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Wiener JP, Desire S, Garliyev V, Lyssenko III N, Praticò D, Lyssenko NN. Down-Regulation of ABCA7 in Human Microglia, Astrocyte and THP-1 Cell Lines by Cholesterol Depletion, IL-1β and TNFα, or PMA. Cells 2023; 12:2143. [PMID: 37681876 PMCID: PMC10486366 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter subfamily A member 7 (ABCA7) is a major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Human neural cell lines were used to investigate the regulation of ABCA7 expression by cholesterol and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cholesterol was depleted by methyl-β-cyclodextrin, followed by treatment with rosuvastatin to suppress de novo synthesis, while the cells underwent adjustment to low cholesterol. Cholesterol depletion by 50-76% decreased ABCA7 expression by ~40% in C20 microglia and ~21% in A172 astrocytes but had no effect on the protein in SK-N-SH neurons. Cholesterol depletion also suppressed ABCA7 in HMC3 microglia. Previously, cholesterol loss was reported to up-regulate ABCA7 in murine macrophages. ABCA7 was down-regulated during PMA-induced differentiation of human THP-1 monocytes to macrophages. But, cholesterol depletion in THP-1 macrophages by ~71% had no effect on ABCA7. IL-1β and TNFα reduced ABCA7 expression in C20 and HMC3 microglia but not in A172 astrocytes or SK-N-SH neurons. IL-6 did not affect ABCA7 in the neural cells. These findings suggest that ABCA7 is active in regular homeostasis in human neural cells, is regulated by cholesterol in a cell type-dependent manner, i.e., cholesterol depletion down-regulates it in human neuroglia but not neurons, and is incompatible with IL-1β and TNFα inflammatory responses in human microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas N. Lyssenko
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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2
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Mortimer KRH, Vernon-Browne H, Zille M, Didwischus N, Boltze J. Potential effects of commonly applied drugs on neural stem cell proliferation and viability: A hypothesis-generating systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:975697. [PMID: 36277493 PMCID: PMC9581168 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.975697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation is an emerging and promising approach to combat neurodegenerative diseases. While NSCs can differentiate into neural cell types, many therapeutic effects are mediated by paracrine, “drug-like” mechanisms. Neurodegenerative diseases are predominantly a burden of the elderly who commonly suffer from comorbidities and thus are subject to pharmacotherapies. There is substantial knowledge about drug-drug interactions but almost nothing is known about a potential impact of pharmacotherapy on NSCs. Such knowledge is decisive for designing tailored treatment programs for individual patients. Previous studies revealed preliminary evidence that the anti-depressants fluoxetine and imipramine may affect NSC viability and proliferation. Here, we derive a hypothesis on how commonly applied drugs, statins and antihypertensives, may affect NSC viability, proliferation, and differentiation. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis looking at potential effects of commonly prescribed antihypertensive and antihyperlipidemic medication on NSC function. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched on according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Publications were assessed against a priori established selection criteria for relevancy. A meta-analysis was then performed on data extracted from publications eligible for full text review to estimate drug effects on NSC functions. Our systematic review identified 1,017 potential studies, 55 of which were eligible for full text review. Out of those, 21 were included in the qualitative synthesis. The meta-analysis was performed on 13 publications; the remainder were excluded as they met exclusion criteria or lacked sufficient data to perform a meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists, an anti-hypertensive drug class [p < 0.05, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = –1.54; –0.35], and various statins [p < 0.05, 95% CI = –3.17; –0.0694] had an inhibiting effect on NSC proliferation. Moreover, we present preliminary evidence that L-type calcium channel blockers and statins, particularly lovastatin, may reduce NSC viability. Although the data available in the literature is limited, there are clear indications for an impact of commonly applied drugs, in particular statins, on NSC function. Considering the modes of action of the respective drugs, we reveal plausible mechanisms by which this impact may be mediated, creating a testable hypothesis, and providing insights into how future confirmative research on this topic may be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R H Mortimer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marietta Zille
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Didwischus
