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Jin F, Feng Y, Chen C, Yao H, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Meng F, Chen X, Jiao X, Yin Y. Transmembrane Protein LMxysn_1693 of Serovar 4h Listeria monocytogenes Is Associated with Bile Salt Resistance and Intestinal Colonization. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071263. [PMID: 35888981 PMCID: PMC9320622 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a ubiquitous foodborne pathogen comprising of 14 serotypes, of which serovar 4h isolates belonging to hybrid sub-lineage Ⅱ exhibit hypervirulent features. LMxysn_1693 of serovar 4h Lm XYSN, a member of genomic island-7 (GI-7), is predicted to a membrane protein with unknown function, which is conserved in serovar 4h Listeria monocytogenes. Under bile salts stress, Lm XYSN strain lacking LMxysn_1693 (XYSN∆1693) exhibited a stationary phase growth defect as well as a reduction in biofilm formation and strikingly down-regulated bile-salts-resistant genes and virulent genes. Particularly, LMxysn_1693 protein plays a crucial role in Lm XYSN adhesion and invasion to intestinal epithelial cells, as well as colonization in the ileum of mice. Taken together, these findings indicate that the LMxysn_1693 gene encodes a component of the putative ABC transporter system, synthetically interacts with genes involved in bile resistance, biofilm formation and virulence, and thus contributes to Listeria monocytogenes survival within and outside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxin Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.J.); (Y.F.); (C.C.); (H.Y.); (R.Z.); (Q.Z.); (F.M.); (X.C.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Youwei Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.J.); (Y.F.); (C.C.); (H.Y.); (R.Z.); (Q.Z.); (F.M.); (X.C.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.J.); (Y.F.); (C.C.); (H.Y.); (R.Z.); (Q.Z.); (F.M.); (X.C.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hao Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.J.); (Y.F.); (C.C.); (H.Y.); (R.Z.); (Q.Z.); (F.M.); (X.C.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Renling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.J.); (Y.F.); (C.C.); (H.Y.); (R.Z.); (Q.Z.); (F.M.); (X.C.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.J.); (Y.F.); (C.C.); (H.Y.); (R.Z.); (Q.Z.); (F.M.); (X.C.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fanzeng Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.J.); (Y.F.); (C.C.); (H.Y.); (R.Z.); (Q.Z.); (F.M.); (X.C.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.J.); (Y.F.); (C.C.); (H.Y.); (R.Z.); (Q.Z.); (F.M.); (X.C.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xin’an Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.J.); (Y.F.); (C.C.); (H.Y.); (R.Z.); (Q.Z.); (F.M.); (X.C.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuelan Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China; (F.J.); (Y.F.); (C.C.); (H.Y.); (R.Z.); (Q.Z.); (F.M.); (X.C.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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Mangalea MR, Borlee BR. The NarX-NarL two-component system regulates biofilm formation, natural product biosynthesis, and host-associated survival in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Sci Rep 2022; 12:203. [PMID: 34997073 PMCID: PMC8742066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a saprophytic bacterium endemic throughout the tropics causing severe disease in humans and animals. Environmental signals such as the accumulation of inorganic ions mediates the biofilm forming capabilities and survival of B. pseudomallei. We have previously shown that B. pseudomallei responds to nitrate and nitrite by inhibiting biofilm formation and altering cyclic di-GMP signaling. To better understand the roles of nitrate-sensing in the biofilm inhibitory phenotype of B. pseudomallei, we created in-frame deletions of narX (Bp1026b_I1014) and narL (Bp1026b_I1013), which are adjacent components of a conserved nitrate-sensing two-component system. We observed transcriptional downregulation in key components of the biofilm matrix in response to nitrate and nitrite. Some of the most differentially expressed genes were nonribosomal peptide synthases (NRPS) and/or polyketide synthases (PKS) encoding the proteins for the biosynthesis of bactobolin, malleilactone, and syrbactin, and an uncharacterized cryptic NRPS biosynthetic cluster. RNA expression patterns were reversed in ∆narX and ∆narL mutants, suggesting that nitrate sensing is an important checkpoint for regulating the diverse metabolic changes occurring in the biofilm inhibitory phenotype. Moreover, in a macrophage model of infection, ∆narX and ∆narL mutants were attenuated in intracellular replication, suggesting that nitrate sensing contributes to survival in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihnea R Mangalea
