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Aitken AV, Minassa VS, Batista TJ, Oliveira JKDS, Sant'Anna KDO, Felippe ISA, Paton JFR, Coitinho JB, Bissoli NS, Sampaio KN. Acute poisoning by chlorpyrifos differentially impacts survival and cardiorespiratory function in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 387:110821. [PMID: 38042398 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most important and well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recently, acute organophosphate (OP) poisoning has also been pointed as a CVD risk factor. Despite this evidence, no studies have contrasted the acute toxicosis and cardiovascular (CV) effects of OP poisoning under conditions of normotension and hypertension. In this work, adult male normotensive Wistar and Spontaneously Hypertensive rats (SHR) were intraperitoneally injected with saline or chlorpyrifos (CPF), an OP compound, monitored for acute toxicosis signs and 24-h survival. After poisoning, blood pressure, heart rate and ventilation were recorded, the Bezold-Jarisch Reflex (BJR), the Chemoreflex (CR) were chemically activated, as well as the cardiac autonomic tone (AUT) was assessed. Erythrocyte and brainstem acetylcholinesterase and plasmatic butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities were measured as well as lipid peroxidation, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), nitrite/nitrate levels, expression of catalase, TNFα and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE-1) within the brainstem. CPF induced a much more pronounced acute toxicosis and 33 % lethality in SHR. CPF poisoning impaired ventilation in SHR, the BJR reflex responses in Wistar rats, and the chemoreflex tachypneic response in both strains. CPF inhibited activity of cholinesterases in both strains, increased AOPP and nitrite/nitrate levels and expression of TNFα and ACE-1 in the brainstem of Wistar rats. Interestingly, SHR presented a reduced intrinsic BuChE activity, an important bioscavenger. Our findings show that, CPF at sublethal doses in normotensive rats lead to lethality and much more pronounced acute toxicity signs in the SHR. We also showed that cardiorespiratory reflexes were differentially impacted after CPF poisoning in both strains and that the cardiorespiratory disfunction seems to be associated with interference in cholinergic transmission, oxidative stress and inflammation. These results points to an increased susceptibility to acute toxicosis in hypertension, which may impose a significant risk to vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Vieira Aitken
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil; Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Vítor Sampaio Minassa
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Thatiany Jardim Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Janne Ketly da Silva Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Karoline de Oliveira Sant'Anna
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Igor Simões Assunção Felippe
- The Centre for Heart Research - Manaaki Mānawa, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton Campus, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Julian Francis Richmond Paton
- The Centre for Heart Research - Manaaki Mānawa, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton Campus, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Juliana Barbosa Coitinho
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Nazaré Souza Bissoli
- Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Karla Nívea Sampaio
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
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Rattanawitoon T, Siriwong W, Shendell D, Fiedler N, Robson MG. An Evaluation of a Pesticide Training Program to Reduce Pesticide Exposure and Enhance Safety among Female Farmworkers in Nan, Thailand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6635. [PMID: 37681775 PMCID: PMC10487852 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20176635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although exposure to chemical pesticides is known to cause negative effects on human health, farmers in Ban Luang, Nan, Thailand, continue to use them regularly to protect crops. This study focused on mothers who were engaged in farm tasks and had children between the ages of 0 to 72 months, with the objective of reducing pesticide exposure. METHODS This study was conducted from May 2020 to October 2020 in the Ban Fa and Ban Phi sub-districts in Ban Luang due to the high use of pesticides in these areas. A systematic random sampling technique was used to recruit 78 mothers exposed to pesticides. Thirty-nine mothers from Ban Fa district were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 39 from Ban Phi to the control group over a 3-month period. This study applied a pesticide behavioral change training program for the intervention group. To assess the effectiveness of the program, the study compared the results of a questionnaire regarding knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) and health beliefs related to pesticide exposure as well as the levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) enzymes, biomarkers of exposure to pesticides, before and after the intervention using ANCOVA statistical test. Furthermore, to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention program, a paired t-test was used to investigate the in-home pesticide safety assessment. RESULTS After the intervention, we observed no significant change in AChE; however, a significant improvement in BChE (p < 0.05), a marker of short-term recovery, was observed. Pesticides can cause a reduction in AChE and BChE, however, after eliminating pesticides, BChE takes a shorter time (about 30-50 days) to recover than AChE (around 90-120 days). Therefore, increases in the measured concentrations of AChE and/or BChE suggest the presence of less chemicals from pesticides in the human body. The study also found a significant improvement in KAP and beliefs about chemical pesticide exposure after the intervention (p < 0.05). Furthermore, using a paired t-test, we found a significant increase in pesticide safety practices (p < 0.05) in the intervention group and a borderline significant increase regarding in-home safety (p = 0.051) in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, the constructs of the intervention program were effective and could be applied in other agricultural areas in less developed countries. However, due to time limitations during the COVID-19 pandemic, further studies should be conducted to enable data collection over a longer time, with a larger number of subjects providing the ChE levels for the non-agricultural season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanawat Rattanawitoon
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (D.S.); (N.F.)
