1
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Mariadoss AVA, Park S, Saravanakumar K, Sathiyaseelan A, Wang MH. Phytochemical profiling, in vitro antioxidants, and antidiabetic efficacy of ethyl acetate fraction of Lespedeza cuneata on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:60976-60993. [PMID: 37042914 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In the recent past, phytomolecules are exponentially applied in discovering the antidiabetic drug due to less adverse effects. This work screened the active solvent fraction of Lespedeza cuneata based on the phytochemical, enzyme inhibition, and antioxidant properties. The antioxidant efficacy of the different fractions of the L. cuneata was assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing power, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. The digestive enzyme (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) inhibitory activity was also evaluated. The phytochemical composition of ethyl acetate fraction of L. cuneata (Lc-EAF) was studied by UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. The effect of Lc-EAF treatments on glucose uptake was studied in insulin resistance HepG2 cells (IR-HepG2). Further, the antidiabetic effect of Lc-EAF in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice were demonstrated. Ethyl acetate, hexane, and methanol fractions of the L. cuneata showed notable antioxidant, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties. Among the fractions, Lc-EAF was found to be the most potent. The Lc-EAF exhibited an IC50 of 205.32 ± 23.47 µg/mL and 105.32 ± 13.93 µg/mL for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, respectively. In addition, 75 µg/mL of Lc-EAF exposure enhanced glucose uptake (68.23%) in IR-HepG2 cells. In vivo study indicated that treatment of Lc-EAF (100 mg/kg b.wt) maintained the blood glucose level through reduced insulin level while improving the lipid profile, hepatic, and renal markers. These findings suggest that Lc-EAF could be considered a prominent source for antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-ROS potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arokia Vijaya Anand Mariadoss
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, 18450, Republic of Korea
| | - SeonJu Park
- Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kandasamy Saravanakumar
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Anbazhagan Sathiyaseelan
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Hyeon Wang
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Bender O, Celik I, Dogan R, Atalay A, Shoman ME, Ali TFS, Beshr EAM, Mohamed M, Alaaeldin E, Shawky AM, Awad EM, Ahmed ASF, Younes KM, Ansari M, Anwar S. Vanillin-Based Indolin-2-one Derivative Bearing a Pyridyl Moiety as a Promising Anti-Breast Cancer Agent via Anti-Estrogenic Activity. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6968-6981. [PMID: 36844536 PMCID: PMC9948168 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The structure-based design introduced indoles as an essential motif in designing new selective estrogen receptor modulators employed for treating breast cancer. Therefore, here, a series of synthesized vanillin-substituted indolin-2-ones were screened against the NCI-60 cancer cell panel followed by in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies. Physicochemical parameters were evaluated with HPLC and SwissADME tools. The compounds demonstrated promising anti-cancer activity for the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line (GI = 6-63%). The compound with the highest activity (6j) was selective for the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line (IC50 = 17.01 μM) with no effect on the MCF-12A normal breast cell line supported by real-time cell analysis. A morphological examination of the used cell lines confirmed a cytostatic effect of compound 6j. It inhibited both in vivo and in vitro estrogenic activity, triggering a 38% reduction in uterine weight induced by estrogen in an immature rat model and hindering 62% of ER-α receptors in in vitro settings. In silico molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies supported the stability of the ER-α and compound 6j protein-ligand complex. Herein, we report that indolin-2-one derivative 6j is a promising lead compound for further pharmaceutical formulations as a potential anti-breast cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Bender
- Biotechnology
Institute, Ankara University, 06135 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ismail Celik
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38280 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Rumeysa Dogan
- Biotechnology
Institute, Ankara University, 06135 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arzu Atalay
- Biotechnology
Institute, Ankara University, 06135 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mai E. Shoman
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - Taha F. S. Ali
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - Eman A. M. Beshr
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, 65528 Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alaaeldin
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia
University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 61111 Minia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Shawky