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Bradley R Borlee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Gunardi WD, Timotius KH, Natasha A, Evriarti PR. Biofilm Targeting Strategy in the Eradication of Burkholderia Infections: A Mini-Review. Open Microbiol J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285802115010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia are intracellular pathogenic bacteria which can produce biofilm. This biofilm protects the intracellular pathogenic bacteria from antibiotic treatment and the immunological system of the host. Therefore, this review aims to describe the capacity of Burkholderia to form a biofilm, the regulation of its biofilm formation, the efficacy of antibiotics to eradicate biofilm, and the novel therapy which targets its biofilm. Burkholderia's biofilm is characterized by its lipopolysaccharides, exopolysaccharides (EPSs), biofilm-associated proteins, and eDNA. Its regulation is made by quorum sensing, c-di-AMP, sRNA, and two component systems. Many antibiotics have been used as sole or mixture agents; however, they are not always effective in eradicating the biofilm-forming Burkholderia. Inhibitors of quorum sensing and other non-conventional antibiotic approaches are promising to discover effective treatment of Burkholderia infections.
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Ranjith K, Sharma S, Shivaji S. Microbes of the human eye: Microbiome, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation. Exp Eye Res 2021; 205:108476. [PMID: 33549582 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The review focuses on the bacteria associated with the human eye using the dual approach of detecting cultivable bacteria and the total microbiome using next generation sequencing. The purpose of this review was to highlight the connection between antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in ocular bacteria. METHODS Pubmed was used as the source to catalogue culturable bacteria and ocular microbiomes associated with the normal eyes and those with ocular diseases, to ascertain the emergence of anti-microbial resistance with special reference to biofilm formation. RESULTS This review highlights the genetic strategies used by microorganisms to evade the lethal effects of anti-microbial agents by tracing the connections between candidate genes and biofilm formation. CONCLUSION The eye has its own microbiome which needs to be extensively studied under different physiological conditions; data on eye microbiomes of people from different ethnicities, geographical regions etc. are also needed to understand how these microbiomes affect ocular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konduri Ranjith
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Savitri Sharma
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Sisinthy Shivaji
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Zaynab M, Chen H, Chen Y, Ouyang L, Yang X, Hu Z, Li S. Signs of biofilm formation in the genome of Labrenzia sp . PO1. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 28:1900-1912. [PMID: 33732076 PMCID: PMC7938128 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Labrenzia sp. are important components of marine ecology which play a key role in biochemical cycling. In this study, we isolated the Labrenzia sp. PO1 strain capable of forming biofilm, from the A. sanguinea culture. Growth analysis revealed that strain reached a logarithmic growth period at 24 hours. The whole genome of 6.21813 Mb of Labrezia sp. PO1 was sequenced and assembled into 15 scaffolds and 16 contigs, each with minimum and maximum lengths of 644 and 1,744,114 Mb. A total of 3,566 genes were classified into five pathways and 31 pathway groups. Of them, 521 genes encoded biofilm formation proteins, quorum sensing (QS) proteins, and ABC transporters. Gene Ontology annotation identified 49,272 genes that were involved in biological processes (33,425 genes), cellular components (7,031genes), and molecular function (7,816 genes). We recognised genes involved in bacterial quorum sensing, attachment, motility, and chemotaxis to investigate bacteria's ability to interact with the diatom phycosphere. As revealed by KEGG pathway analysis, several genes encoding ABC transporters exhibited a significant role during the growth and development of Labrenzia sp. PO1, indicating that ABC transporters may be involved in signalling pathways that enhance growth and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Zaynab
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, China
| | - Huirong Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, China