| | - Wattasit Siriwong
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Institute Building 3 (10th–11th Floor), Chulalongkorn soi 62, Phyathai Rd., Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Derek Shendell
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (D.S.); (N.F.)
- NJ Safe Schools Program, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Nancy Fiedler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (D.S.); (N.F.)
- Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Mark Gregory Robson
- Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Zanchi MM, Marins K, Zamoner A. Could pesticide exposure be implicated in the high incidence rates of depression, anxiety and suicide in farmers? A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:121888. [PMID: 37244531 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure and poisoning may rise the risk of mental health problems and suicidal tendencies. To explore the potential connection between chronic occupational exposure to pesticides and depression, anxiety, and suicide-related outcomes in farmers, a systematic review was performed. Systematic review protocol is available in PROSPERO registration number CRD42022316285. A total of fifty-seven studies met inclusion criteria: twenty-nine on depression or other mental disorders, twelve on suicide (two of them on both depression and suicide), and fourteen on pesticide poisoning or self-poisoning and death. Among the fifty-seven selected studies, eighteen were conducted in Asia, seventeen in North America, fourteen in South America, seven in European Union, one in Africa, and one in Australia/Oceania. Selected studies demonstrated an increased prevalence of depressive disorders in farmworkers exposed to pesticides as well as an increased self-reported prevalence of depression in this population. Moreover, previous pesticide poisoning increased the risk estimates for depression or other mental disorders as compared with chronic pesticide exposure. Severe pesticide poisoning and multiple poisoning showed increased risks of depressive symptoms compared with milder cases. In addition, financial difficulties and poor health were positively correlated with depression. Among studies on suicide, nine of them found that suicide rates increased in areas devoted to agriculture with intensive pesticide consumption. Moreover, studies demonstrate a higher suicide risk among farmers. The present review suggests more attention to the farmer's mental health and more detailed studies on occupational exposure to the mixture of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Magalhães Zanchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Pharmacy Graduate Course, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Katiuska Marins
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Pharmacy Graduate Course, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ariane Zamoner
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Pharmacy Graduate Course, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Landeros N, Duk S, Márquez C, Inzunza B, Acuña-Rodríguez IS, Zúñiga-Venegas LA. Genotoxicity and Reproductive Risk in Workers Exposed to Pesticides in Rural Areas of Curicó, Chile: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16608. [PMID: 36554491 PMCID: PMC9779056 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Significant risks to human health have been associated with chronic exposure to low doses of pesticides, a situation which may be frequent among agricultural workers. In this context, and regarding the agricultural-based economy of central Chile, we aimed to explore the genotoxic damage in agricultural workers and reproductive risk among women in rural and urban areas of Curicó, a traditional agricultural district in Chile. Hence, we sampled a group of rural agricultural workers associated with pesticide management (n = 30) and an urban unexposed group (n = 30). Our results showed that the agricultural workers had higher micronuclei frequencies (MN: β = 13.27; 95% CI low = 11.08, CI high = 15.47) and women had a 40-fold higher risk of reproductive problems (OR = 40.32; 95% CI low = 2.60, CI high = 624.31) than the unexposed group. The factor analysis of mixed data (FAMD) showed that neither the sex nor smoking habits appear to define the ordination of the data. Nevertheless, the exposure level did segregate them in the multidimensional space (explained variance: 35.38% dim-1; 18.63% dim-2). This pilot study highlights the higher risks of biological conditions negatively associated with the health of agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Landeros
- Centro Oncológico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas (LIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Soledad Duk
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Genética Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Carolina Márquez
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Genética Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Bárbara Inzunza
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Genética Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Ian S. Acuña-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias (I), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3465548, Chile
| | - Liliana A. Zúñiga-Venegas
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas (LIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
