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Wörthmüller J, Disler S, Pradervand S, Richard F, Haerri L, Ruiz Buendía GA, Fournier N, Desmedt C, Rüegg C. MAGI1 Prevents Senescence and Promotes the DNA Damage Response in ER + Breast Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:1929. [PMID: 37566008 PMCID: PMC10417439 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
MAGI1 acts as a tumor suppressor in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC), and its loss correlates with a more aggressive phenotype. To identify the pathways and events affected by MAGI1 loss, we deleted the MAGI1 gene in the ER+ MCF7 BC cell line and performed RNA sequencing and functional experiments in vitro. Transcriptome analyses revealed gene sets and biological processes related to estrogen signaling, the cell cycle, and DNA damage responses affected by MAGI1 loss. Upon exposure to TNF-α/IFN-γ, MCF7 MAGI1 KO cells entered a deeper level of quiescence/senescence compared with MCF7 control cells and activated the AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. MCF7 MAGI1 KO cells exposed to ionizing radiations or cisplatin had reduced expression of DNA repair proteins and showed increased sensitivity towards PARP1 inhibition using olaparib. Treatment with PI3K and AKT inhibitors (alpelisib and MK-2206) restored the expression of DNA repair proteins and sensitized cells to fulvestrant. An analysis of human BC patients' transcriptomic data revealed that patients with low MAGI1 levels had a higher tumor mutational burden and homologous recombination deficiency. Moreover, MAGI1 expression levels negatively correlated with PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling, which confirmed our in vitro observations. Pharmacological and genomic evidence indicate HDACs as regulators of MAGI1 expression. Our findings provide a new view on MAGI1 function in cancer and identify potential treatment options to improve the management of ER+ BC patients with low MAGI1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Wörthmüller
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Simona Disler
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Pradervand
- Lausanne Genomic Technologies Facility (LGTF), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Richard
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Haerri
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo A. Ruiz Buendía
- Translational Data Science-Facility, AGORA Cancer Research Center, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Bugnon 25A, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Fournier
- Translational Data Science-Facility, AGORA Cancer Research Center, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Bugnon 25A, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Desmedt
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Curzio Rüegg
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology (OMI), Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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2
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Sane S, Srinivasan R, Potts RA, Eikanger M, Zagirova D, Freeling J, Reihe CA, Antony RM, Gupta BK, Lynch D, Bleeker J, Turaihi H, Pillatzki A, Zhou W, Luo X, Linnebacher M, Agany D, Zohim EG, Humphrey LE, Black AR, Rezvani K. UBXN2A suppresses the Rictor-mTORC2 signaling pathway, an established tumorigenic pathway in human colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2023; 42:1763-1776. [PMID: 37037900 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The mTORC2 pathway plays a critical role in promoting tumor progression in human colorectal cancer (CRC). The regulatory mechanisms for this signaling pathway are only partially understood. We previously identified UBXN2A as a novel tumor suppressor protein in CRCs and hypothesized that UBXN2A suppresses the mTORC2 pathway, thereby inhibiting CRC growth and metastasis. We first used murine models to show that haploinsufficiency of UBXN2A significantly increases colon tumorigenesis. Induction of UBXN2A reduces AKT phosphorylation downstream of the mTORC2 pathway, which is essential for a plethora of cellular processes, including cell migration. Meanwhile, mTORC1 activities remain unchanged in the presence of UBXN2A. Mechanistic studies revealed that UBXN2A targets Rictor protein, a key component of the mTORC2 complex, for 26S proteasomal degradation. A set of genetic, pharmacological, and rescue experiments showed that UBXN2A regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) in CRC. CRC patients with a high level of UBXN2A have significantly better survival, and high-grade CRC tissues exhibit decreased UBXN2A protein expression. A high level of UBXN2A in patient-derived xenografts and tumor organoids decreases Rictor protein and suppresses the mTORC2 pathway. These findings provide new insights into the functions of an ubiquitin-like protein by inhibiting a dominant oncogenic pathway in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Sane
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Rekha Srinivasan
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Rashaun A Potts
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Morgan Eikanger
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Diana Zagirova
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Jessica Freeling
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Casey A Reihe
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Ryan M Antony
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Brij K Gupta
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Douglas Lynch
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | | | | | - Angela Pillatzki
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xu Luo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Diing Agany
- Biomedical Engineering Department, GEAR Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | | | - Lisa E Humphrey
- Tissue Sciences, Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Adrian R Black
- Tissue Sciences, Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Khosrow Rezvani
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA.
