1
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Baek S, Jang J, Jung HJ, Lee H, Choe Y. Advanced Immunolabeling Method for Optical Volumetric Imaging Reveals Dystrophic Neurites of Dopaminergic Neurons in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3976-3999. [PMID: 38049707 PMCID: PMC11236860 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical brain clearing combined with immunolabeling is valuable for analyzing molecular tissue structures, including complex synaptic connectivity. However, the presence of aberrant lipid deposition due to aging and brain disorders poses a challenge for achieving antibody penetration throughout the entire brain volume. Herein, we present an efficient brain-wide immunolabeling method, the immuno-active clearing technique (iACT). The treatment of brain tissues with a zwitterionic detergent, specifically SB3-12, significantly enhanced tissue permeability by effectively mitigating lipid barriers. Notably, Quadrol treatment further refines the methodology by effectively eliminating residual detergents from cleared brain tissues, subsequently amplifying volumetric fluorescence signals. Employing iACT, we uncover disrupted axonal projections within the mesolimbic dopaminergic (DA) circuits in 5xFAD mice. Subsequent characterization of DA neural circuits in 5xFAD mice revealed proximal axonal swelling and misrouting of distal axonal compartments in proximity to amyloid-beta plaques. Importantly, these structural anomalies in DA axons correlate with a marked reduction in DA release within the nucleus accumbens. Collectively, our findings highlight the efficacy of optical volumetric imaging with iACT in resolving intricate structural alterations in deep brain neural circuits. Furthermore, we unveil the compromised integrity of DA pathways, contributing to the underlying neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. The iACT technique thus holds significant promise as a valuable asset for advancing our understanding of complex neurodegenerative disorders and may pave the way for targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonbong Baek
- Developmental Disorders & Rare Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, 61 Cheomdan-ro, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemyung Jang
- Developmental Disorders & Rare Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, 61 Cheomdan-ro, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Jung
- Developmental Disorders & Rare Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, 61 Cheomdan-ro, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Lee
- Division of Applied Bioengineering, Dong-eui University, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngshik Choe
- Developmental Disorders & Rare Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, 61 Cheomdan-ro, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Ciolli Mattioli C, Avraham R. Protocol for comparing ribosomal levels in single bacterial cells at different growth stages using rRNA-FISH. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:103137. [PMID: 38878285 PMCID: PMC11234016 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ribosome quantification in single cells is typically achieved through fluorescence tagging of ribosomal proteins. Here, we present a protocol for comparing ribosomal levels in bacteria at different growth stages using fluorescence in situ hybridization of rRNA (rRNA-FISH), eliminating the need for genetic engineering of the strain of interest. We detail the steps for preparing bacterial samples, staining with fluorescent probes, and acquiring data using flow cytometry and microscopy. Furthermore, we provide guidelines on controlling for proper labeling through signal localization analysis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Ciolli Mattioli et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Ciolli Mattioli
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Roi Avraham
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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3
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Sousa M, Rocha R, Araújo D, Castro J, Barbosa A, Azevedo NF, Cerqueira L, Almeida C. A New Peptide Nucleic Acid Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Probe for the Specific Detection of Salmonella Species in Food Matrices. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:298-305. [PMID: 38484326 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is among the most central etiological agents in foodborne bacterial disorders. To identify Salmonella spp., numerous new molecular techniques have been developed conversely to the traditional culture-based methods. In this work, a new peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) method was developed for the specific detection of Salmonella species, allowing a faster analysis compared with the traditional methods (ISO 6579-1: 2017). The method was optimized based on a novel PNA probe (SalPNA1692) combined with a blocker probe to detect Salmonella in food samples through an assessment of diverse-rich and selective enrichment broths. Our findings indicated that the best outcome was obtained using a 24-h pre-enrichment step in buffered peptone water, followed by RambaQuick broth selective enrichment for 16 h. For the enrichment step performance validation, fresh ground beef was artificially contaminated with two ranges of concentration of inoculum: a low level (0.2-2 colony-forming units [CFUs]/25 g) and a high level (2-10 CFUs/25 g). The new PNA-FISH method presented a specificity of 100% and a detection limit of 0.5 CFU/25 g of food sample, which confirms the great potential of applying PNA probes in food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Sousa
- Biomode SA, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui Rocha
- Biomode SA, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, Portugal
- Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, and Energy and Biotechnology Engineering (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