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Mosier JA, Hybart RL, Lewis AM, Alugubelly N, Mohammed AN, Carr RL. Inhibition of Serum Esterases in Juvenile Rats Repeatedly Exposed to Low Levels of Chlorpyrifos. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 5:10.15226/2572-3162/5/1/00133. [PMID: 36118291 PMCID: PMC9477121 DOI: 10.15226/2572-3162/5/1/00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphorus insecticide that has gained significant attention cue to the reported toxicity associated with developmental exposure. While the canonical mechanism of toxicity of CPF involves the inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE), we have reported that exposure of juvenile rats to levels of CPF that do not yield any inhibition of brain AChE results in neurobehavioral alterations at later ages. However, it is unclear what effect exposure to these low levels of CPF has on blood esterase activities which are frequently used not only as biomarkers of exposure but also to set exposure levels in risk assessment. To determine this, male and female rat pups were exposed orally from postnatal day 10 to 16 to either corn oil (vehicle) or 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0 mg/kg CPF. At 12 h after the final exposure, serum cholinesterase (ChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and carboxylesterase (CES), and red blood cell (RBC) and brain AChE activities were determined. There were no differences between sexes in either the controls or individual treatments for all enzymes. Only the highest dosage of 1.0 mg/kg CPF yielded significant brain AChE inhibition (22-24%) but all dosages significantly inhibited the blood esterases with inhibition being highest with serum CES (65-85%) followed by serum BChE (57-76%), RBC AChE (35-65%), and then serum ChE (16-32%). Our data verify that blood esterases are inhibited at dosages of CPF that alter neurobehavioral performance in the absence of effects on brain AChE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna A. Mosier
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Rachel L. Hybart
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Aubrey M. Lewis
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Navatha Alugubelly
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Afzaal N. Mohammed
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Russell L. Carr
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
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Zúñiga-Venegas L, Pancetti FC. DNA damage in a Chilean population exposed to pesticides and its association with PON1 (Q192R and L55M) susceptibility biomarker. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2022; 63:215-226. [PMID: 35522182 DOI: 10.1002/em.22485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The active ingredients in pesticides are known to be genotoxic that can cause mutations, chromosomal aberrations, or other types of DNA damage. Early detection of genotoxicity reduces the risk of developing diseases such as cancer or suffering from reproductive disorders. In turn, the genotoxic risk depends on the intrinsic capability of the individual to metabolize and eliminate the xenobiotic from the organism. This study aimed to determine if two polymorphisms of paraoxonase-1 (PON1), which is involved in the metabolism of several organophosphate (OP) pesticides, are predictors of susceptibility to DNA damage in agricultural workers and inhabitants of rural areas chronically exposed to pesticides. A cross-sectional study was made considering three groups: agricultural workers (occupational exposure, OE, n = 85), rural inhabitants (environmental exposure, EE, n = 60), and an unexposed group conformed by people living far from agricultural areas (U, n = 33). The level of individual DNA damage was measured using the comet assay, and genotyping was done to determine the PON1 Q192R and L55M polymorphisms. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrilcholinesterase activities were also measured to determine exposure to OP. Individuals belonging to EE and OE groups displayed higher levels of DNA damage compared with U group (p < .001). OP exposure was the main predictor of genotoxicity (β = 16.19; 95% CI: 1.85, 30.52), instead of PON1 polymorphisms (β = -12.20; 95% CI: -27.87, 3.48). These results confirm the genotoxic effects of pesticide exposure and suggest that the catalytic efficiency of PON1 to metabolize OP pesticides becomes negligible in individuals with a history of long-term environmental or occupational exposure to these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Zúñiga-Venegas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados Maule (CIEAM), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas (CINPSI-Neurocog), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomédicas (LIB), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Floria C Pancetti