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3
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Guo Q, Spasic M, Maynard AG, Goreczny GJ, Bizuayehu A, Olive JF, van Galen P, McAllister SS. Clonal barcoding with qPCR detection enables live cell functional analyses for cancer research. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3837. [PMID: 35788590 PMCID: PMC9252988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell analysis methods are valuable tools; however, current approaches do not easily enable live cell retrieval. That is a particular issue when further study of cells that were eliminated during experimentation could provide critical information. We report a clonal molecular barcoding method, called SunCatcher, that enables longitudinal tracking and live cell functional analysis. From complex cell populations, we generate single cell-derived clonal populations, infect each with a unique molecular barcode, and retain stocks of individual barcoded clones (BCs). We develop quantitative PCR-based and next-generation sequencing methods that we employ to identify and quantify BCs in vitro and in vivo. We apply SunCatcher to various breast cancer cell lines and combine respective BCs to create versions of the original cell lines. While the heterogeneous BC pools reproduce their original parental cell line proliferation and tumor progression rates, individual BCs are phenotypically and functionally diverse. Early spontaneous metastases can also be identified and quantified. SunCatcher thus provides a rapid and sensitive approach for studying live single-cell clones and clonal evolution, and performing functional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchen Guo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Milos Spasic
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Adam G Maynard
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gregory J Goreczny
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Amanuel Bizuayehu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jessica F Olive
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Peter van Galen
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Sandra S McAllister
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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4
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Kuiken HJ, Dhakal S, Selfors LM, Friend CM, Zhang T, Callari M, Schackmann RCJ, Gray GK, Crowdis J, Bhang HEC, Baslan T, Stegmeier F, Gygi SP, Caldas C, Brugge JS. Clonal populations of a human TNBC model display significant functional heterogeneity and divergent growth dynamics in distinct contexts. Oncogene 2022; 41:112-124. [PMID: 34703030 PMCID: PMC8727509 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity has been described for various tumor types and models of human cancer, and can have profound effects on tumor progression and drug resistance. This study describes an in-depth analysis of molecular and functional heterogeneity among subclonal populations (SCPs) derived from a single triple-negative breast cancer cell line, including copy number analysis, whole-exome and RNA sequencing, proteome analysis, and barcode analysis of clonal dynamics, as well as functional assays. The SCPs were found to have multiple unique genetic alterations and displayed significant variation in anchorage independent growth and tumor forming ability. Analyses of clonal dynamics in SCP mixtures using DNA barcode technology revealed selection for distinct clonal populations in different in vitro and in vivo environmental contexts, demonstrating that in vitro propagation of cancer cell lines using different culture conditions can contribute to the establishment of unique strains. These analyses also revealed strong enrichment of a single SCP during the development of xenograft tumors in immune-compromised mice. This SCP displayed attenuated interferon signaling in vivo and reduced sensitivity to the antiproliferative effects of type I interferons. Reduction in interferon signaling was found to provide a selective advantage within the xenograft microenvironment specifically. In concordance with the previously described role of interferon signaling as tumor suppressor, these findings suggest that similar selective pressures may be operative in human cancer and patient-derived xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik J Kuiken
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Sabin Dhakal
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Inzen Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Laura M Selfors
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Chandler M Friend
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Maurizio Callari
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Ron C J Schackmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Merus, Utrecht, 3584 CM, the Netherlands
| | - G Kenneth Gray
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jett Crowdis
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Hyo-Eun C Bhang
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Civetta Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Timour Baslan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Frank Stegmeier
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- KSQ Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Joan S Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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5