- CISAS-Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Daniela Araújo
- Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- INIAV, IP-National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Joana Castro
- Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- INIAV, IP-National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Ana Barbosa
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, and Energy and Biotechnology Engineering (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
- AliCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno F Azevedo
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, and Energy and Biotechnology Engineering (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
- AliCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Cerqueira
- Biomode SA, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, Portugal
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, and Energy and Biotechnology Engineering (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
- AliCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Almeida
- Biomode SA, Av. Mestre José Veiga, Braga, Portugal
- Center of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, and Energy and Biotechnology Engineering (LEPABE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
- INIAV, IP-National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
- AliCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
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4
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Ciolli Mattioli C, Avraham R. Single-Molecule Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (smFISH) for RNA Detection in Bacteria. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2784:3-23. [PMID: 38502475 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3766-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe in detail how to perform a successful smFISH experiment and how to quantify mRNA transcripts in bacterial cells. The flexibility of the method allows for straightforward adaptation to different bacterial species and experimental conditions. Thanks to the feasibility of the approach, the method can easily be adapted by other laboratories. Finally, we believe that this method has a great potential to generate insights into the complicated life of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Ciolli Mattioli
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Roi Avraham
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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5
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Morales DP, Robinson AJ, Pawlowski AC, Ark C, Kelliher JM, Junier P, Werner JH, Chain PSG. Advances and Challenges in Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Visualizing Fungal Endobacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:892227. [PMID: 35722318 PMCID: PMC9199388 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.892227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several bacteria have long been known to interact intimately with fungi, but molecular approaches have only recently uncovered how cosmopolitan these interactions are in nature. Currently, bacterial–fungal interactions (BFI) are inferred based on patterns of co-occurrence in amplicon sequencing investigations. However, determining the nature of these interactions, whether the bacteria are internally or externally associated, remains a grand challenge in BFI research. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a robust method that targets unique sequences of interest which can be employed for visualizing intra-hyphal targets, such as mitochondrial organelles or, as in this study, bacteria. We evaluate the challenges and employable strategies to resolve intra-hyphal BFI to address pertinent criteria in BFI research, such as culturing media, spatial distribution of bacteria, and abundance of bacterial 16S rRNA copies for fluorescent labeling. While these experimental factors influence labeling and detection of endobacteria, we demonstrate how to overcome these challenges thorough permeabilization, appropriate media choice, and targeted amplification using hybridization chain reaction FISH. Such microscopy imaging approaches can now be utilized by the broader research community to complement sequence-based investigations and provide more conclusive evidence on the nature of specific bacterial–fungal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demosthenes P. Morales
- Center of Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
- *Correspondence: Demosthenes P. Morales,
| | - Aaron J. Robinson
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Andrew C. Pawlowski
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Caitlyn Ark
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Julia M. Kelliher
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Pilar Junier
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - James H. Werner
- Center of Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Patrick S. G. Chain
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
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6
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Sousa LGV, Castro J, França A, Almeida C, Muzny CA, Cerca N. A New PNA-FISH Probe Targeting Fannyhessea vaginae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:779376. [PMID: 34869078 PMCID: PMC8637528 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.779376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection in women of reproductive age and has been associated with serious health complications, mainly in pregnant women. It is characterized by a decrease in the number of Lactobacillus species in the healthy vaginal microbiota and an overgrowth of strict and facultative anaerobic bacteria that develop a polymicrobial biofilm. Despite over 60 years of research investigating BV, its etiology is not fully understood. Gardnerella spp. is a crucial microorganism that contributes to the formation of the biofilm and the development of BV, but the role of other BV-associated bacteria is not clear. Nevertheless, Fannyhessea vaginae (previously known as Atopobium vaginae) is a highly specific species for BV, and co-colonization with Gardnerella is thought to be a very specific diagnostic marker. The diagnosis of BV still presents some limitations, since currently used methods often fail to accurately detect BV. This work aims to develop a novel peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe targeting F. vaginae. This probe was further validated in a multiplex assay, which included a Gardnerella-specific PNA probe, as a possible method for diagnosis of BV, and was compared with quantification by qPCR. The new PNA probe showed excellent sensitivity and specificity and could discriminate F. vaginae-Gardnerella biofilms, confirming the potential to be used for the detection of BV-associated pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lúcia G V Sousa
