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Pellegrini JM, Gorvel JP, Mémet S. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms in Brucellosis in Light of Chronic Bacterial Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071260. [PMID: 35888979 PMCID: PMC9324529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered one of the major zoonoses worldwide, constituting a critical livestock and human health concern with a huge socio-economic burden. Brucella genus, its etiologic agent, is composed of intracellular bacteria that have evolved a prodigious ability to elude and shape host immunity to establish chronic infection. Brucella’s intracellular lifestyle and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as its specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are key factors for hiding and hampering recognition by the immune system. Here, we will review the current knowledge of evading and immunosuppressive mechanisms elicited by Brucella species to persist stealthily in their hosts, such as those triggered by their LPS and cyclic β-1,2-d-glucan or involved in neutrophil and monocyte avoidance, antigen presentation impairment, the modulation of T cell responses and immunometabolism. Attractive strategies exploited by other successful chronic pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacteria, Salmonella, and Chlamydia, will be also discussed, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms operating in brucellosis, such as granuloma formation, pyroptosis, and manipulation of type I and III IFNs, B cells, innate lymphoid cells, and host lipids. A better understanding of these stratagems is essential to fighting bacterial chronic infections and designing innovative treatments and vaccines.
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Aljedaie MM. Epigenetic paradigms/exemplars of the macrophage: inflammasome axis in Leishmaniasis. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2553-2565. [PMID: 35595955 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The infectious paradigms have recently led to the recognition interplay of complex phenomenon underpinning disease diagnosis and prognosis. Evidently, parasitic infection studies are depicting converging trends of the epigenetic, environmental, and microbiome contributions, assisting pathogen-directed modulations of host biological system. The molecular details of epigenetic variations and memory, along with the multi-omics data at the interface of the host-pathogen level becomes strong indicator of immune cell plasticity, differentiation, and pathogen survival. Despite being one of the most important aspects of the disease's etiopathology, the epigenetic regulation of host-pathogen interactions and evolutionary epigenetics have received little attention thus far. Recent evidence has focused on the growing need to link epigenetic and microbiome modulations on parasite phenotypic plasticity and pathogen-induced host phenotypic plasticity for designing futuristic therapeutic regimes. Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical illness with varying degrees of disease severity that is linked to a trans-species and epigenetic heredity process, including the pathogen-induced host and strain-specific modulations. The review configures research findings aligning to the epigenetic epidemiology niche, involving co-evolutionary epigenetic inheritance and plasticity disease models. The epigenetic exemplars focus on the host-pathogen interactome expanse at the macrophage-inflammasome axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manei M Aljedaie
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, PO Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia.
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Karabacak M, Erturan İ, Hekimler Öztürk K, Ayvaz HH, Korkmaz S, Yıldırım M, Orhan H. Is microRNA 1910-3p (miR-1910-3p) a really distinctive marker for psoriasis? Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:1098-1105. [PMID: 33356031 PMCID: PMC8283465 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2009-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Although the cause of immune activation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis is still unclear, miRs are thought to have an effect on psoriasis. This work aimed to evaluate the role of miRs (miR-4649-3p, miR-6867-5p, miR-4296, miR-210, and miR-1910-3p) that target the FOXP3 mRNA and IL-17A mRNA in psoriasis. Materials and methods Forty-four psoriasis patients and 44 healthy controls were included in the study. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used for the measurement of miRs. Serum IL-17A levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results Plasma miR-1910-3p levels were significantly lower in the patient group than the controls (P = 0.000, fc: 0.10). ROC analysis showed that plasma miR-1910-3p levels could significantly differentiate psoriasis patients from healthy controls [AUC = 0.912 (0.848–0.975), P = 0.000]. The plasma miR-4649-3p level was significantly higher in the psoriasis group compared to the controls (P = 0.000, fc: 2.99). Conclusion Decreased expression of miR-1910-3p increases the risk of developing psoriasis by approximately 50-fold and was able to use for the significant differentiation of psoriatic patients from healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Karabacak
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - İjlal Erturan
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Kuyaş Hekimler Öztürk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Havva Hilal Ayvaz
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Selma Korkmaz
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yıldırım
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Orhan