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Wong TH, Khater IM, Joshi B, Shahsavari M, Hamarneh G, Nabi IR. Single molecule network analysis identifies structural changes to caveolae and scaffolds due to mutation of the caveolin-1 scaffolding domain. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7810. [PMID: 33833286 PMCID: PMC8032680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (CAV1), the caveolae coat protein, also associates with non-caveolar scaffold domains. Single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) network analysis distinguishes caveolae and three scaffold domains, hemispherical S2 scaffolds and smaller S1B and S1A scaffolds. The caveolin scaffolding domain (CSD) is a highly conserved hydrophobic region that mediates interaction of CAV1 with multiple effector molecules. F92A/V94A mutation disrupts CSD function, however the structural impact of CSD mutation on caveolae or scaffolds remains unknown. Here, SMLM network analysis quantitatively shows that expression of the CAV1 CSD F92A/V94A mutant in CRISPR/Cas CAV1 knockout MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells reduces the size and volume and enhances the elongation of caveolae and scaffold domains, with more pronounced effects on S2 and S1B scaffolds. Convex hull analysis of the outer surface of the CAV1 point clouds confirms the size reduction of CSD mutant CAV1 blobs and shows that CSD mutation reduces volume variation amongst S2 and S1B CAV1 blobs at increasing shrink values, that may reflect retraction of the CAV1 N-terminus towards the membrane, potentially preventing accessibility of the CSD. Detection of point mutation-induced changes to CAV1 domains highlights the utility of SMLM network analysis for mesoscale structural analysis of oligomers in their native environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Wong
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ismail M Khater
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Bharat Joshi
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mona Shahsavari
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Ghassan Hamarneh
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Ivan R Nabi
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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6
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Castaño Z, Juan BPS, Spiegel A, Pant A, DeCristo MJ, Laszewski T, Ubellacker JM, Janssen SR, Dongre A, Reinhardt F, Henderson A, del Rio AG, Gifford AM, Herbert Z, Hutchinson JN, Weinberg RA, Chaffer CL, McAllister SS. IL-1β inflammatory response driven by primary breast cancer prevents metastasis-initiating cell colonization. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:1084-1097. [PMID: 30154549 PMCID: PMC6511979 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lack of insight into mechanisms governing breast cancer metastasis has precluded the development of curative therapies. Metastasis-initiating cancer cells (MICs) are uniquely equipped to establish metastases, causing recurrence and therapeutic resistance. Using various metastasis models, we discovered that certain primary tumours elicit a systemic inflammatory response involving interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-expressing innate immune cells that infiltrate distant MIC microenvironments. At the metastatic site, IL-1β maintains MICs in a ZEB1-positive differentiation state, preventing MICs from generating highly proliferative E-cadherin-positive progeny. Thus, when the inherent plasticity of MICs is impeded, overt metastases cannot be established. Ablation of the pro-inflammatory response or inhibition of the IL-1 receptor relieves the differentiation block and results in metastatic colonization. Among patients with lymph node-positive breast cancer, high primary tumour IL-1β expression is associated with better overall survival and distant metastasis-free survival. Our data reveal complex interactions that occur between primary tumours and disseminated MICs that could be exploited to improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafira Castaño
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Beatriz P. San Juan
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Asaf Spiegel
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Ayush Pant
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Molly J. DeCristo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tyler Laszewski
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessalyn M. Ubellacker
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susanne R. Janssen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Anushka Dongre
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Ferenc Reinhardt
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Ayana Henderson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ana Garcia del Rio
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ann M. Gifford
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Zach Herbert
- Molecular Biology Core Facilities, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John N. Hutchinson
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan, School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Robert A. Weinberg
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA.,MIT Department of Biology and Ludwig/MIT Center for Molecular Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Christine L. Chaffer
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA.,Corresponding authors: ,
| | - Sandra S. McAllister
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA.,Corresponding authors: ,
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