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Castro
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Angela França
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carina Almeida
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,INIAV, IP- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Christina A Muzny
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Nuno Cerca
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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7
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Boix-Amorós A, Piras E, Bu K, Wallach D, Stapylton M, Fernández-Sesma A, Malaspina D, Clemente JC. Viral Inactivation Impacts Microbiome Estimates in a Tissue-Specific Manner. mSystems 2021; 6:e0067421. [PMID: 34609165 PMCID: PMC8547476 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00674-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The global emergence of novel pathogenic viruses presents an important challenge for research, as high biosafety levels are required to process samples. While inactivation of infectious agents facilitates the use of less stringent safety conditions, its effect on other biological entities of interest present in the sample is generally unknown. Here, we analyzed the effect of five inactivation methods (heat, ethanol, formaldehyde, psoralen, and TRIzol) on microbiome composition and diversity in samples collected from four different body sites (gut, nasal, oral, and skin) and compared them against untreated samples from the same tissues. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and estimated abundance and diversity of bacterial taxa present in all samples. Nasal and skin samples were the most affected by inactivation, with ethanol and TRIzol inducing the largest changes in composition, and heat, formaldehyde, TRIzol, and psoralen inducing the largest changes in diversity. Oral and stool microbiomes were more robust to inactivation, with no significant changes in diversity and only moderate changes in composition. Firmicutes was the taxonomic group least affected by inactivation, while Bacteroidetes had a notable enrichment in nasal samples and moderate enrichment in fecal and oral samples. Actinobacteria were more notably depleted in fecal and skin samples, and Proteobacteria exhibited a more variable behavior depending on sample type and inactivation method. Overall, our results demonstrate that inactivation methods can alter the microbiome in a tissue-specific manner and that careful consideration should be given to the choice of method based on the sample type under study. IMPORTANCE Understanding how viral infections impact and are modulated by the microbiome is an important problem in basic research but is also of high clinical relevance under the current pandemic. To facilitate the study of interactions between microbial communities and pathogenic viruses under safe conditions, the infectious agent is generally inactivated prior to processing samples. The effect of this inactivation process in the microbiome is, however, unknown. Further, it is unclear whether biases introduced by inactivation methods are dependent on the sample type under study. Estimating the magnitude and nature of the changes induced by different methods in samples collected from various body sites thus provides important information for current and future studies that require inactivation of pathogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Boix-Amorós
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Enrica Piras
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Bu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Wallach
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthew Stapylton
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ana Fernández-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. New York, New York, USA
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. New York, New York, USA
| | - Jose C. Clemente
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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8
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Majee S, Chowdhury AR, Pinto R, Chattopadhyay A, Agharkar AN, Chakravortty D, Basu S. Spatiotemporal evaporating droplet dynamics on fomites enhances long term bacterial pathogenesis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1173. [PMID: 34625643 PMCID: PMC8501104 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally drying bacterial droplets on inanimate surfaces representing fomites are the most consequential mode for transmitting infection through oro-fecal route. We provide a multiscale holistic approach to understand flow dynamics induced bacterial pattern formation on fomites leading to pathogenesis. The most virulent gut pathogen, Salmonella Typhimurium (STM), typically found in contaminated food and water, is used as model system in the current study. Evaporation-induced flow in sessile droplets facilitates the transport of STM, forming spatio-temporally varying bacterial deposition patterns based on droplet medium's nutrient scale. Mechanical and low moisture stress in the drying process reduced bacterial viability but interestingly induced hyper-proliferation of STM in macrophages, thereby augmenting virulence in fomites. In vivo studies of fomites in mice confirm that STM maintains enhanced virulence. This work demonstrates that stressed bacterial deposit morphologies formed over small timescale (minutes) on organic and inorganic surfaces, plays a significant role in enhancing fomite's pathogenesis over hours and days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeparna Majee