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Samant M, Sahu U, Pandey SC, Khare P. Role of Cytokines in Experimental and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:624009. [PMID: 33680991 PMCID: PMC7930837 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.624009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most fatal form of disease leishmaniasis. To date, there are no effective prophylactic measures and therapeutics available against VL. Recently, new immunotherapy-based approaches have been established for the management of VL. Cytokines, which are predominantly produced by helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, have received great attention that could be an effective immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of human VL. Cytokines play a key role in forming the host immune response and in managing the formation of protective and non-protective immunities during infection. Furthermore, immune response mediated through different cytokines varies from different host or animal models. Various cytokines viz. IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, and TNF-α play an important role during protection, while some other cytokines viz. IL-10, IL-6, IL-17, TGF-β, and others are associated with disease progression. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of cytokine response and their interaction with various immune cells is very crucial to determine appropriate immunotherapies for VL. Here, we have discussed the role of cytokines involved in VL disease progression or host protection in different animal models and humans that will determine the clinical outcome of VL and open the path for the development of rapid and accurate diagnostic tools as well as therapeutic interventions against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
| | - Utkarsha Sahu
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Satish Chandra Pandey
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
| | - Prashant Khare
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
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5
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Deng X, Guo J, Sun Z, Liu L, Zhao T, Li J, Tang G, Zhang H, Wang W, Cao S, Zhu D, Tao T, Cao G, Baryshnikov PI, Chen C, Zhao Z, Chen L, Zhang H. Brucella-Induced Downregulation of lncRNA Gm28309 Triggers Macrophages Inflammatory Response Through the miR-3068-5p/NF-κB Pathway. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581517. [PMID: 33414782 PMCID: PMC7784117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The underlying mechanism of the inflammatory response against Brucellosis caused by Brucella remains poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulating of inflammatory and anti-Brucella responses. Materials and methods Microarray analysis was performed to detect differentially expressed lncRNAs in THP-1 cells infected with an S2308 Brucella strain. The candidate lncRNAs were screened using bioinformatic analysis and siRNAs; bioinformatic prediction and luciferase reporter assay were also conducted, while inflammatory responses was assessed using RT‐qPCR, western blot, immunofluorescence, ELISA, HE, and immunohistochemistry. Results The lncRNA Gm28309 was identified to be involved in regulating inflammation induced by Brucella. Gm28309, localized in the cytoplasm, was down-expressed in RAW264.7 cells infected with S2308. Overexpression of Gm28309 or inhibition of miR-3068-5p repressed p65 phosphorylation and reduced NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. Mechanistically, Gm28309 acted as a ceRNA of miR-3068-5p to activate NF-κB pathway by targeting κB-Ras2, an inhibitor of NF-κB signaling. Moreover, the number of intracellular Brucella was higher when Gm28309 was overexpressed or when miR-3068-5p or p65 was inhibited. However, these effects were reversed by the miR-3068-5p mimic. Conclusions Our study demonstrates, for the first time, that LncRNAs are involved in regulating immune responses during Brucella infection, and Gm28309, an lncRNA, plays a crucial role in activating NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmei Deng
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhihua Sun
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Laizhen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Tianyi Zhao
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jia Li
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Guochao Tang
- Technology Center, Xinjiang Tianrun Dairy Biological Products Co., Ltd, Urumqi, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhu Cao
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Dexin Zhu
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Tingting Tao
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Gang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - P I Baryshnikov
- College of Veterinary, Altai National Agricultural University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zongsheng Zhao
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State International Joint Research Center for Animal Health Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Khan M, Harms JS, Liu Y, Eickhoff J, Tan JW, Hu T, Cai F, Guimaraes E, Oliveira SC, Dahl R, Cheng Y, Gutman D, Barber GN, Splitter GA, Smith JA. Brucella suppress STING expression via miR-24 to enhance infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009020. [PMID: 33108406 PMCID: PMC7647118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis, caused by a number of Brucella species, remains the most prevalent zoonotic disease worldwide. Brucella establish chronic infections within host macrophages despite triggering cytosolic innate immune sensors, including Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING), which potentially limit infection. In this study, STING was required for control of chronic Brucella infection in vivo. However, early during infection, Brucella down-regulated STING mRNA and protein. Down-regulation occurred post-transcriptionally, required live bacteria, the Brucella type IV secretion system, and was independent of host IRE1-RNase activity. STING suppression occurred in MyD88-/- macrophages and was not induced by