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología Ambiental, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas y otros Recursos Biológicos (CIDTA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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Saad-Hussein A, Shahy EM, Ibrahim KS, Mahdy-Abdallah H, Taha MM, Abdel-Shafy EA, Shaban EE. Influence of GSTM1, T1 genes polymorphisms on oxidative stress and liver enzymes in rural and urban pesticides-exposed workers. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2022; 77:800-808. [PMID: 35014941 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2021.2025024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several studies discussed the relationship between the toxicity of organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates pesticides and oxidative stress which affects human health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of pesticides on the induction of oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity. It was also focused on glutathione-S-transferase gene polymorphism in the modulation of these effects. In addition, the role of the educational level of exposed workers was studied. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), liver enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S transferase (GST) were estimated at 100 pesticide-exposed workers (50 urban researchers (UE) and 50 rural sprayers (RE)), and 100 matched controls (50 urban controls (UC)and 50 rural controls (RC)). AChE and BuChE were decreased in RE and UE compared to RC. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were elevated in UE and UC compared to the RE and RC. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was elevated in UE compared to RE. MDA in RE and UE showed elevation compared to RC. There was a significant reduction in the levels of GSH, GST, and GPx in UE compared to RE and RC. The most sensitive pesticide-induced hepatotoxicity group were exposed workers with the GSTT1 genotype. Within these workers, ALT and ALP were significantly correlated with MDA and inversely correlated with AChE and BuChE, while AST was inversely correlated with AChE and BuChE only in UE. Conclusion: GST gene polymorphisms appeared to have a significant role in workers' susceptibility to hepatotoxic effects due to occupational exposure to pesticides; GSTT1 was the most sensitive genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Saad-Hussein
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman M Shahy
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khadiga S Ibrahim
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba Mahdy-Abdallah
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona M Taha
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ebtesam A Abdel-Shafy
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman E Shaban
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Zhou X, Zhang M, Wang Y, Xia H, Zhu L, Li G, Rong L, Dong H, Chen R, Tang S, Yu M. Cholinesterase homozygous genotype as susceptible biomarker of hypertriglyceridaemia for pesticide-exposed agricultural workers. Biomarkers 2021; 26:335-342. [PMID: 33617373 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.1893815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dyslipidemia is an emerging metabolic disorder among pesticide-exposed agricultural workers, and this study was aimed to explore biomarkers of hypertriglyceridaemia susceptibility. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited 72 pesticide-exposed subjects and 78 non-exposed controls. Lipid profile, cholinesterase activity, and thyroid hormones were analysed with routine assays. Six loci, including rs11206244 and rs2235544 for deiodinase 1, rs12885300 and rs225014 for deiodinase 2, rs1803274 for butyrylcholinesterase, and rs3757869 for acetylcholinesterase were genotyped using an improved multiplex ligation detection reaction technique. RESULTS Pesticide-exposed subjects showed higher levels of triglyceride than controls (p = 0.009), although there were comparable cholinesterase activity and genotype frequencies of all six loci between pesticide-exposed subjects and controls. Pesticide-exposed subjects with homozygous genotype of cholinesterase had increased triglyceride levels than controls (p < 0.05). The percentage of hypertriglyceridaemia was 28.6% and 8.8% for pesticide-exposed subjects and controls with homozygous butyrylcholinesterase genotype (p = 0.007) and 20.8% and 14.3% with homozygous acetylcholinesterase genotype (p = 0.792), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analyses found that odds ratio of hypertriglyceridaemia is 21.92 and 4.56 for pesticide-exposed subjects with homozygous genotype of butyrylcholinesterase (p = 0.001) and acetylcholinesterase (p = 0.036), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Cholinesterase homozygous genotype might be a potential susceptible biomarker in screening pesticide-exposed agricultural workers vulnerable to hypertriglyceridaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Occupational Diseases, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Hailing Xia
- Department of Occupational Diseases, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijin Zhu
- Department of Occupational Diseases, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangyi Li
- Institute of Endemic and Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Zibo centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zibo, China
| | - Li Rong
- Clinical Medical Laboratory, Beijing Prevention and Treatment Hospital of Occupational Disease for Chemical Industry, Beijing, China
| | - Huahuang Dong