| | - Yufei Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, China
| | - Liao Ouyang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, China
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, China
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Functional redundancy of Burkholderia pseudomallei phospholipase C enzymes and their role in virulence. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19242. [PMID: 33159122 PMCID: PMC7648637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes are key virulence factors in several pathogenic bacteria. Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, possesses at least three plc genes (plc1, plc2 and plc3). We found that in culture medium plc1 gene expression increased with increasing pH, whilst expression of the plc3 gene was pH (4.5 to 9.0) independent. Expression of the plc2 gene was not detected in culture medium. All three plc genes were expressed during macrophage infection by B. pseudomallei K96243. Comparing B. pseudomallei wild-type with plc mutants revealed that plc2, plc12 or plc123 mutants showed reduced intracellular survival in macrophages and reduced plaque formation in HeLa cells. However, plc1 or plc3 mutants showed no significant differences in plaque formation compared to wild-type bacteria. These findings suggest that Plc2, but not Plc1 or Plc3 are required for infection of host cells. In Galleria mellonella, plc1, plc2 or plc3 mutants were not attenuated compared to the wild-type strain, but multiple plc mutants showed reduced virulence. These findings indicate functional redundancy of the B. pseudomallei phospholipases in virulence.
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Thiriot JD, Martinez-Martinez YB, Endsley JJ, Torres AG. Hacking the host: exploitation of macrophage polarization by intracellular bacterial pathogens. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:5739920. [PMID: 32068828 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an integral role in host defenses against intracellular bacterial pathogens. A remarkable plasticity allows for adaptation to the needs of the host to orchestrate versatile innate immune responses to a variety of microbial threats. Several bacterial pathogens have adapted to macrophage plasticity and modulate the classical (M1) or alternative (M2) activation bias towards a polarization state that increases fitness for intracellular survival. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the host macrophage and intracellular bacterial interface; highlighting the roles of M1/M2 polarization in host defense and the mechanisms employed by several important intracellular pathogens to modulate macrophage polarization to favor persistence or proliferation. Understanding macrophage polarization in the context of disease caused by different bacterial pathogens is important for the identification of targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Thiriot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas 77555 USA
| | - Yazmin B Martinez-Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas 77555 USA
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas 77555 USA
| | - Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas 77555 USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas 77555 USA
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Burkholderia pseudomallei pathogenesis and survival in different niches. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:569-579. [PMID: 32167134 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease of the tropics with high clinical mortality rates. To date, no vaccines are approved for melioidosis and current treatment relies on antibiotics. Conversely, common misdiagnosis and high pathogenicity of Bp hamper efforts to fight melioidosis. This bacterium can be isolated from a wide range of niches such as waterlogged fields, stagnant water bodies, salt water bodies and from human and animal clinical specimens. Although extensive studies have been undertaken to elucidate pathogenesis mechanisms of Bp, little is known about how a harmless soil bacterium adapts to different environmental conditions, in particular, the shift to a human host to become a highly virulent pathogen. The bacterium has a large genome encoding an armory of factors that assist the pathogen in surviving under stressful conditions and assuming its role as a deadly intracellular pathogen. This review presents an overview of what is currently known about how the pathogen adapts to different environments. With in-depth understanding of Bp adaptation and survival, more effective therapies for melioidosis can be developed by targeting related genes or proteins that play a major role in the bacteria's survival.