Toll-like receptor agonists or purified Brucella lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Rather, Brucella induced a STING-targeting microRNA, miR-24-2, in a type IV secretion system-dependent manner. Furthermore, STING downregulation was inhibited by miR-24 anti-miRs and in Mirn23a locus-deficient macrophages. Failure to suppress STING expression in Mirn23a-/- macrophages correlated with diminished Brucella replication, and was rescued by exogenous miR-24. Mirn23a-/- mice were also more resistant to splenic colonization one week post infection. Anti-miR-24 potently suppressed replication in wild type, but much less in STING-/- macrophages, suggesting most of the impact of miR-24 induction on replication occurred via STING suppression. In summary, Brucella sabotages cytosolic surveillance by miR-24-dependent suppression of STING expression; post-STING activation “damage control” via targeted STING destruction may enable establishment of chronic infection. Cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, such as the nucleotide-activated STING molecule, play a critical role in the innate immune system by detecting the presence of intracellular invaders. Brucella bacterial species establish chronic infections in macrophages despite initially activating STING. STING participates in the control of Brucella infection, as mice or cells lacking STING show a higher burden of Brucella infection. However, we have found that early following infection, Brucella upregulates a microRNA, miR-24, that targets the STING messenger RNA, resulting in lower STING levels. Dead bacteria or bacteria lacking a functional type IV secretion system were defective at upregulating miR-24 and STING suppression, suggesting an active bacteria-driven process. Failure to upregulate miR-24 and suppress STING greatly compromised the capacity of Brucella to replicate inside macrophages and in mice. Thus, although Brucella initially activate STING during infection, the ensuing STING downregulation serves as a “damage control” mechanism, enabling intracellular infection. Viruses have long been known to target immune sensors such as STING. Our results indicate that intracellular bacterial pathogens also directly target innate immune receptors to enhance their infectious success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Khan
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jerome S. Harms
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yiping Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jens Eickhoff
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jin Wen Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tony Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Fengwei Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erika Guimaraes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sergio Costa Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Richard Dahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Delia Gutman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Glen N. Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gary A. Splitter
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Judith A. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hiz P, Kanbur E, Demir N, Akalin H, Cagan E, Pashazadeh M, Bal SH, Tezcan G, Oral HB, Budak F. Roles of novel IL-1 family (IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38) members in chronic brucellosis. Cytokine 2020; 135:155211. [PMID: 32736334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The secretion of interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines is one of the most potent and earliest pro-inflammatory responses triggered by brucellosis. However, the roles of the most recently discovered IL-1 family members, IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38, in the transition into the chronic form of brucellos is remain largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, the roles of IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 in brucella infections and their effects on the transition from the acute to chronic form of the disease were investigated. Using peripheral blood samples from 40 patients with acute brucellosis, 40 patients with chronic brucellosis, and 40 healthy control subjects, we analysed the serum concentrations of secreted IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 using ELISA. The findings were confirmed by using RT-qPCR to analyse the mRNA levels of the genes encoding IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 10 randomly selected patients from each of the three groups. Our results showed that serum IL-37 (p < 0.001) and IL-38 (p < 0.001) concentrations were lower in patients with brucellosis than in the healthy controls. In addition, serum IL-37 and IL-38 concentrations were higher in the chronic patient group than in the acute patient group. The mRNA expression levels of IL-37 and IL1F10, genes that encode IL-38, did not affect serum cytokine secretion levels. This result suggests that the high secretion levels of IL-37 and IL-38 may be related to the progression into the chronic form of brucellosis. Our findings will aid in clarifying the mechanism of the transition of brucellosis from the acute to the chronic form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Hiz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ertan Kanbur
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Demir
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Halis Akalin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Eren Cagan
- Clinics of Child Infection, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mehrdat Pashazadeh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Salih Haldun Bal
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Gulcin Tezcan
- Department of Fundamental Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Haluk Barbaros Oral
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Ferah Budak
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey.