- Clinical Medical Laboratory, Beijing Prevention and Treatment Hospital of Occupational Disease for Chemical Industry, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Shichuan Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Occupational Diseases, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Comparative study of the effects of ziram and disulfiram on human monocyte-derived macrophage functions and polarization: involvement of zinc. Cell Biol Toxicol 2020; 37:379-400. [PMID: 32712770 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ziram, a zinc dithiocarbamate is widely used worldwide as a fungicide in agriculture. In order to investigate ziram-induced changes in macrophage functions and polarization, human monocytes-derived macrophages in culture were treated with ziram at 0.01-10 μmol.L-1 for 4-24 h. To characterize zinc involvement in these changes, we also determined the effects of disulfiram alone (dithiocarbamate without zinc) or in co-incubation with ZnSO4. We have shown that ziram and disulfiram at 0.01 μmol.L-1 increased zymosan phagocytosis. In contrast, ziram at 10 μmol.L-1 completely inhibited this phagocytic process, the oxidative burst triggered by zymosan and the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL2 triggered by LPS. Disulfiram had the same effects on these macrophages functions only when combined with zinc (10 μmol.L-1). In contrast, at 10 μmol.L-1 ziram and zinc associated-disulfiram induced expression of several antioxidants genes HMOX1, SOD2, and catalase, which could suggest the induction of oxidative stress. This oxidative stress could be involved in the increase in late apoptosis induced by ziram (10 μmol.L-1) and zinc associated-disulfiram. Concerning gene expression profiles of membrane markers of macrophage polarization, ziram at 10 μmol.L-1 had two opposite effects. It inhibited the gene expression of M2 markers (CD36, CD163) in the same way as the disulfiram-zinc co-treatment. Conversely, ziram induced gene expression of other M2 markers CD209, CD11b, and CD16 in the same way as treatment with zinc alone. Disulfiram-zinc association had no significant effects on these markers. These results taken together show that ziram via zinc modulates macrophages to M2-like anti-inflammatory phenotype which is often associated with various diseases.
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Ramírez-Santana M, Zúñiga-Venegas L, Corral S, Roeleveld N, Groenewoud H, Van der Velden K, Scheepers PTJ, Pancetti F. Reduced neurobehavioral functioning in agricultural workers and rural inhabitants exposed to pesticides in northern Chile and its association with blood biomarkers inhibition. Environ Health 2020; 19:84. [PMID: 32698901 PMCID: PMC7374955 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous biomonitoring studies have shown that people in the rural population of Coquimbo, the major agricultural area in northern Chile are being occupationally and environmentally exposed to organophosphate/carbamate (OP/CB) pesticides. Given their harmful effects, this study had two aims; first, to evaluate the effect of cumulative or chronic exposure to OP/CB pesticides on the neurobehavioral performance of agricultural workers and rural inhabitants; second, to determine if changes in the neurobehavioral performance are associated to changes in blood biomarkers of OP/CB pesticides during the spray season, when exposure is higher. METHODS For the first aim, a cross sectional study of neurobehavioral performance in adult volunteers (men and women, 18-50 years-old, right-handed) was carried out in the pre-spray season. Sampling was done by convenience and a questionnaire was used to categorize participants depending on their level of chronic exposure, as either: occupationally exposed (OE, n = 87), environmentally exposed (EE, n = 81), or non-exposed controls or reference group (RG, n = 100). A neurobehavioral test battery consisting of 21 tests to measure cognitive, motor and emotional state was applied. For the second aim, neurobehavioral measures were taken a second time from EE and OE groups during the spray season, and their exposure corroborated by blood-based biomarker inhibition. RESULTS Lower neurobehavioral performance was observed in the pre-spray evaluation of EE and OE groups compared to the non-exposed, OE being the worst performing group. Seasonal exposure impaired performance in both exposure groups on all tests except those on attention and mood. Data modeling of the basal (pre-spray) measurements showed that the level of exposure was the best predictor of performance. During spraying, inhibition of BChE activity in the EE group was the best predictor of low performance in tests measuring logical, auditory and visual memory, inhibitory control of cognitive interference, constructional and planning abilities, executive functions, and motor speed and coordination. CONCLUSION Long-term occupational or environmental exposure to pesticides caused impairment in neurobehavioral functioning, which worsened during the spraying season, mainly in EE. BChE inhibition was the best predictor for seasonal neurobehavioral changes in EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Ramírez-Santana
- Departemento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Liliana Zúñiga-Venegas
- Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados de Maule (CIEAM), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas (CINPSI), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, 1780000, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Sebastián Corral
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, 1780000, Coquimbo, Chile
- Laboratorio de Psiquiatría Translacional, Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nel Roeleveld
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Groenewoud
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Koos Van der Velden
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul T J Scheepers
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floria Pancetti
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, 1780000, Coquimbo, Chile.