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Velmourougane K, Prasanna R, Supriya P, Ramakrishnan B, Thapa S, Saxena AK. Transcriptome profiling provides insights into regulatory factors involved in Trichoderma viride-Azotobacter chroococcum biofilm formation. Microbiol Res 2019; 227:126292. [PMID: 31421719 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Azotobacter chroococcum (Az) and Trichoderma viride (Tv) represent agriculturally important and beneficial plant growth promoting options which contribute towards nutrient management and biocontrol, respectively. When Az and Tv are co-cultured, they form a biofilm, which has proved promising as an inoculant in several crops; however, the basic aspects related to regulation of biofilm formation were not investigated. Therefore, whole transcriptome sequencing (Illumina NextSeq500) and gene expression analyses were undertaken, related to biofilm formation vis a vis Tv and Az growing individually. Significant changes in the transcriptome profiles of biofilm were recorded and validated through qPCR analyses. In-depth evaluation also identified several genes (phoA, phoB, glgP, alg8, sipW, purB, pssA, fadD) specifically involved in biofilm formation in Az, Tv and Tv-Az. Genes coding for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, ABC transporters, translation elongation factor EF-1, molecular chaperones and double homeobox 4 were either up-regulated or down-regulated during biofilm formation. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the modulation of gene expression in an agriculturally beneficial association, as a biofilm. Our results provide insights into the regulatory factors involved during biofilm formation, which can help to improve the beneficial effects and develop more effective and promising plant- microbe associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radha Prasanna
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
| | - Puram Supriya
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shobit Thapa
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Kumar Saxena
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Kusmaur, PO Kaitholi, Mau Nath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh 275101, India
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Ranjith K, Ramchiary J, Prakash JSS, Arunasri K, Sharma S, Shivaji S. Gene Targets in Ocular Pathogenic Escherichia coli for Mitigation of Biofilm Formation to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1308. [PMID: 31293528 PMCID: PMC6598151 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work is an attempt to establish the functionality of genes involved in biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in an ocular strain of Escherichia coli (L-1216/2010) which was isolated and characterized from the Vitreous fluid of a patient with Endophthalmitis. For this purpose, seven separate gene-specific knockout mutants were generated by homologous recombination in ocular E. coli. The genes that were mutated included three transmembrane genes ytfR (ABC transporter ATP-binding protein), mdtO (multidrug efflux system) and tolA (inner membrane protein), ryfA coding for non-coding RNA and three metabolic genes mhpA (3-3-hydroxyphenylpropionate 1,2-dioxygenase), mhpB (2,3-di hydroxyphenylpropionate 1,2-dioxygenase), and bdcR (regulatory gene of bdcA). Mutants were validated by sequencing and Reverse transcription-PCR and monitored for biofilm formation by XTT method and confocal microscopy. The antibiotic susceptibility of the mutants was also ascertained. The results indicated that biofilm formation was inhibited in five mutants (ΔbdcR, ΔmhpA, ΔmhpB, ΔryfA, and ΔtolA) and the thickness of biofilm reduced from 17.2 μm in the wildtype to 1.5 to 4.8 μm in the mutants. Mutants ΔytfR and ΔmdtO retained the potential to form biofilm. Complementation of the mutants with the wild type gene restored biofilm formation potential in all mutants except in ΔmhpB. The 5 mutants which lost their ability to form biofilm (ΔbdcR, ΔmhpA, ΔmhpB, ΔtolA, and ΔryfA) did not exhibit any change in their susceptibility to Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Cefotaxime, Sulfamethoxazole, Imipenem, Erythromycin, and Streptomycin in the planktonic phase compared to wild type ocular E. coli. But ΔmdtO was the only mutant with altered MIC to Sulfamethoxazole, Imipenem, Erythromycin, and Streptomycin both in the planktonic and biofilm phase. This is the first report demonstrating the involvement of the metabolic genes mhpA and mhpB and bdcR (regulatory gene of bdcA) in biofilm formation in ocular E. coli. In addition we provide evidence that tolA and ryfA are required for biofilm formation while ytfR and mdtO are not required. Mitigation of biofilm formation to overcome antibiotic resistance could be achieved by targeting the genes bdcR, mhpA, mhpB, ryfA, and tolA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konduri Ranjith
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre - Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Research Scholar, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Jahnabi Ramchiary
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jogadhenu S S Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Kotakonda Arunasri
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre - Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Savitri Sharma
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre - Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sisinthy Shivaji
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre - Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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