- Science
and Technology Unit (STU), Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Central
Laboratory for Micro-analysis, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - Eman M. Awad
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - Al-Shaimaa F. Ahmed
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - Kareem M. Younes
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, 81442 Hail, Saudi Arabia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, El-Kasr El-Aini Street, ET-11562 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mukhtar Ansari
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, 81442 Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sirajudheen Anwar
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, 81442 Hail, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Panza E, Bello I, Smimmo M, Brancaleone V, Mitidieri E, Bucci M, Cirino G, Sorrentino R, D Emmanuele di Villa Bianca R. Endogenous and exogenous hydrogen sulfide modulates urothelial bladder carcinoma development in human cell lines. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113137. [PMID: 35605291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of H2S in urothelial carcinoma (UC) is still unclear. Here we have evaluated the expression of H2S producing enzymes as well as the effect of endogenous and exogenous H2S on human bladder UC cells. In human UC cells the expression of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST); is significantly lower as compared to healthy cells. A modulatory role for the H2S pathway is supported by the finding that, the overexpression of CSE or CBS, but not 3-MST, inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis. A similar effect is obtained by using exogenous H2S. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), which is a fully characterized H2S donor, inhibits the proliferation of UC cells in a time and concentration-dependent manner as well as promotes apoptosis. Moreover, DATS also induces autophagy, as determined by transcriptomic and western blot analysis. Finally, DATS inhibits mRNA expression levels of canonical markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition by limiting migration and clonogenic ability of human UC cells in vitro. In conclusion, in urothelial carcinoma, there is an impairment of H2S pathway that involves CSE and CBS- derived hydrogen sulfide. Thus, targeting H2S signaling pathway in urothelial carcinoma could represent a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Panza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Ivana Bello
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Smimmo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Emma Mitidieri
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Bucci
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Sorrentino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples, Federico II, Italy
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Ma A, Biersack B, Goehringer N, Nitzsche B, Höpfner M. Novel Thienyl-Based Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050738. [PMID: 35629160 PMCID: PMC9146161 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
New medical treatments are urgently needed for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, we showed the anticancer effects of novel thiophene-based kinase inhibitors. In this study, we further characterized the antineoplastic effects and modes of action of the two most promising inhibitors, Thio-Iva and Thio-Dam, and compared their effects with the clinically relevant multi-kinase inhibitor, sorafenib, in HCC cells. Crystal violet staining and real-time cell growth monitoring showed pronounced antiproliferative effects in Huh-7 and SNU-449 cells with IC50 values in the (sub-)micromolar range. Long-term incubation experiments revealed the reduced clonogenicity of Thio-Iva and Thio-Dam-treated HCC cells. LDH-release tests excluded cytotoxicity as an unspecific mode of action of the inhibitors, while flow cytometry analysis revealed a dose-dependent and pronounced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and cyclin B1 suppression. Additionally, mitochondria-driven apoptosis was observed through the cytosolic increase of reactive oxygen species, a concomitant PARP cleavage, and caspase-3 induction. Both compounds were found to effectively inhibit the capillary tube formation of endothelial EA.hy926 cells in vitro, pointing towards additional antiangiogenic effects. Antiangiogenic and antineoplastic effects were confirmed in vivo by CAM assays. In summary, the thienyl-acrylonitrile derivatives, Thio-Iva and Thio-Dam, exert significant antineoplastic and antiangiogenic effects in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Ma
- Institute of Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.); (N.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | - Nils Goehringer
- Institute of Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.); (N.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Bianca Nitzsche
- Institute of Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.); (N.G.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Höpfner
- Institute of Physiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.); (N.G.); (M.H.)