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Roven Pinto
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Ankur Chattopadhyay
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Amey Nitin Agharkar
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research (ICER), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
| | - Saptarshi Basu
- grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India ,grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research (ICER), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India
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9
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García-Hernández J, Hernández M, Moreno Y. Combination of Direct Viable Count and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (DVC-FISH) as a Potential Method for Identifying Viable Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Oysters and Mussels. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071502. [PMID: 34209577 PMCID: PMC8303443 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a human food-borne pathogen with the ability to enter the food chain. It is able to acquire a viable, non-cultivable state (VBNC), which is not detected by traditional methods. The combination of the direct viable count method and a fluorescent in situ hybridization technique (DVC-FISH) makes it possible to detect microorganisms that can present VBNC forms in complex samples The optimization of the in vitro DVC-FISH technique for V. parahaemolyticus was carried out. The selected antibiotic was ciprofloxacin at a concentration of 0.75 μg/mL with an incubation time in DVC broth of 5 h. The DVC-FISH technique and the traditional plate culture were applied to detect and quantify the viable cells of the affected pathogen in artificially contaminated food matrices at different temperatures. The results obtained showed that low temperatures produced an important logarithmic decrease of V. parahaemolyticus, while at 22 °C, it proliferated rapidly. The DVC-FISH technique proved to be a useful tool for the detection and quantification of V. parahaemolyticus in the two seafood matrices of oysters and mussels. This is the first study in which this technique has been developed to detect viable cells for this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Hernández
- Advanced Center for Food Microbiology, Biotechnology Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-658993099
| | - Manuel Hernández
- Advanced Center for Food Microbiology, Biotechnology Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Yolanda Moreno
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Ingeneering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
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10
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Oliveira R, Almeida C, Azevedo NF. Detection of Microorganisms by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Using Peptide Nucleic Acid. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2105:217-230. [PMID: 32088873 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0243-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a 30-year-old technology that has evolved continuously and is now one of the most well-established molecular biology techniques. Traditionally, DNA probes are used for in situ hybridization. However, synthetic molecules are emerging as very promising alternatives, providing better hybridization performance and making FISH procedures easier and more efficient. In this chapter, we describe a universal FISH protocol, using nucleic acid probes, for the detection of bacteria. This protocol should be easily applied to different microorganisms as a way of identifying in situ relevant microorganisms (including pathogens) and their distribution patterns in different types of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Oliveira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INIAV - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Vairao, Portugal
| | - Carina Almeida
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INIAV - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Vairao, Portugal.,CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno F Azevedo
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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11
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Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular biology technique that enables the localization, quantification, and identification of microorganisms in a sample. This technique has found applications in several areas, most notably the environmental, for quantification and diversity assessment of microorganisms and, the clinical, for the rapid diagnostics of infectious agents. The FISH method is based on the hybridization of a fluorescently labeled nucleic acid probe with a complementary sequence that is present inside the microbial cell, typically in the form of ribosomal RNA (rRNA). In fact, an hybridized cell is typically only detectable because a large number of multiple fluorescent particles (as many as the number of target sequences available) are present inside the cell. Here, we will review the major steps involved in a standard FISH protocol, namely, fixation/permeabilization, hybridization, washing, and visualization/detection. For each step, the major variables/parameters are identified and, subsequently, their impact on the overall hybridization performance is assessed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Almeida
- INIAV - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal.