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition and Center for Neuroscience, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Tong S, Kaitu’u-Lino TJ, Hastie R, Brownfoot F, Cluver C, Hannan N. Pravastatin, proton-pump inhibitors, metformin, micronutrients, and biologics: new horizons for the prevention or treatment of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 226:S1157-S1170. [PMID: 32946849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There has been increasing research momentum to identify new therapeutic agents for the prevention or treatment of preeclampsia, drugs that can affect the underlying disease pathophysiology. Molecular targets of candidate treatments include oxidative stress, antiangiogenic factors, and the angiotensin, nitric oxide, and proinflammatory pathways. The proposed treatments undergoing preclinical and clinical trial evaluation are thought to act on placental or endothelial disease or both. Most have adopted the pragmatic strategy of repurposing drugs. Of all the therapeutic agents proposed, pravastatin has received the most interest. There are preclinical studies showing that it has pleiotropic actions that favorably impact on multiple molecular targets and can resolve a preeclampsia phenotype in many animal models. An early phase clinical trial suggests that it may have therapeutic activity. Several large prevention trials are planned or ongoing and, when completed, could definitively address whether pravastatin can prevent preeclampsia. Proton-pump inhibitors, metformin, and sulfasalazine are other drugs with preclinical evidence of multiple molecular actions that could resolve the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. These agents are also currently being evaluated in clinical trials. There have been many recent preclinical studies identifying the potential of numerous natural compounds to treat preeclampsia, such as plant extracts and micronutrients that have potent anti-inflammatory or antioxidant activity. Recent preclinical studies have also proposed novel molecular-targeted strategies, such as monoclonal antibodies targeting tumor necrosis factor alpha, placental growth factor, and short interfering RNA technology, to silence the gene expression of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 or angiotensinogen. Other treatment approaches that have transitioned to human trials (ranging from single-arm to phase III trials that have been completed or are ongoing) include folic acid, nitric oxide donors (such as L-arginine), recombinant antithrombin III, digoxin immune antigen-binding fragment, and melatonin. There have been case series showing the removal of circulating soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 may help stabilize the disease and prolong pregnancy. Interestingly, there are case reports suggesting that monoclonal antibody eculizumab (complement inhibitor) may have therapeutic potential. If new agents are discovered that are proven to be effective in preventing or treating preeclampsia, the potential to improve global maternal and perinatal health will be significant.
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4
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Lee J, Park S, Kim Y, Kim HM, Oh CM. Exploring the Genetic Associations Between the Use of Statins and Alzheimer's Disease. J Lipid Atheroscler 2022; 11:133-146. [PMID: 35656152 PMCID: PMC9133776 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2022.11.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. The statins have shown beneficial effects on cognitive functions and reduced the risk of dementia development. However, the exact mechanisms of statin effects in AD are not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of statin on AD. Methods We downloaded AD blood dataset (GSE63060) and statin-related blood gene expression dataset (GSE86216). Then we performed gene expression analysis of each dataset and compared blood gene expressions between AD patients and statin-treated patients. Then, we downloaded mouse embryonic neural stem cell dataset (GSE111945) and performed gene expression analysis. Results From the human blood dataset, we identified upregulated/downregulated genes in AD patients and statin-treated patients. Some of the upregulated genes (AEN, MBTPS1, ABCG1) in the blood of AD patients are downregulated in statin-treated patients. Several downregulated genes (FGL2, HMGCS1, PSME2, SRSF3, and ATG3) are upregulated in statin-treated patients. Gene set enrichment analysis using mouse stem cell dataset revealed a significant relationship of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes-defined pathway of AD in statin-treated neural stem cells compared to vehicle-treated neural stem cells (normalized enrichment score: −2.24 in male and −1.6 in female). Conclusion These gene expression analyses from human blood and mouse neural stem cell demonstrate the important clues on the molecular mechanisms of impacts of statin on AD disease. Further studies are needed to investigate the exact role of candidate genes and pathways suggested in our AD pathogenesis study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibeom Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Suhyeon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yumin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyun Min Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Myung Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
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5