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[Pesticide exposure in Chile and population health: urgency for decision making]. GACETA SANITARIA 2020; 35:480-487. [PMID: 32684309 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last 25 years, Chile has had an expanding role as an agro-export country in the global economy, with efficient rates of productivity in the region, based on the technological development of agriculture, with of large monocultures whose productivity depends on the intensive application of agrochemicals. This form of agriculture has also lacked efficient regulations and surveillance, so it is difficult to estimate the real magnitude of the exposed population and its effects on health in the short or long term. This systematic review compiles the epidemiological evidence generated from studies conducted in several regions of Chile regarding pesticide exposure and health effects. Of the total number of articles, 50% included agricultural workers, 25% children, and 25% women of childbearing age, with the greatest effects being the neurotoxic (54%), genotoxic (31%) and reproductive (15%). The evidence collected shows that in Chile the levels of exposure to pesticides in the general and occupational population are higher than international studies levels. It is urgent to protect the health of both the occupational and general population and especially children through a stricter control of the sale and use of pesticides, with comprehensive surveillance systems in environmental health and educational actions in the social and cultural context of rural communities. It is a priority to strengthen research with national relevance on health effects, and strictly restrict the use of pesticides already prohibited in developed countries due to their high level of risk to human and environmental health.
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Shentema MG, Kumie A, Bråtveit M, Deressa W, Ngowi AV, Moen BE. Pesticide Use and Serum Acetylcholinesterase Levels among Flower Farm Workers in Ethiopia-A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030964. [PMID: 32033179 PMCID: PMC7037783 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The flower industry in East Africa has grown in recent years, especially in the production and export of roses. The aim of this study was to assess pesticide use on selected flower farms in Ethiopia. Serum cholinesterase levels in workers were used as a marker of pesticide exposure. This study was a cross-sectional study involving 588 workers from 15 different flower farms. It had a response rate of 95.5%. The participants included 277 males (mean age 26 years; 148 pesticide sprayers and 129 non-sprayers) and 311 females (mean age 25 years; 156 working in greenhouses and 155 working outside the greenhouses). The researchers undertook structured interviews, blood sampling, and walkthrough surveys. Descriptive statistics and Poisson regression were used in the statistical analyses. A total of 154 different trade names of pesticides were found. Of them, 31 (27%) were classified as moderately hazardous by the WHO, and 9% were organophosphates. Serum levels of cholinesterase deviating from 50-140 Michel units were considered abnormal. Abnormal serum cholinesterase levels (above 140 Michel units) were found in 97 participants (16.5%, 95% confidence interval 13.7-19.7%). There were no differences between the four job groups regarding cholinesterase levels. The high prevalence of abnormal serum cholinesterase levels might indicate the presence of pesticide intoxication. Thus, there is a need for routine monitoring of all workers exposed to pesticides, not only sprayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaza Gezu Shentema
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia; (A.K.); (W.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +25-191-203-2797
| | - Abera Kumie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia; (A.K.); (W.D.)
| | - Magne Bråtveit
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (M.B.); (B.E.M.)
| | - Wakgari Deressa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia; (A.K.); (W.D.)
| | - Aiwerasia Vera Ngowi
- School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dares Salaam 65015, Tanzania;
| | - Bente E. Moen
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (M.B.); (B.E.M.)
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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13
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Dereumeaux C, Fillol C, Quenel P, Denys S. Pesticide exposures for residents living close to agricultural lands: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105210. [PMID: 31739132 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residents living close to agricultural lands might be exposed to pesticides through non-occupational pathways including spray drift and volatilization of pesticides beyond the treated area. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to identify and analyze scientific literature measuring pesticide exposure in non-farmworker residents living close to agricultural lands, and to suggest practical implications and needs for future studies. METHODS A review was performed using inclusion criteria to identify original articles of interest published between 2003 and 2018. RESULTS From the 29 articles selected in this review, 2 belonged to the same study and were grouped, resulting in a total of 27 studies. Seven studies assessed exposure to pesticides using environmental samples, 13 collected biological samples and 7 analyzed both. Nine studies included a reference group of residents living far from agricultural lands while 11 assessed the influence of the spraying season or spray events on pesticide exposures. Studies included in this review provide evidence that residents living near to agricultural lands are exposed to higher levels of pesticides than residents living further away. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This review highlights that the following study design characteristics may be more appropriate than others to measure pesticide spray drift exposure in non-farmworker residents living close to agricultural lands: inclusion of a non-agricultural control group, collection of both biological and environmental samples with repeated sampling, measurements at different periods of the year, selection of numerous study sites related to one specific crop group, and measurements of pesticides which are specific to agricultural use. However, few studies to date incorporate all these characteristics. Additional studies are needed to comprehensively measure non-occupational pesticide exposures in this population in order to evaluate health risks, and to develop appropriate prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Dereumeaux
- Direction of Environmental Health, Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice Cedex, France.