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Nuno F Azevedo
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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12
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Kuo JT, Chang LL, Yen CY, Tsai TH, Chang YC, Huang YT, Chung YC. Development of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization as a Rapid, Accurate Method for Detecting Coliforms in Water Samples. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 11:bios11010008. [PMID: 33374317 PMCID: PMC7824014 DOI: 10.3390/bios11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coliform bacteria are indicators of water quality; however, most detection methods for coliform bacteria are time-consuming and nonspecific. Here, we developed a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approach to detect four types of coliform bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Citrobacter freundii, simultaneously in water samples using specific probes for 16S rRNA. This FISH method was applied to detect coliform bacteria in simulated water and domestic wastewater samples and compared with traditional detection methods (e.g., plate counting, multiple-tube fermentation (MTF) technique, and membrane filter (MF) technique). Optimal FISH conditions for detecting the four types of coliforms were found to be fixation in 3% paraformaldehyde at 4 °C for 2 h and hybridization at 50 °C for 1.5 h. By comparing FISH with plate counting, MTF, MF, and a commercial detection kit, we found that FISH had the shortest detection time and highest accuracy for the identification of coliform bacteria in simulated water and domestic wastewater samples. Moreover, the developed method could simultaneously detect individual species and concentrations of coliform bacteria. Overall, our findings indicated that FISH could be used as a rapid, accurate biosensor system for simultaneously detecting four types of coliform bacteria to ensure water safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Tar Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (J.-T.K.); (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Li-Li Chang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Yuan Yen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (J.-T.K.); (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Teh-Hua Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chi Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (J.-T.K.); (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Yu-Tang Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (J.-T.K.); (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Ying-Chien Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei 115, Taiwan; (J.-T.K.); (C.-Y.Y.); (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-T.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-22782-1862; Fax: +886-22786-5456
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Flores Bueso Y, Walker S, Quinn J, Tangney M. A novel cell permeability assay for macromolecules. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:75. [PMID: 33126861 PMCID: PMC7602297 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many cell permeabilisation methods to mediate internalisation of various molecules to mammalian or bacterial cells have been developed. However, no size-specific permeability assay suitable for both cell types exists. RESULTS We report the use of intrinsically biotinylated cell components as the target for reporter molecules for assessing permeabilisation. Due to its well-described biotin binding activity, we developed an assay using Streptavidin (SAv) as a molecular weight marker for assessing eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell internalisation, using flow cytometry as a readout. This concept was tested here as part of the development of host DNA depletion strategies for microbiome analysis of formalin-fixed (FF) samples. Host depletion (HD) strategies require differential cell permeabilisation, where mammalian cells but not bacterial cells are permeabilised, and are subsequently treated with a nuclease. Here, the internalisation of a SAv-conjugate was used as a reference for nucleases of similar dimensions. With this assay, it was possible to demonstrate that formalin fixation does not generate pores which allow the introduction of 60 KDa molecules in mammalian or bacterial membranes/envelopes. Among surfactants tested, Saponin derived from Quillaja bark showed the best selectivity for mammalian cell permeabilisation, which, when coupled with Benzonase nuclease, provided the best results for host DNA depletion, representing a new HD strategy for formalin fixed samples. CONCLUSION The assay presented provides researchers with a sensitive and accessible tool for discerning membrane/cell envelop permeability for different size macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yensi Flores Bueso
- CancerResearch@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,SynBioCentre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sidney Walker
- CancerResearch@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,SynBioCentre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Quinn
- CancerResearch@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mark Tangney
- CancerResearch@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,SynBioCentre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Deciphering the Immune Microenvironment on A Single Archival Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Section by An Immediately Implementable Multiplex Fluorescence Immunostaining Protocol. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092449. [PMID: 32872334 PMCID: PMC7565194 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Technological breakthroughs have fundamentally changed our understanding on the complexity of tissue organization, both in healthy and diseased conditions. Characterizing the immune cell composition in relation to spatial distribution and histological changes may provide important diagnostic and therapeutic information. Immunohistochemistry remains a method of choice for these purposes, with crucial implications in clinics or in medical research. Nowadays, the widespread use of fluorophore-conjugated antibodies enables simultaneous visualization of an increasing number of proteins on a single tissue slice, with unprecedented resolution. However, advanced methods usually require modern and specific equipment, a significant amount of time for assay optimization, and highly specialized skills. This work reports on the use of a multiplex immunostaining method based on sequential immunostaining and antibody stripping, combined with digital image processing and analysis. Our aim is to provide the medical and research communities with a simple, cost-effective workflow to encompass some current limitations of multiplex immunohistochemistry. Abstract Technological breakthroughs have fundamentally changed our understanding on the complexity of the tumor microenvironment at the single-cell level. Characterizing the immune cell composition in relation to spatial distribution and histological changes may provide important diagnostic and therapeutic information. Immunostaining on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples represents a widespread and simple procedure, allowing the visualization of cellular distribution and processes, on preserved tissue structure. Recent advances in microscopy and molecular biology have made multiplexing accessible, yet technically challenging. We herein describe a novel, simple and cost-effective method for a reproducible and highly flexible multiplex immunostaining on archived FFPE tissue samples, which we optimized for solid organs (e.g., liver, intestine, lung, kidney) from mice and humans. Our protocol requires limited specific equipment and reagents, making multiplexing (>12 antibodies) immediately implementable to any histology laboratory routinely performing immunostaining. Using this method on single sections and combining it with automated whole-slide image analysis, we characterize the hepatic immune microenvironment in preclinical mouse models of liver fibrosis, steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and on human-patient samples with chronic liver diseases. The data provide useful insights into tissue organization and immune–parenchymal cell-to-cell interactions. It also highlights the profound macrophage heterogeneity in liver across premalignant conditions and HCC.
