutz M, Benavides C, Dominguez-Gasca N, Sanchez-Rodriguez E, Rodriguez-Navarro AB. No evidence that selection for egg production persistency causes loss of bone quality in laying hens. Genet Sel Evol 2021; 53:11. [PMID: 33541269 PMCID: PMC7860618 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-021-00603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological adaptations that have evolved for egg laying make hens susceptible to bone fractures and keel bone damage. In modern laying hen breeds, longer periods of egg laying could result in a greater risk of poor bone quality, and selection for increased egg production has frequently been stated to be a cause. However, the existing literature does not support this hypothesis. To test the hypothesis that egg production is associated with quality, breaking strength and density of bone, genetic correlations between these traits were estimated in White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red breeds. Genetic correlations of cortical and medullary bone material chemical properties with bone quality were also estimated, in order to identify methods to improve bone quality with appropriately targeted measurement of key traits. RESULTS Estimates of heritability for bone quality traits were moderate (0.19-0.59) for both White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red breeds, except for the keel bone trait, which had a heritability estimate equal to zero. There was no evidence for genetic or phenotypic relationships between post-peak egg production and bone quality. In the White Leghorn breed, the estimate of the genetic correlation between pre-peak production/age at first egg and bone quality was significant and negative (- 0.7 to - 0.4). Estimates of heritability of thermogravimetric measurements of tibial medullary bone mineralisation were significant (0.18-0.41), as were estimates of their genetic correlations with tibia breaking strength and density (0.6-0.9). CONCLUSIONS The low genetic correlation of post-peak egg production with bone quality suggests that selection for increased persistency of egg production may not adversely affect bone quality. Onset of puberty and mineralisation of the medullary bone, which is a specialised adaptation for egg laying, were identified as important factors associated with the quality of the skeleton later during egg production. These are traits for which genetic, as well as environmental and management factors can positively impact the overall quality of the skeleton of laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Dunn
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | - Robert H. Fleming
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter W. Wilson
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | - Cristina Benavides
- Departamento de Mineralogía Y Petrologia, Universidad de Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain
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31
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Campbell DLM. Skeletal health of layers across all housing systems and future research directions for Australia. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an19578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Modern laying hens have been selected for an astounding rate of egg production, but the physiological calcium demand takes a significant toll on their skeletal health. Bones can be assessed both in vivo and ex vivo, using a combination of different structural and mechanical analysis methods. Typically, the properties of leg, wing and keel bones are measured. Conventional caged layers are restricted in movement, which imbalances structural bone resorption and new bone formation, resulting in osteoporosis. Hens within alternative housing systems have opportunities to exercise for strengthening bones, but they can also suffer from higher rates of keel fractures and/or deviations that are likely to have resulted from collisions or pressure force. Limited research has been conducted within Australian commercial housing systems to assess hen skeletal health, including prevalence of keel damage across different system types. Research conducted on both brown and white hen strains approximately within the past decade internationally (2009 onward) has shown that skeletal health is impaired across all housing systems. Keel-bone damage is of specific concern as it occurs at high rates, particularly in multi-tiered systems, is painful, can alter hen behaviour, and reduce both production and egg quality. Management strategies such as the provision of ramps to access perches and tiers can reduce the incidence of keel-bone damage to a degree. Bone strength can be improved through exercise opportunities, particularly when available during pullet rearing. Genetic selection for high bone strength may be necessary for hens to adequately adapt to loose-housed systems, but the best strategy for improving skeletal health is likely to be multifactorial.