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Kumar V, Das S, Kumar A, Tiwari N, Kumar A, Abhishek K, Mandal A, Kumar M, Shafi T, Bamra T, Singh RK, Vijayakumar S, Sen A, Das P. Leishmania donovani infection induce differential miRNA expression in CD4+ T cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3523. [PMID: 32103111 PMCID: PMC7044172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is characterized by mixed production of Th1/2 cytokines and the disease is established by an enhanced level of Th2 cytokine. CD4+ T cells are main cell type which produces Th1/2 cytokine in the host upon Leishmania infection. However, the regulatory mechanism for Th1/2 production is not well understood. In this study, we co-cultured mice CD4+ T cells with Leishmania donovani infected and uninfected macrophage for the identification of dysregulated miRNAs in CD4+ T cells by next-generation sequencing. Here, we identified 604 and 613 known miRNAs in CD4+ T cells in control and infected samples respectively and a total of only 503 miRNAs were common in both groups. The expression analysis revealed that 112 miRNAs were up and 96 were down-regulated in infected groups, compared to uninfected control. Nineteen up-regulated and 17 down-regulated miRNAs were statistically significant (p < 0.05), which were validated by qPCR. Further, using insilco approach, we identified the gene targets of significant miRNAs on the basis of CD4+ T cell biology. Eleven up-regulated miRNAs and 9 down-regulated miRNAs were associated with the cellular immune responses and Th1/2 dichotomy upon Leishmania donovani infection. The up-regulated miRNAs targeted transcription factors that promote differentiation of CD4+ T cells towards Th1 phenotype. While down-regulated miRNAs targeted the transcription factors that facilitate differentiation of CD4+ T cells towards Th2 populations. The GO and pathway enrichment analysis also showed that the identified miRNAs target the pathway and genes related to CD4+ T cell biology which plays important role in Leishmania donovani infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Neeraj Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Manjay Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Taj Shafi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Tanvir Bamra
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Saravanan Vijayakumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Abhik Sen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India.
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Amjadi O, Rafiei A, Mardani M, Zafari P, Zarifian A. A review of the immunopathogenesis of Brucellosis. Infect Dis (Lond) 2019; 51:321-333. [PMID: 30773082 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2019.1568545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis, caused by the intracellular pathogens Brucella, is one of the major zoonotic infections. Considering the economic burden, its prevalence has been a health concern especially in endemic regions. Brucella is able to survive and replicate within host cells by expressing different virulence factors and using various strategies to avoid the host's immune response. This leads to progression of the disease from an acute phase to chronic brucellosis. Exploration of genetic variations has confirmed the expected influence of gene polymorphisms on susceptibility and resistance to brucellosis of humans. Since there is no approved human vaccine and treatment is uncertain with risk of relapse, it is important to increase knowledge about pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis in order to manage and control this infection, especially in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omolbanin Amjadi
- a Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- b Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Masoud Mardani
- c Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Parisa Zafari
- a Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran.,b Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Zarifian
- d Infectious Disease Research Group, Student Research Committee, Medical School , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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