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Chamani S, Liberale L, Mobasheri L, Montecucco F, Al-Rasadi K, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. The role of statins in the differentiation and function of bone cells. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13534. [PMID: 33656763 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors blocking cholesterol biosynthesis in hepatic cells, thereby causing an increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors resulting in enhanced uptake and clearance of atherogenic LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) from the blood. Accordingly, statins decrease the risk of developing atherosclerosis and its acute complications, such as acute myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke. Besides the LDL-C-lowering impact, statins also have other so-called pleiotropic effects. Among them, the ability to modulate differentiation and function of bone cells and exert direct effects on osteosynthesis factors. Specifically, earlier studies have shown that statins cause in vitro and in vivo osteogenic differentiation. DESIGN The most relevant papers on the bone-related 'pleiotropic' effects of statins were selected following literature search in databases and were reveiwed. RESULTS Statins increase the expression of many mediators involved in bone metabolism including bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), glucocorticoids, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), type I collagen and collagenase-1. As a result, they enhance bone formation and improve bone mineral density by modulating osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. CONCLUSION This review summarizes the literature exploring bone-related 'pleiotropic' effects of statins and suggests an anabolic role in the bone tissue for this drug class. Accordingly, current knowledge encourages further clinical trials to assess the therapeutic potential of statins in the treatment of bone disorders, such as arthritis and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Chamani
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Luca Liberale
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Leila Mobasheri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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6
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Cianflone E, Cappetta D, Mancuso T, Sabatino J, Marino F, Scalise M, Albanese M, Salatino A, Parrotta EI, Cuda G, De Angelis A, Berrino L, Rossi F, Nadal-Ginard B, Torella D, Urbanek K. Statins Stimulate New Myocyte Formation After Myocardial Infarction by Activating Growth and Differentiation of the Endogenous Cardiac Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217927. [PMID: 33114544 PMCID: PMC7663580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) exert pleiotropic effects on cardiac cell biology which are not yet fully understood. Here we tested whether statin treatment affects resident endogenous cardiac stem/progenitor cell (CSC) activation in vitro and in vivo after myocardial infarction (MI). Statins (Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin and Pravastatin) significantly increased CSC expansion in vitro as measured by both BrdU incorporation and cell growth curve. Additionally, statins increased CSC clonal expansion and cardiosphere formation. The effects of statins on CSC growth and differentiation depended on Akt phosphorylation. Twenty-eight days after myocardial infarction by permanent coronary ligation in rats, the number of endogenous CSCs in the infarct border zone was significantly increased by Rosuvastatin-treatment as compared to untreated controls. Additionally, commitment of the activated CSCs into the myogenic lineage (c-kitpos/Gata4pos CSCs) was increased by Rosuvastatin administration. Accordingly, Rosuvastatin fostered new cardiomyocyte formation after MI. Finally, Rosuvastatin treatment reversed the cardiomyogenic defects of CSCs in c-kit haploinsufficient mice, increasing new cardiomyocyte formation by endogenous CSCs in these mice after myocardial infarction. In summary, statins, by sustaining Akt activation, foster CSC growth and differentiation in vitro and in vivo. The activation and differentiation of the endogenous CSC pool and consequent new myocyte formation by statins improve myocardial remodeling after coronary occlusion in rodents. Similar effects might contribute to the beneficial effects of statins on human cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cianflone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (E.I.P.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Donato Cappetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (A.D.A.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Teresa Mancuso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Jolanda Sabatino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (E.I.P.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Fabiola Marino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Mariangela Scalise
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Michele Albanese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (E.I.P.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Alessandro Salatino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Elvira Immacolata Parrotta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (E.I.P.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Antonella De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (A.D.A.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Liberato Berrino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (A.D.A.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesco Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.C.); (A.D.A.); (L.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Bernardo Nadal-Ginard
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (J.S.); (M.A.); (E.I.P.); (B.N.-G.)
| | - Daniele Torella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (K.U.)
| | - Konrad Urbanek
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.T.); (K.U.)