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32
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Dedousi A, Đukić Stojčić M, Sossidou E. Effects of housing systems on keel bone damage and egg quality of laying hens. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2020; 11:299-304. [PMID: 33643580 PMCID: PMC7904128 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2019.99568.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether keel bone damage is prevalent in laying hens in Greece. The study was conducted in three industrial farms using different housing systems: (a) enriched cages, (b) floor system, and (c) free-range system. One hundred hens per housing system, randomly selected, were evaluated for keel bone damages with the method of palpation. Complementarily, thirty eggs from each farm were selected for the measurement of egg weight, shape index, shell cleanness, shell color, shell breaking force, shell thickness, shell weight, egg yolk color, albumen height, and Haugh unit. The presence of keel bone damage was evident in all housing systems with the significantly highest occurrence being observed in the free-range system (50.00%), followed by enriched cages (24.00%) and floor system (7.00%). Eggs from all three systems had significant differences in all estimated egg quality parameters apart from shell color and Haugh unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dedousi
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mirjana Đukić Stojčić
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Evangelia Sossidou
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
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33
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Gloux A, Le Roy N, Même N, Piketty ML, Prié D, Benzoni G, Gautron J, Nys Y, Narcy A, Duclos MJ. Increased expression of fibroblast growth factor 23 is the signature of a deteriorated Ca/P balance in ageing laying hens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21124. [PMID: 33273568 PMCID: PMC7713066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study concerned the effect of ageing in laying hens, from 23 to 90 weeks of age, on the regulation of Ca metabolism related to the requirement for eggshell mineralization. Samples were collected from parathyroid gland (PG), liver, jejunum, medullary bone (MB) and kidney for a quantitative study of candidate gene expression. Although parathyroid hormone (PTH) gene expression in the PG did not vary with age, a stronger challenge to Ca homeostasis was suggested in aged hens. Indeed gene expression of Ca transporters , Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) in the jejunum, and that of transient receptor potential channel subfamily V member 5 (TRPV5) in the kidney decreased. This could exacerbate bone resorption and impair bone accretion, as attested by a higher expression of the Carbonic Anhydrase 2 (CA2) gene and a lower expression of collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) in the MB. The increased expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23) in the MB likely contributed to the decreased plasma levels of 1.25(OH)2D3 and the altered expression of target genes under its regulation. Our data highlights the molecular mechanisms underlying the osteoporotic syndrome previously documented in aged laying hens, thus providing new perspectives for future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gloux
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - N Le Roy
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - N Même
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - M L Piketty
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, G.H. Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U11513, 75743, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - D Prié
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, G.H. Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U11513, 75743, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - G Benzoni
- ADM Animal Nutrition, Talhouët, 56250, Saint-Nolff, France
| | - J Gautron
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Y Nys
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - A Narcy
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - M J Duclos
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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Kittelsen KE, Moe RO, Hansen TB, Toftaker I, Christensen JP, Vasdal G. A Descriptive Study of Keel Bone Fractures in Hens and Roosters from Four Non-Commercial Laying Breeds Housed in Furnished Cages. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112192. [PMID: 33238563 PMCID: PMC7700571 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of keel bone fractures (KBF) in laying hens has been documented and discussed by several authors, nevertheless the causative factors behind KBF remain uncertain. High prevalence of KBF have been reported in all commercial egg production systems, in different genetic lines and at different ages. Several of the proposed causal mechanisms behind KBF are linked to selection for efficient production. It is, therefore, of interest to explore whether less selected breeds have a lower occurrence of keel bone fractures compared to reports from highly selected, modern laying hen breeds. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate keel bones of hens from four non-commercial layer breeds. Birds were housed in furnished cages and keel bones examined at 30 and 63 weeks of age, using a portable X-ray equipment. The results from this descriptive study indicate a low prevalence of KBF at both ages in all four breeds, with only five KBF detected in 213 X-ray pictures taken from 126 birds. Of these, four of the KBF were observed in the most genetically selected breed, with an early onset of lay. None of the roosters examined exhibited KBF. The overall low numbers of KBF found indicate that genetic factors may be involved in KBF and, thus that selective breeding may help to reduce the susceptibility to KBF. Finally, this study highlights the importance of poultry conservation to secure genetic diversity, which may be an important resource in future selection schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Käthe Elise Kittelsen
- Animalia—The Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, Lorenveien 38, NO-0585 Oslo, Norway; (T.B.H.); (G.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-906-05027
| | - Randi Oppermann Moe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, NMBU—Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 dep., NO-0033 Oslo, Norway; (R.O.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Tone Beate Hansen
- Animalia—The Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, Lorenveien 38, NO-0585 Oslo, Norway; (T.B.H.); (G.V.)
| | - Ingrid Toftaker
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, NMBU—Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 dep., NO-0033 Oslo, Norway; (R.O.M.); (I.T.)
| | - Jens Peter Christensen
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Guro Vasdal
- Animalia—The Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, Lorenveien 38, NO-0585 Oslo, Norway; (T.B.H.); (G.V.)