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Cell Wall Anchoring of a Bacterial Chitosanase in Lactobacillus plantarum Using a Food-Grade Expression System and Two Versions of an LP TG Anchor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113773. [PMID: 32471049 PMCID: PMC7312796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have attracted increasing interest recently as cell factories for the production of proteins as well as a carrier of proteins that are of interest for food and therapeutic applications. In this present study, we exploit a lactobacillal food-grade expression system derived from the pSIP expression vectors using the alr (alanine racemase) gene as the selection marker for the expression and cell-surface display of a chitosanase in Lactobacillus plantarum using two truncated forms of a LP × TG anchor. CsnA, a chitosanase from Bacillus subtilis 168 (ATCC23857), was fused to two different truncated forms (short-S and long-L anchors) of an LP × TG anchor derived from Lp_1229, a key-protein for mannose-specific adhesion in L. plantarum WCFS1. The expression and cell-surface display efficiency driven by the food-grade alr-based system were compared with those obtained from the erm-based pSIP system in terms of enzyme activities and their localisation on L. plantarum cells. The localization of the protein on the bacterial cell surface was confirmed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. The highest enzymatic activity of CsnA-displaying cells was obtained from the strain carrying the alr-based expression plasmid with short cell wall anchor S. However, the attachment of chitosanase on L. plantarum cells via the long anchor L was shown to be more stable compared with the short anchor after several repeated reaction cycles. CsnA displayed on L. plantarum cells is catalytically active and can convert chitosan into chito-oligosaccharides, of which chitobiose and chitotriose are the main products.
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Yadav MK, Go YY, Chae SW, Park MK, Song JJ. Asian Sand Dust Particles Increased Pneumococcal Biofilm Formation in vitro and Colonization in Human Middle Ear Epithelial Cells and Rat Middle Ear Mucosa. Front Genet 2020; 11:323. [PMID: 32391052 PMCID: PMC7193691 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Air pollutants such as Asian sand dust (ASD) and Streptococcus pneumoniae are risk factors for otitis media (OM). In this study, we evaluate the role of ASD in pneumococcal in vitro biofilm growth and colonization on human middle ear epithelium cells (HMEECs) and rat middle ear using the rat OM model. METHODS S. pneumoniae D39 in vitro biofilm growth in the presence of ASD (50-300 μg/ml) was evaluated in metal ion-free BHI medium using CV-microplate assay, colony-forming unit (cfu) counts, resazurin staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and confocal microscopy (CF). Biofilm gene expression analysis was performed using real-time RT-PCR. The effects of ASD or S. pneumoniae individually or on co-treatment on HMEECs were evaluated by detecting HMEEC viability, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In vivo colonization of S. pneumoniae in the presence of ASD was evaluated using the rat OM model, and RNA-Seq was used to evaluate the alterations in gene expression in rat middle ear mucosa. RESULTS S. pneumoniae biofilm growth was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in the presence of ASD. SEM and CF analysis revealed thick and organized pneumococcal biofilms in the presence of ASD (300 μg/ml). However, in the absence of ASD, bacteria were unable to form organized biofilms, the cell size was smaller than normal, and long chain-like structures were formed. Biofilms grown in the presence of ASD showed elevated expression levels of genes involved in biofilm formation (luxS), competence (comA, comB, ciaR), and toxin production (lytA and ply). Prior exposure of HMEECs to ASD, followed by treatment for pneumococci, significantly (P < 0.05) decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis, and ROS production. In vivo experiment results showed significantly (P < 0.05) more than 65% increased bacteria colonization in rat middle ear mucosa in the presence of ASD. The apoptosis, cell death, DNA repair, inflammation and immune response were differentially regulated in three treatments; however, number of genes expressed in co-treatments was higher than single treatment. In co-treatment, antimicrobial protein/peptide-related genes (S100A family, Np4, DEFB family, and RATNP-3B) and OM-related genes (CYLD, SMAD, FBXO11, and CD14) were down regulated, and inflammatory cytokines and interleukins, such as IL1β, and TNF-related gene expression were elevated. CONCLUSION ASD presence increased the generation of pneumococcal biofilms and colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Institute for Medical Device Clinical Trials, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Pachhunga University College, Mizoram Central University, Aizawl, India
| | - Yoon Young Go