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7
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Samakova A, Gazova A, Sabova N, Valaskova S, Jurikova M, Kyselovic J. The PI3k/Akt pathway is associated with angiogenesis, oxidative stress and survival of mesenchymal stem cells in pathophysiologic condition in ischemia. Physiol Res 2020; 68:S131-S138. [PMID: 31842576 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic diseases are characterized by reduced blood supply to a tissue or an organ due to obstruction of blood vessels. The most serious and most common ischemic diseases include ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, and critical limb ischemia. Revascularization is the first choice of therapy, but the cell therapy is being introduced as a possible way of treatment for no-option patients. One of the possibilities of cell therapy is the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are easily isolated from bone marrow and can be defined as non-hematopoietic multipotent adult stem cells population with a defined capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into cell types of all three germ layers depending on their origin. Since 1974, when Friedenstein and coworkers (Friedenstein et al. 1974) first time isolated and characterized MSCs, MSC-based therapy has been shown to be safe and effective. Nevertheless, many scientists and clinical researchers want to improve the success of MSCs in regenerative therapy. The secret of successful cell therapy may lie, along with the homing, in secretion of biologically active molecules including cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines known as MSCs secretome. One of the intracellular signalling mechanism includes the activity of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) (PI3K) - protein kinase B (serine-threonine protein kinase Akt) (Akt) pathway. This PI3K/Akt pathway plays key roles in many cell types in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. Pre-conditioning of MSCs could improve efficacy of signalling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Samakova
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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8
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Fakheri F, Abdanipour A, Parivar K, Anarkooli IJ, Rastegar H. Lovastatin alters neurotrophin expression in rat hippocampus-derived neural stem cells in vitro. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2019-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Ronzier E, Parks XX, Qudsi H, Lopes CM. Statin-specific inhibition of Rab-GTPase regulates cPKC-mediated IKs internalization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17747. [PMID: 31780674 PMCID: PMC6882895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are prescribed for prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease. Statins have different cholesterol lowering abilities, with rosuvastatin and atorvastatin being the most effective, while statins like simvastatin and fluvastatin having lower effectiveness. Statins, in addition to their cholesterol lowering effects, can prevent isoprenylation of Rab-GTPase proteins, a protein family important for the regulation of membrane-bound protein trafficking. Here we show that endosomal localization of Rab-GTPases (Rab5, Rab7 and Rab11) was inhibited in a statin-specific manner, with stronger effects by fluvastatin, followed by simvastatin and atorvastatin, and with a limited effect by rosuvastatin. Fluvastatin inhibition of Rab5 has been shown to mediate cPKC-dependent trafficking regulation of the cardiac delayed rectifier KCNQ1/KCNE1 channels. We observed statin-specific inhibition of channel regulation consistent with statin-specific Rab-GTPase inhibition both in heterologous systems and cardiomyocytes. Our results uncover a non-cholesterol-reducing statin-specific effect of statins. Because Rab-GTPases are important regulators of membrane trafficking they may underlie statin specific pleiotropic effects. Therefore, statin-specificity may allow better treatment tailoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Ronzier
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Xiaorong Xu Parks
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Haani Qudsi
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Coeli M Lopes
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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10
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Liang J, Huang W, Jiang L, Paul C, Li X, Wang Y. Concise Review: Reduction of Adverse Cardiac Scarring Facilitates Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Myocardial Infarction. Stem Cells 2019; 37:844-854. [PMID: 30913336 PMCID: PMC6599570 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are an attractive, reliable source for generating functional cardiomyocytes for regeneration of infarcted heart. However, inefficient cell engraftment into host tissue remains a notable challenge to therapeutic success due to mechanical damage or relatively inhospitable microenvironment. Evidence has shown that excessively formed scar tissues around cell delivery sites present as mechanical and biological barriers that inhibit migration and engraftment of implanted cells. In this review, we focus on the functional responses of stem cells and cardiomyocytes during the process of cardiac fibrosis and scar formation. Survival, migration, contraction, and coupling function of implanted cells may be affected by matrix remodeling, inflammatory factors, altered tissue stiffness, and presence of electroactive myofibroblasts in the fibrotic microenvironment. Although paracrine factors from implanted cells can improve cardiac fibrosis, the transient effect is insufficient for complete repair of an infarcted heart. Furthermore, investigation of interactions between implanted cells and fibroblasts including myofibroblasts helps the identification of new targets to optimize the host substrate environment for facilitating cell engraftment and functional integration. Several antifibrotic approaches, including the use of pharmacological agents, gene therapies, microRNAs, and modified biomaterials, can prevent progression of heart failure and have been developed as adjunct therapies for stem cell-based regeneration. Investigation and optimization of new biomaterials is also required to enhance cell engraftment of engineered cardiac tissue and move PSCs from a laboratory setting into translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Liang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christian Paul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yigang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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