| | - Clémence Fillol
- Direction of Environmental Health, Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Quenel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sébastien Denys
- Direction of Environmental Health, Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice Cedex, France
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Serrano-Medina A, Ugalde-Lizárraga A, Bojorquez-Cuevas MS, Garnica-Ruiz J, González-Corral MA, García-Ledezma A, Pineda-García G, Cornejo-Bravo JM. Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Farmers Associated with Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure in a Rural Village of Northwest México. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E689. [PMID: 30813607 PMCID: PMC6427808 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the degree of acetylcholinesterase inhibition and neurological symptoms for each of the psychiatric disorders diagnosed in the farm workers of a rural population in the state of Baja California, Mexico. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 140 agricultural workers (exposed participants). The study was run using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Diagnostic Test (MINI), a pre-established questionnaire to diagnose the mental state of each agricultural worker. Analysis of enzymatic activity was carried out using the modified Ellman method. The results showed that, among agricultural workers with slightly inhibited enzymatic activity, 25% met the criteria for the diagnosis of major depression with suicidal attitudes, 23.9% with inhibited enzymatic activity showed generalized anxiety, 23.5% showed combined depression⁻anxiety, and 22% met the criteria for major depression and no psychiatric diagnosis disorder. These results suggest the need for the development of effective public-health strategies to inform farm workers about integrated pesticide management in order to prevent serious health complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aracely Serrano-Medina
- Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional, Tijuana 22300, Mexico.
| | - Angel Ugalde-Lizárraga
- Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional, Tijuana 22300, Mexico.
| | - Michelle Stephanie Bojorquez-Cuevas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional, Tijuana 22300, Mexico.
| | - Jatniel Garnica-Ruiz
- Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional, Tijuana 22300, Mexico.
| | - Martín Alexis González-Corral
- Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional, Tijuana 22300, Mexico.
| | - Arnold García-Ledezma
- Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional, Tijuana 22300, Mexico.
| | - Gisela Pineda-García
- Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional, Tijuana 22300, Mexico.
| | - José Manuel Cornejo-Bravo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional, Tijuana 22300, Mexico.
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Krajnak K. Health effects associated with occupational exposure to hand-arm or whole body vibration. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2018; 21:320-334. [PMID: 30583715 PMCID: PMC6415671 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2018.1557576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Workers in a number of different occupational sectors are exposed to workplace vibration on a daily basis. This exposure may arise through the use of powered-hand tools or hand-transmitted vibration (HTV). Workers might also be exposed to whole body vibration (WBV) by driving delivery vehicles, earth moving equipment, or through use of tools that generate vibration at low dominant frequencies and high amplitudes, such as jackhammers. Occupational exposure to vibration has been associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal pain in the back, neck, hands, shoulders, and hips. Occupational exposure may also contribute to the development of peripheral and cardiovascular disorders and gastrointestinal problems. In addition, there are more recent data suggesting that occupational exposure to vibration may enhance the risk of developing certain cancers. The aim of this review is to provide an assessment of the occupations where exposure to vibration is most prevalent, and a description of the adverse health effects associated with occupational exposure to vibration. This review will examine (1) various experimental methods used to measure and describe the characteristics of vibration generated by various tools and vehicles, (2) the etiology of vibration-induced disorders, and (3) how these data were employed to assess and improve intervention strategies and equipment that reduces the transmission of vibration to the body. Finally, there is a discussion of the research gaps that need to be investigated to further reduction in the incidence of vibration-induced illnesses and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Krajnak
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , WV , USA
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