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Prevalence of Keel Bone Damage in Red Jungle Fowls ( Gallus gallus)-A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091655. [PMID: 32942644 PMCID: PMC7552280 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Keel bone damage (KBD) is a highly prevalent problem in commercial egg production. KBD consists of two different conditions affecting the keel: Keel bone deviation and keel bone fractures (KBF). Deviations are linked to pressure on the keel, e.g., from perching. The causative factors for KBF are not clear; however, selection for efficient egg production has been suggested as a major contributing factor. An important step to shed light on the role of selective breeding as an underlying cause of KBF in modern laying hens is to evaluate the keel bones of the ancestor, the red jungle fowl. To the authors' knowledge, this has never previously been published. The aim of this study was therefore to describe the prevalence of KBD in a study group of red jungle hens and roosters housed in an aviary system. The present study examined 29 red jungle fowls 112 weeks of age post-mortem; 12 hens and 17 roosters. Keel bones were evaluated by external palpation for deviations and fractures. Palpation was followed by autopsy. No fractures were detected in the 17 roosters; one had a very slight deviation. Of the 12 red jungle hens in this pilot study, one had a single fracture and 10 hens had a very slight deviation.
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36
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Strain differences and effects of different stocking densities during rearing on the musculoskeletal development of pullets. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4153-4161. [PMID: 32867958 PMCID: PMC7598119 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few published studies on the effect of stocking density (SD) of pullets, particularly between different genetic lines. The objectives of this study were to determine if strain or SD affects musculoskeletal development of pullets and determine any impact on the productivity and keel bone health of adult hens. Lohmann Selected Leghorn Lite (LSL), Dekalb White (DW), and Lohmann Brown (LB) pullets were reared at 4 different SD (247 cm2/bird, 270 cm2/bird, 299 cm2/bird, and 335 cm2/bird) in large cages furnished with elevated perches and a platform. At 16 wk of age, the keel bone, the muscles of the breast, wings, and legs, and the long bones of the wings and legs were collected to compare keel bone development, muscle growth, and bone breaking strength (BBS) between strain (adjusted for bodyweight) and SD treatments. Stocking density did not have an effect on the metasternum length, height, or area of the keel bone, the weights of the bicep brachii, pectoralis major or pectoralis minor, or the BBS of any of the selected bones. However, strain differences were found for all keel bone characteristics, all muscle weights, and the majority of BBS measures. The keel metasternum, height, and overall area of the keel bone were found to be smaller in LB pullets compared with LSL and DW pullets (P < 0.0001); however, cartilage length and overall percentage of the cartilage present on the keel bone was greatest in LB pullets (P < 0.0001). Leg muscles were heaviest in LB pullets (P < 0.05); however, breast muscles were heavier in LSL and DW pullets (P < 0.0001). Lohmann Brown pullets had lower BBS of the tibia (P < 0.0001) and femur (P < 0.0001) compared with LSL and DW pullets, whereas DW pullets had greater BBS of the humerus (P = 0.033). Additionally, there was a higher prevalence of keel bone fractures at 50 wk of age in LB hens compared with DW (P = 0.0144). Overall, SD during rearing used in this study had little impact on the musculoskeletal growth of pullets; however, significant differences were found between strains which may reflect strain-specific behavior. Additionally, differences in keel bone development between strains may lead to differences in keel bone damage in adult hens.