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Won Chae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moo Kyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Jun Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Urban Particles Elevated Streptococcus pneumoniae Biofilms, Colonization of the Human Middle Ear Epithelial Cells, Mouse Nasopharynx and Transit to the Middle Ear and Lungs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5969. [PMID: 32249803 PMCID: PMC7136263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Air-pollutants containing toxic particulate matters (PM) deposit in the respiratory tract and increases microbial infections. However, the mechanism by which this occurs is not well understood. This study evaluated the effect of urban particles (UP) on Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) in vitro biofilm formation, colonization of human middle ear epithelium cells (HMEECs) as well as mouse nasal cavity and its transition to the middle ear and lungs. The in vitro biofilms and planktonic growth of S. pneumoniae were evaluated in metal ion free medium in the presence of UP. Biofilms were quantified by crystal violet (CV) microplate assay, colony forming unit (cfu) counts and resazurin staining. Biofilm structures were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal microscopy (CM). Gene expressions of biofilms were evaluated using real time RT-PCR. Effects of UP exposure on S. pneumoniae colonization to HMEECs were evaluated using fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH), cell viability was detected using the Ezcyto kit, apoptosis in HMEECs were evaluated using Annexin-V/PI based cytometry analysis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were evaluated using the Oxiselect kit. Alteration of HMEECs gene expressions on UP exposure or pneumococci colonization was evaluated using microarray. In vivo colonization of pneumococci in the presence of UP and transition to middle ear and lungs were evaluated using an intranasal mice colonization model. The UP exposure significantly increased (*p < 0.05) pneumococcal in vitro biofilms and planktonic growth. In the presence of UP, pneumococci formed organized biofilms with a matrix, while in absence of UP bacteria were unable to form biofilms. The luxS, ply, lytA, comA, comB and ciaR genes involved in bacterial pathogenesis, biofilm formation and quorum sensing were up-regulated in pneumococci biofilms grown in the presence of UP. The HMEECs viability was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) and bacteria colonization was significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in co-treatment (UP + S. pneumoniae) when compared to single treatment. Similarly, increased apoptosis and ROS production were detected in HMEECs treated with UP + pneumococci. The microarray analysis of HMEECs revealed that the genes involve in apoptosis and cell death, inflammation, and immune response, were up-regulated in co-treatment and were unchanged or expressed in less fold in single treatments of UP or S. pneumoniae. The in vivo study showed an increased pneumococcal colonization of the nasopharynx in the presence of UP and a higher transition of bacteria to the middle ear and lungs in the presence of UP. The UP exposure elevated S. pneumoniae in vitro biofilm and colonization of HMEECs, and in vivo mouse nasopharyngeal colonization, and increased dissemination to mouse middle ear and lungs.
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Young AP, Jackson DJ, Wyeth RC. A technical review and guide to RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8806. [PMID: 32219032 PMCID: PMC7085896 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful tool to visualize target messenger RNA transcripts in cultured cells, tissue sections or whole-mount preparations. As the technique has been developed over time, an ever-increasing number of divergent protocols have been published. There is now a broad selection of options available to facilitate proper tissue preparation, hybridization, and post-hybridization background removal to achieve optimal results. Here we review the technical aspects of RNA-FISH, examining the most common methods associated with different sample types including cytological preparations and whole-mounts. We discuss the application of commonly used reagents for tissue preparation, hybridization, and post-hybridization washing and provide explanations of the functional roles for each reagent. We also discuss the available probe types and necessary controls to accurately visualize gene expression. Finally, we review the most recent advances in FISH technology that facilitate both highly multiplexed experiments and signal amplification for individual targets. Taken together, this information will guide the methods development process for investigators that seek to perform FISH in organisms that lack documented or optimized protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Young
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
| | - Daniel J Jackson
- Department of Geobiology, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Russell C Wyeth
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
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Rocha R, Almeida C, Azevedo NF. Correction: Influence of the fixation/permeabilization step on peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) for the detection of bacteria. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208867. [PMID: 30517190 PMCID: PMC6281299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196522.].
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