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5
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Miranda AR, Scotta AV, Cortez MV, González-García N, Galindo-Villardón MP, Soria EA. Association of Dietary Intake of Polyphenols with an Adequate Nutritional Profile in Postpartum Women from Argentina. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2022; 27:20-36. [PMID: 35465116 PMCID: PMC9007708 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2022.27.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HJ-Biplot analysis is a multivariate graphic representation that collects data covariation structure between variables and individuals to represent them in a low-dimensional space with the highest quality in the same reference system. Consequently, it is a promising technique for evaluating dietary exposure to polyphenols and accurately characterizing female nutrition. Herein, we hypothesized that polyphenol intake defines specific clusters with dietary impacts, which can be assessed using HJ-Biplot, based on a cross-sectional study in Argentina. The study included 275 healthy postpartum women who provided information about their food frequency intake and other conditions, which were then used to evaluate polyphenolic intake using the Phenol-Explorer database. Outcomes were established using HJ-Biplot for clustering and ANOVA to compare their impact on diet quality indicators. Two HJ-Biplot models were run (for intakes >20 mg/d and 5∼20 mg/d, respectively) to identify three clusters per model with excellent statistical fitness to explain the data. Thus, specific polyphenolic clusters with potentially bioactive and safe compounds were defined despite significant interindividual variability. In fact, women with the lowest polyphenolic intake exhibited worse dietary quality, body fat, and physical activity. As a result, HJ-Biplot proved to be an effective technique for clustering women based on their dietary intake of these compounds. Furthermore, cluster membership improved the intake of antioxidants, water, fiber, and healthy fats. Additionally, women with formal jobs and a higher educational level showed a better diet. Dietary polyphenols are critical during postpartum because they exert beneficial effects on women and breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Ramiro Miranda
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba 506, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Córdoba 5014, Argentina
| | - Ana Veronica Scotta
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba 506, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Córdoba 5014, Argentina
| | - Mariela Valentina Cortez
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba 506, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Córdoba 5014, Argentina
| | - Nerea González-García
- Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 7007, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - María Purificación Galindo-Villardón
- Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 7007, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Elio Andrés Soria
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba 506, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Córdoba 5014, Argentina
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6
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Joshi BC, Juyal V, Sah AN, Verma P, Mukhija M. Review On Documented Medicinal Plants Used For The Treatment Of Cancer. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083807666211011125110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Cancer is a frightful disease and it is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Naturally derived compounds are gaining interest of research workers as they have less toxic side effects as compared to currently used treatments such as chemotherapy. Plants are the pool of chemical compounds which provides a promising future for research on cancer.
Objective:
This review paper provides updated information gathered on medicinal plants and isolated phytoconstituents used as anticancer agents and summarises the plant extracts and their isolated chemical constituents exhibiting anticancer potential on clinical trials.
Methods:
An extensive bibliographic investigation was carried out by analysing worldwide established scientific databases like SCOPUS, PUBMED, SCIELO, ScienceDirect, Springerlink, Web of Science, Wiley, SciFinder and Google Scholar etc. In next few decades, herbal medicine may become a new epoch of medical system.
Results:
Many researches are going on medicinal plants for the treatment of cancer but it is a time to increase further experimental studies on plant extracts and their chemical constituents to find out their mechanism of action at molecular level.