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Toscano MJ, Dunn IC, Christensen JP, Petow S, Kittelsen K, Ulrich R. Explanations for keel bone fractures in laying hens: are there explanations in addition to elevated egg production? Poult Sci 2020; 99:4183-4194. [PMID: 32867962 PMCID: PMC7597989 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current article served to provide the most up-to-date information regarding the causes of keel bone fracture. Although elevated and sustained egg production is likely a major contributing factor toward fractures, new information resulting from the development of novel methodologies suggests complementary causes that should be investigated. We identified 4 broad areas that could explain variation and increased fractures independent of or complementing elevated and sustained egg production: the age at first egg, late ossification of the keel, predisposing bone diseases, and inactivity leading to poor bone health. We also specified several topics that future research should target, which include continued efforts to link egg production and bone health, examination of noncommercial aves and traditional breeds, manipulating of age at first egg, a detailed histological and structural analysis of the keel, assessment of prefracture bone condition, and the relationship between individual activity patterns and bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Toscano
- Centre for Proper Housing of Poultry and Rabbits, VPHI Institute, Universität Bern, Zollikofen, 3052 Switzerland.
| | - Ian C Dunn
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jens-Peter Christensen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Petow
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health,Celle, Germany
| | - Kathe Kittelsen
- Animalia- the Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Centre, N-0513 Oslo, Norway
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Rufener C, Makagon MM. Keel bone fractures in laying hens: a systematic review of prevalence across age, housing systems, and strains. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S36-S51. [PMID: 32810250 PMCID: PMC7433929 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Rufener
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Animal Welfare, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Maja M Makagon
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Animal Welfare, University of California, Davis, CA
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Ali ABA, Campbell DLM, Siegford JM. A risk assessment of health, production, and resource occupancy for 4 laying hen strains across the lay cycle in a commercial-style aviary system. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4672-4684. [PMID: 32988502 PMCID: PMC7598334 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Different strains of commercial laying hens have been molded by varying selection pressures, impacting their production, health, and behavior. Therefore, assumptions that all laying hen strains use the given resources within aviary systems similarly and maintain equal health and performance may be false. We investigated interactions among patterns of aviary resource use by 2 strains of white and 2 strains of brown laying hens (4 units per strain, 144 hens per unit) with daily egg production, location of egg laying, keel fractures, and footpad damage across the lay cycle. Hens' distribution among resources (litter, nest, wire floor, ledge, and perch) was recorded during light and dark periods at 28, 54, and 72 wk of age. Daily egg production and location were recorded, and 20% of hens per unit were randomly selected and assessed for keel bone damage, foot health, and plumage quality. Production and health risks associated with hens' resource use were assessed using multivariable regression. During the day, more brown hens occupied wire floors, while larger numbers of white hens were on perches and litter. More brown hens were on lower-tier wire floors in the dark, while more white hens occupied top tiers. Brown hens laid more eggs outside nests, showed lower incidence of keel fractures, and had better plumage quality than white hens. White hens had higher odds of keel fractures (4.2) than brown hens. Odds of keel fractures were 3.7 and 5.7 times higher at 54 and 72 wk than at 28 wk in all strains (P ≤ 0.05). Occupying the upper tier at night increased odds of keel fractures by 5.4 times. Occupying perches was associated with lower odds of foot lesions and poor plumage quality in all strains across the lay cycle (P ≤ 0.05). Finally, white hens were associated with lower odds of non-nest laying (0.76), whereas higher nest use by brown hens resulted in higher odds of non-nest egg laying (1.56) across the lay cycle (P ≤ 0.05). Distinct strain differences in resource use in an aviary were associated with different risks to hens' production, health, and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed B A Ali
- Animal and Veterinary Science Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Dana L M Campbell
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, New England Highway, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - Janice M Siegford
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Mehlhorn J, Petow S. Smaller brains in laying hens: New insights into the influence of pure breeding and housing conditions on brain size and brain composition. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3319-3327. [PMID: 32616225 PMCID: PMC7597813 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During domestication, many different chicken breeds have been developed that show many alterations compared with their wild ancestors and large variability in parameters such as body size, coloring, behavior, and even brain morphology. Among the breeds, one can differentiate between commercial and noncommercial strains, and commercial strains do not usually show variability as high as noncommercial breeds but exhibit a high production rate of eggs (or meat). The breeding of high-performing laying hens, including the housing conditions of hens, is often a focus of concern for animal welfare, and to date, little is known about the correlation between housing conditions and artificial selection on brain structure. Based on an allometric approach, we compared the relative brain sizes of 2 inbred strains of laying hens (WLA and R11) with those of 7 other noncommercial chicken breeds. In addition, we examined the brain composition of laying hens and analyzed the relative sizes of the telencephalon, hippocampus, tectum opticum, and cerebellum. Half of WLA and R11 lines were kept in floor-housing systems, and the other half were kept in a single cage-housing system. Both strains of laying hens showed significantly smaller brains than the other chicken breeds. In addition, there was a significant difference between WLA and R11 hens, with R11 hens having larger brains. There was no difference in the relative brain sizes of floor-housed and cage-housed hens. WLA and R11 hens did not differ in their brain composition, but floor-housed hens showed a significantly larger cerebellum than cage-housed hens. Apparently, pure breeding over a long time and strong artificial selection for a high production of eggs is accompanied by (unintentional) selection for smaller brains. Further studies may also reveal differences in brain composition and the influence of housing conditions on brain composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mehlhorn
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Petow
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Institute of Animal Health, Celle, Germany
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41
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Chickens in motion: Effects of egg production level and pen size on the motor abilities and bone stability of laying hens (Gallus gallus forma domestica). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.104998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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42
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Jansen S, Baulain U, Habig C, Weigend A, Halle I, Scholz AM, Simianer H, Sharifi AR, Weigend S. Relationship between Bone Stability and Egg Production in Genetically Divergent Chicken Layer Lines. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050850. [PMID: 32423072 PMCID: PMC7278460 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired animal welfare due to skeletal disorders is likely one of the greatest issues currently facing the egg production industry. Reduced bone stability in laying hens is frequently attributed to long-term selection for increased egg production. The present study sought to analyse the relationship between bone stability traits and egg production. The study comprised four purebred layer lines, differing in their phylogenetic origin and performance level, providing extended insight into the phenotypic variability in bone characteristics in laying hens. Data collection included basic production parameters, bone morphometry, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone breaking strength (BBS) of the tibiotarsus and humerus. Using a multifactorial model and regression analyses, BMD proved to be of outstanding importance for bone stability. Only for the tibiotarsus were morphometric parameters and the bone weight associated with BBS. Within the chicken lines, no effect of total eggshell production on BBS or BMD could be detected, suggesting that a high egg yield itself is not necessarily a risk for poor bone health. Considering the complexity of osteoporosis, the estimated genetic parameters confirmed the importance of genetics in addressing the challenge of improving bone strength in layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jansen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (U.B.); (C.H.); (A.W.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ulrich Baulain
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (U.B.); (C.H.); (A.W.); (S.W.)
| | - Christin Habig
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (U.B.); (C.H.); (A.W.); (S.W.)
| | - Annett Weigend
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (U.B.); (C.H.); (A.W.); (S.W.)