Conclusion:
The article may help many researchers to start off further experimentation that might lead to the drugs for the cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuwan Chandra Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital-263136, India
| | - Vijay Juyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital-263136, India
| | - Archana N. Sah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital-263136, India
| | - Piyush Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical science and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun-248001, India
| | - Minky Mukhija
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ch. Devi Lal College of Pharmacy, Buria Road, Bhagwangarh, Jagadhri-135003, India
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LC-MS Based Analysis and Biological Properties of Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Schweinf.) Harms Extracts: A Valuable Source of Antioxidant, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Compounds. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101570. [PMID: 34679706 PMCID: PMC8533236 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of two extraction solvents on the phenolic composition, antioxidant, and enzymes inhibitory and antimicrobial activities of two parts (leaves and stem bark) of P. kotschyi was studied. Two different LC-DAD-MSn approaches were used to identify and quantify the bioactive compounds in the different extracts. A total of thirty-two compounds were quantified, being the procyanidin the most abundant in stem bark while catechin and flavonoids are most abundant in leaves. Overall, the stem bark extraction using methanol showed higher amounts of total phenolic (131.83 ± 1.81 mg GAE/g) and flavanol (14.14 ± 0.11 mg CE/g) while the leaves extraction using water exhibited stronger levels of total flavonoid (44.95 ± 0.38 mg RE/g) and phenolic acid (63.58 ± 2.00 mg CAE/g). As regards the antioxidant assays, methanol stem bark extracts were characterized by the highest antioxidant activities (DPPH: 1.94 ± 0.01 mmol TE/g, ABTS: 3.31 ± 0.01 mmol TE/g, FRAP: 2.86 ± 0.02 mmol TE/g, CUPRAC: 5.09 ± 0.08 mmol TE/g, phosphomolybdenum: 5.16 ± 0.23 mmol TE/g and metal chelating: 17.12 ± 0.46 mg EDTAE/g). In addition, the methanolic extracts of stem bark had highest impact on acetylcholinesterase (2.54 mg GALAE/g), butyrylcholinesterase (5.48 mg GALAE/g). In contrast, the methanolic extracts of leaves was potent against tyrosinase (77.39 ± 0.21 mg KAE/g) and α-glucosidase (0.97 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g), while a higher anti-α–amylase (0.97 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g) was observed for water extracts of the same part. All of the tested extracts showed inhibitory effects on elastase, except methanolic leaves extracts. Additionally, the extracts exhibited appreciable antifungal toward A. ochraceus, A. fumigatus, P. ochrochloron, T. viride, and P. funiculosum and promising antibacterial activity against M. flavus, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, E. cloacae, and S. typhimurium. Taken together, the outcomes demonstrated P. kotschyi as a novel source of bioactive molecules of interest with an evident therapeutic value.
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Bunse M, Lorenz P, Stintzing FC, Kammerer DR. Insight into the Secondary Metabolites of Geum urbanum L. and Geum rivale L. Seeds (Rosaceae). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061219. [PMID: 34203945 PMCID: PMC8232588 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed at the identification and quantitation of phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and further characteristic substances in the seeds of Geum urbanum L. and Geum rivale L. For this purpose, individual components of extracts recovered with MeOH, CH2Cl2, and by cold-pressing, respectively, were characterized by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MSn and GC/MS and compared with reference compounds. For both Geum species, phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids and gallic acid derivatives, and triterpenes, such as saponins and their aglycones, were detected. Surprisingly, both Geum species revealed the presence of derivatives of the triterpenoid aglycons asiatic acid and madecassic acid, which were characterized for the first time in the genus Geum. Furthermore, the fatty acids of both species were characterized by GC–MS after derivatization. Both species showed a promising fatty-acid profile in terms of nutritional properties because of high proportions of unsaturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid were most abundant, among other compounds such as palmitic acid and stearic acid. In summary, the present study demonstrates the seeds of G. urbanum and G. rivale to be a valuable source of unsaturated fatty acids and bioactive phenolics, which might be exploited for nutritional and cosmetic products and for phytotherapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bunse
- Department of Analytical Development & Research, Section Phytochemical Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Dorfstr. 1, DE-73087 Bad Boll/Eckwälden, Germany; (M.B.); (P.L.); (F.C.S.)