| | - Ingrid Halle
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Armin Manfred Scholz
- Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany;
| | - Henner Simianer
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ahmad Reza Sharifi
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Weigend
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (U.B.); (C.H.); (A.W.); (S.W.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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43
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Tixier-Boichard M. From the jungle fowl to highly performing chickens: are we reaching limits? WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1729676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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44
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Eusemann BK, Patt A, Schrader L, Weigend S, Thöne-Reineke C, Petow S. The Role of Egg Production in the Etiology of Keel Bone Damage in Laying Hens. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:81. [PMID: 32154276 PMCID: PMC7047165 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Keel bone fractures and deviations belong to the most severe animal welfare problems in laying hens and are influenced by several factors such as husbandry system and genetic background. It is likely that egg production also influences keel bone health due to the high demand of calcium for the eggshell, which is, in part, taken from the skeleton. The high estrogen plasma concentration, which is linked to the high laying performance, may also affect the keel bone as sexual steroids have been shown to influence bone health. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between egg production, genetically determined high laying performance, estradiol-17ß concentration, and keel bone characteristics. Two hundred hens of two layer lines differing in laying performance (WLA: high performing; G11: low performing) were divided into four treatment groups: Group S received an implant containing a GnRH agonist that suppressed egg production, group E received an implant containing the sexual steroid estradiol-17ß, group SE received both implants, and group C were kept as control hens. Between the 12th and the 62nd weeks of age, the keel bone of all hens was radiographed and estradiol-17ß plasma concentration was assessed at regular intervals. Non-egg laying hens showed a lower risk of keel bone fracture and a higher radiographic density compared to egg laying hens. Exogenous estradiol-17ß was associated with a moderately higher risk of fracture within egg laying but with a lower risk of fracture and a higher radiographic density within non-egg laying hens. The high performing layer line WLA showed a significantly higher fracture risk but also a higher radiographic density compared to the low performing layer line G11. In contrast, neither the risk nor the severity of deviations were unambiguously influenced by egg production or layer line. We assume that within a layer line, there is a strong association between egg production and keel bone fractures, and, possibly, bone mineral density, but not between egg production and deviations. Moreover, our results confirm that genetic background influences fracture prevalence and indicate that the selection for high laying performance may negatively influence keel bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonia Patt
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
| | - Lars Schrader
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
| | - Steffen Weigend
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Petow
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
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45
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Gebhardt-Henrich SG, Rufener C, Stratmann A. Improving intra- and inter-observer repeatability and accuracy of keel bone assessment by training with radiographs. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5234-5240. [PMID: 31581757 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing keel bone damage reliably and accurately is a requirement for all research on this topic. Most commonly, assessment is done on live birds by palpation and is therefore prone to bias. A 2-day Training School of the COST Action "Identifying causes and solutions of keel bone damage in laying hens" with 16 participants of variable experience was held where palpation of live hens was followed by consulting corresponding radiographic images of keel bones. We hypothesized that the inter-observer and intra-observer repeatabilities as well as the agreement between palpation and assessment from the radiograph (considered as the accuracy) would increase from day 1 to 2. Repeatability estimates were calculated using the R-package rptR and the change in level of accuracy on day 1 and 2 was analyzed with generalized linear models. As predicted, the inter-observer repeatabilities of the assessments of the fractures and deviations were improved by training, but this improvement differed for fractures and deviations between the cranial, middle, and caudal parts of the keel bone. Intra-observer repeatabilities before training also differed between the different parts of the keel bone and were highest for fractures at the caudal part of the keel bone. The training affected the accuracy of palpation to different degrees for the different parts of the keel bone. A training effect was found for the caudal part of the keel bone in regard to fractures and deviations, but for fractures the training effect was missing for the cranial part and for deviations it was missing for the middle part of the keel bone. In conclusion, the training school involving radiographs improved inter-observer repeatabilities in the diagnosis of fractures and deviations of keel bones and thus had the potential to lead to more comparable results among research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine G Gebhardt-Henrich
- Center for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits (ZTHZ), Division of Animal Welfare, VPH Institute, University of Bern, Zollikofen, 3052, Switzerland
| | - Christina Rufener
- Center for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits (ZTHZ), Division of Animal Welfare, VPH Institute, University of Bern, Zollikofen, 3052, Switzerland
| | - Ariane Stratmann
- Center for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits (ZTHZ), Division of Animal Welfare, VPH Institute, University of Bern, Zollikofen, 3052, Switzerland
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46
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Tracy LM, Temple SM, Bennett DC, Sprayberry KA, Makagon MM, Blatchford RA. The Reliability and Accuracy of Palpation, Radiography, and Sonography for the Detection of Keel Bone Damage. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110894. [PMID: 31683826 PMCID: PMC6912489 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Due to the recent increase in reports of the prevalence of keel bone damage in laying hens, this has become a topic of welfare concern. Keel bone damage is often in the form of a fracture, and therefore may compromise the hen’s welfare. Detecting keel bone damage in live hens has been problematic, as the bone must either be palpated, which is a measure poor in accuracy, or dissected, in which case the hen must be sacrificed. However, use of imaging technology is increasing in experimental studies. We set out to determine if training with feedback on accuracy could improve palpation accuracy, as well as to determine the accuracy of portable radiography and sonography to detect keel bone damage. Even with feedback, palpation remained an inaccurate method, while both radiography and sonography showed high accuracy for detecting fractures. These two techniques show promise in detecting keel bone fractures in live birds. Abstract Palpation is the most popular method of measuring keel bone damage on live birds, although it has been criticized for being subjective and inaccurate. The goals of this study were to examine intra- and inter-rater reliability when trained with feedback of accuracy, as well as determine the accuracy of portable radiography and sonography. Four evaluators palpated 50 103-week old Lohmann LSL-lite hens immediately following euthanasia. Of those birds, 34 were then radiographed, sonographed, and all 50 were re-palpated. Lastly, the keels were dissected and scored. The presence of deviations (DEV), fractures (FR), and tip fractures (TFR) was scored for each method. Reliability of palpation was analyzed using Cronbach’s Alpha (intra) and Fleiss’ Kappa (inter) tests. Radiography and Sonography scores were further compared with dissection scores to determine sensitivity and specificity. Initial inter-observer reliability was 0.39 DEV, 0.53 FR, and 0.12 TFR, with similar scores for the second round of palpation. Scores for intra-observer reliability ranged from 0.58–0.79 DEV, 0.66–0.90 FR, and 0.37–0.87 TFR. A high prevalence of TFR, but low assessor agreement, warrants the development of specialized training for the palpation of this area. Both radiography and sonography showed relatively high sensitivity for FR and TFR, but low for DEV. On the other hand, specificity was generally high across all damage types. Even with feedback, palpation reliability was poor. However, portable radiography and sonography show promise for detecting keel fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea M Tracy
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - S Mieko Temple
- Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - Darin C Bennett
- Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - Kim A Sprayberry
- Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - Maja M Makagon
- Center for Animal Welfare, Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Richard A Blatchford
- Center for Animal Welfare, Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Eusemann BK, Sharifi AR, Patt A, Reinhard AK, Schrader L, Thöne-Reineke C, Petow S. Influence of a Sustained Release Deslorelin Acetate Implant on Reproductive Physiology and Associated Traits in Laying Hens. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1846. [PMID: 30618846 PMCID: PMC6306558 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an animal model with non-laying hens which would allow for investigation of the relationship between egg production and common diseases in hens. A total of 40 Lohmann Selected Leghorn hens were kept for 20 weeks in a floor housing system in two groups: group "Adult" (21 weeks of age) and group "Juvenile" (14 weeks of age). In each group, 10 hens were administered a 4.7 mg sustained release deslorelin acetate implant subcutaneously; in group "Adult" after, in group "Juvenile" before the onset of lay. In both groups, the remaining hens served as control hens. An examination of each hen was performed weekly, including ultrasonography to check for ovarian follicles, analysis of estradiol-17ß plasma concentration, and assessment of comb size. Digital radiographs of the keel bone were taken in experimental weeks 7 and 15. No follicles were detected on the ovary of treated hens for a certain time period which varied between individuals (between 8 weeks and until the end of the experiment). Estradiol-17ß concentrations were significantly higher in control hens. The comb was significantly smaller in treated hens. A lower prevalence of keel bone damage (group "Adult") and foot pad dermatitis (FPD) (both groups) was found in treated compared to control hens. These results show that a model with laying and non-laying hens can be achieved by administering a deslorelin acetate implant. Furthermore, they indicate a relationship between egg production and keel bone damage as well as FPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Reza Sharifi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antonia Patt
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Reinhard
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Schrader
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Petow
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
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