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Hohenheim University, Garbenstraße 30, DE-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Lorenz
- Department of Analytical Development & Research, Section Phytochemical Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Dorfstr. 1, DE-73087 Bad Boll/Eckwälden, Germany; (M.B.); (P.L.); (F.C.S.)
| | - Florian C. Stintzing
- Department of Analytical Development & Research, Section Phytochemical Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Dorfstr. 1, DE-73087 Bad Boll/Eckwälden, Germany; (M.B.); (P.L.); (F.C.S.)
| | - Dietmar R. Kammerer
- Department of Analytical Development & Research, Section Phytochemical Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Dorfstr. 1, DE-73087 Bad Boll/Eckwälden, Germany; (M.B.); (P.L.); (F.C.S.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Mahomoodally MF, Picot-Allain MCN, Zengin G, Llorent-Martínez EJ, Stefanucci A, Ak G, Senkardes I, Tomczyk M, Mollica A. Chemical profiles and biological potential of tuber extracts from Cyclamen coum Mill. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Arshad A, Ahemad S, Saleem H, Saleem M, Zengin G, Abdallah HH, Tousif MI, Ahemad N, Fawzi Mahomoodally M. RP-UHPLC-MS Chemical Profiling, Biological and In Silico Docking Studies to Unravel the Therapeutic Potential of Heliotropium crispum Desf. as a Novel Source of Neuroprotective Bioactive Compounds. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010053. [PMID: 33406643 PMCID: PMC7824284 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heliotropium is one of the most important plant genera to have conventional folklore importance, and hence is a potential source of bioactive compounds. Thus, the present study was designed to explore the therapeutic potential of Heliotropium crispum Desf., a relatively under-explored medicinal plant species. Methanolic extracts prepared from a whole plant of H. crispum were studied for phytochemical composition and possible in vitro and in silico biological properties. Antioxidant potential was assessed via six different assays, and enzyme inhibition potential against key clinical enzymes involved in neurodegenerative diseases (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)), diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), and skin problems (tyrosinase) was assayed. Phytochemical composition was established via determination of the total bioactive contents and reverse phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (RP-UHPLC-MS) analysis. Chemical profiling revealed the tentative presence of 50 secondary metabolites. The plant extract exhibited significant inhibition against AChE and BChE enzymes, with values of 3.80 and 3.44 mg GALAE/g extract, respectively. Further, the extract displayed considerable free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals, with potential values of 43.19 and 41.80 mg TE/g extract, respectively. In addition, the selected compounds were then docked against the tested enzymes, which have shown high inhibition affinity. To conclude, H. crispum was found to harbor bioactive compounds and showed potent biological activities which could be further explored for potential uses in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, particularly as a neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Saeed Ahemad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Hammad Saleem
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (H.S.); (N.A.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130 Konya, Turkey;
| | - Hassan H. Abdallah
- Chemistry Department, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Iraq;
| | - Muhammad Imran Tousif
- Department of Chemistry, Township Campus, University of Education Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; (H.S.); (N.A.)
| | - Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
- Correspondence:
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Quaresma DMO, Justino AB, Sousa RMF, Munoz RAA, de Aquino FJT, Martins MM, Goulart LR, Pivatto M, Espindola FS, de Oliveira A. Antioxidant compounds from Banisteriopsis argyrophylla leaves as α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase, and glycation inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104335. [PMID: 33074116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Banisteriopsis argyrophylla belongs to the Malpighiaceae family, which is a species from Cerrado, also known as "cipó-prata" or "cipó-folha-de-prata." Several species of this family present biological potential. This work reports the chemical identification of the ethanol extract (EE) and its fractions from B. argyrophylla leaves and shows the analysis of the antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects on activities of α-amylase, α-glucosidase and lipase, and non-enzymatic glycation. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and n-butanol fraction (BF) showed antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 4.1 ± 0.1 and 4.8 ± 0.1 μg mL-1, respectively, by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, and IC50 values of 6046.3 ± 174.2 and 6264.2 ± 32.2 µmol Trolox eq g-1 by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method. Furthermore, the DPPH method with these fractions presented electroactive species with antioxidant potential, as shown by the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method. The inhibitory effects of the EAF and BF were demonstrated by the following results: IC50 of 5.1 ± 0.3 and 2.5 ± 0.2 μg mL-1 for α-amylase, IC50 of 1093.5 ± 26.0 and 1250.8 ± 21.9 μg mL-1 for α-glucosidase, IC50 of 8.3 ± 4.1 and 4.4 ± 1.0 μg mL-1 for lipase, and IC50 of 1.3 ± 0.1 and 0.9 ± 0.1 μg mL-1 for glycation. Some bioactive compounds were identified by (-)-ESI-MS/MS, such as catechin, procyanidins, glycosylated flavonoids, kaempferol, and megastigmane glucosides. The antidiabetic activity of B.argyrophylla has been reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane M O Quaresma
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Allisson B Justino
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720. Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Raquel M F Sousa
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Munoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Francisco J T de Aquino
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Mário M Martins
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720. Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Goulart
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720. Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Marcos Pivatto
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Foued S Espindola
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720. Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Alberto de Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121. Campus Santa Mônica, Uberlândia-MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil.
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12
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Balikci N, Sarimahmut M, Ari F, Aztopal N, Zafer Ozel M, Ulukaya E, Celikler S. Toxicity assessment of Hypericum olympicum subsp. olympicum L. on human lymphocytes and breast cancer cell lines. J Appl Biomed 2020; 18:18-25. [PMID: 34907704 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2020.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a limited number of studies about the constituents of Hypericum olympicum subsp. olympicum and its genotoxic and cytotoxic potency. We examined the possible antigenotoxic/genotoxic properties of methanolic extract of H. olympicum subsp. olympicum (HOE) on human lymphocytes by employing sister chromatid exchange, micronucleus and comet assay and analyzed its chemical composition by GCxGC-TOF/MS. The anti-growth activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines was assessed by using the ATP viability assay. Cell death mode was investigated with fluorescence staining and ELISA assays. The major components of the flower and trunk were determined as eicosane, heptacosane, 2-propen-1-ol, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone and α-muurolene. HOE caused significant DNA damage at selected doses (250-750 µg/ml) while chromosomal damage was observed at higher concentrations (500 and 750 µg/ml). HOE demonstrated anti-growth activity in a dose-dependent manner between 3.13-100 µg/ml. Pyknotic nuclei were observed at 100 µg/ml concentration of HOE in both cell lines. In conclusion, HOE demonstrated cytotoxic effects in a cell type-dependent manner, however its genotoxic effects were observed at relatively higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Necmiye Balikci
- Uludag University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sarimahmut
- Uludag University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ferda Ari
- Uludag University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Nazlihan Aztopal
- Uludag University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Bursa, Turkey.,Istinye University, Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Zafer Ozel
- University of York, Department of Chemistry, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Engin Ulukaya
- Uludag University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Bursa, Turkey.,Istinye University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Celikler
- Uludag University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Bursa, Turkey
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13
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Marrelli M, Statti G, Conforti F. Hypericum spp.: An Update on the Biological Activities and Metabolic Profiles. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:66-87. [PMID: 31556858 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190926120211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants from the genus Hypericum, one genus of the Hypericaceae family, have attracted a lot of attention for their potential pharmaceutical applications. Most of the studies in the literature focus on H. perforatum L. (common St. John's wort), whose complex spectrum of bioactive compounds makes this species one of the top herbal remedies and supplements in the world. It is also important to compare the studies on other Hypericum species, both from the phytochemical and biological point of view. The aim of this review was to provide an update of most recent studies about biological investigations of plants belonging to Hypericum genus. The metabolic profiles of Hypericum spp. were also discussed in order to present a spectrum of secondary metabolites not previously identified in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende, (CS), Italy
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende, (CS), Italy
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Rende, (CS), Italy
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14
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Shafabakhsh R, Pourhanifeh MH, Mirzaei HR, Sahebkar A, Asemi Z, Mirzaei H. Targeting regulatory T cells by curcumin: A potential for cancer immunotherapy. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104353. [PMID: 31306775 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune system has critical roles in fighting against several diseases like cancer. Cancer cells evolve several ways to escape from the immune system to remain alive and trigger new phases of cancer progression. Regulatory T cells are one of the key components in tumor immune tolerance and contribute to the evasion of cancer cells from the immune system. Targeting regulatory T cells could provide new horizons in designing and development of effective therapeutic platforms for the treatment of various malignancies. Curcumin is the bioactive pigment of turmeric and a well-known phytochemical with a wide range of pharmacological activities. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that curcumin affects manifold molecular pathways that are implicated in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. In this regard, some studies have indicated that this phytochemical could target regulatory T cells and convert them into T helper 1 cells, which possess anti-tumor effects. On the contrary, curcumin is able to increase the number of regulatory T cells in other conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease. Herein, we describe the anti-cancer roles of curcumin via targeting regulatory T cells. Moreover, we summarize the effects of curcumin on regulatory T cell population in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Shafabakhsh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Pourhanifeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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15
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Peron G, Hošek J, Rajbhandary S, Pant DR, Dall'Acqua S. LC-MS n and HR-MS characterization of secondary metabolites from Hypericum japonicum Thunb. ex Murray from Nepalese Himalayan region and assessment of cytotoxic effect and inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors in vitro. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 174:663-673. [PMID: 31288189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypericum japonicum Thunb. ex Murray is traditionally used in Nepal to treat several diseases, among whom inflammation and acute pain. Although several secondary metabolites from the same Hypericum species have been already characterized and considered for their pharmacological use, an exhaustive phytochemical characterization of H. japonicum from Nepal is lacking, as well as the assessment of its potential pharmacological properties. Hence, the aims of this study were the characterization of a methanolic extract of H. japonicum (HJME) collected from the Northern region of Nepal by LC-MSn and UPLC-QTOF. The assessment of in vitro inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factors and HJME's cytotoxic effect on human cell lines was performed to evaluate the potential use of this herb as a source of anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic lead compounds. Fifty-seven phytoconstituents were identified, being mainly flavonoids, phloroglucinols, phenolic acids and xanthones. Although compounds characteristic of H. japonicum were detected (quercetin, quercetin-7-O-α-l-rhamnoside, quercitrin and hyperoside), several others are here reported for the first time in this species. The results from bioassays indicated that HJME could significantly reduce the viability of human THP-1 cells (IC50 = 5.4 ± 1.1 μg mL-1), showing the promising potential of HJME as anti-tumor agent. Furthermore, HJME significantly decreased the activation of both NF-κB and AP-1 at the concentration of 2 μg mL-1. Overall, these data suggest that H. japonicum from Nepal could be used as a source of potential natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Peron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Jan Hošek
- Division of Biologically Active Complexes and Molecular Magnets, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Sangeeta Rajbhandary
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, 44600 Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Deepak Raj Pant
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, 44600 Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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16
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Tian Y, Cao XX, Shang H, Wu CM, Zhang X, Guo P, Zhang XP, Xu XD. Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of Caffeoylquinic Acid Derivatives as Potential Hypolipidemic Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050964. [PMID: 30857274 PMCID: PMC6429172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel caffeoylquinic acid derivatives of chlorogenic acid have been designed and synthesized. Biological evaluation indicated that several synthesized derivatives exhibited moderate to good lipid-lowering effects on oleic acid-elicited lipid accumulation in HepG2 liver cells. Particularly, derivatives 3d, 3g, 4c and 4d exhibited more potential lipid-lowering effect than the positive control simvastatin and chlorogenic acid. Further studies on the mechanism of 3d, 3g, 4c and 4d revealed that the lipid-lowering effects were related to their regulation of TG levels and merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiao-Xue Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Hai Shang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Chong-Ming Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Center of Research and Development on Life Sciences and Environment Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China.
| | - Peng Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiao-Po Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
| | - Xu-Dong Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhong Guan Cun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription; Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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